B2 Gerunds & Infinitives 1 min read سخت

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use the suffix '-йки' to describe an action happening simultaneously with the main verb, performed by the same person.

  • Add '-йки' to the present tense stem of imperfective verbs: 'пиша' becomes 'пишейки'.
  • The subject of the gerund MUST be the same as the main verb's subject.
  • It functions as an adverb, explaining 'how' or 'while' the main action happens.
Verb Stem + -йки ➡️ Simultaneous Action 🏃‍♂️+🎶

Formation of Gerunds from Common Imperfective Verbs

Infinitive-like (1st Person Pres.) Stem Gerund Form English Translation
чета
чет-
четейки
reading
пиша
пиш-
пишейки
writing
говоря
говор-
говорейки
speaking
гледам
глед-
гледайки
watching
мисля
мисл-
мислейки
thinking
ям
яд-
ядейки
eating
пия
пи-
пиейки
drinking
вървя
върв-
вървейки
walking
спя
сп-
спяйки
sleeping
пътувам
пътув-
пътувайки
traveling

Meanings

The Bulgarian gerund (деепричастие) is an invariable verb form used to express a secondary action that occurs at the same time as the main action of the sentence.

1

Concomitant Circumstance

Expressing an action that accompanies the main verb, often describing the manner.

“Тя влезе в стаята, усмихвайки се лъчезарно.”

“Той говореше по телефона, прелиствайки документите.”

2

Temporal Background

Setting the scene or time frame for the main event.

“Живеейки в София, научих много за българската история.”

“Работейки по проекта, открихме няколко грешки.”

3

Causal/Reasoning

Indicating the reason or cause for the main action (less common).

“Знаейки истината, тя не можеше да мълчи повече.”

“Имайки предвид обстоятелствата, решихме да изчакаме.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Gerunds for Concomitant Circumstances
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Verb Stem + -йки
Работейки, той пее. (Working, he sings.)
Negative
не + Verb Stem + -йки
Не знаейки пътя, се загубихме. (Not knowing the way, we got lost.)
Reflexive (се)
Verb Stem + -йки + се
Смеейки се, тя излезе. (Laughing, she went out.)
Reflexive (си)
Verb Stem + -йки + си
Мислейки си за дома, той се натъжи. (Thinking to himself about home, he got sad.)
With Object
Gerund + Object
Четейти книгата, тя заспа. (Reading the book, she fell asleep.)
Temporal
Gerund Phrase, Main Clause
Живеейки там, научих езика. (Living there, I learned the language.)
Manner
Main Clause, Gerund Phrase
Той влезе, носейки цветя. (He entered, carrying flowers.)

طیف رسمیت

رسمی
Той влезе в помещението, усмихвайки се.

Той влезе в помещението, усмихвайки се. (Entering a room)

خنثی
Той влезе в стаята, усмихвайки се.

Той влезе в стаята, усмихвайки се. (Entering a room)

غیر رسمی
Той влезе и се усмихваше.

Той влезе и се усмихваше. (Entering a room)

عامیانه
Влезе вътре с една усмивка...

Влезе вътре с една усмивка... (Entering a room)

The Gerund Connection

Деепричастие (-йки)

Requirements

  • Един и същ подлог Same subject
  • Несвършен вид Imperfective aspect

Functions

  • Начин Manner
  • Време Time
  • Причина Cause

Gerund vs. Subordinate Clause

Gerund (-йки)
Вървейки, пея. Walking, I sing.
Clause (Докато)
Докато вървя, пея. While I walk, I sing.

Can I use a gerund?

1

Is the verb imperfective?

YES
Next step
NO
Use a different form
2

Is the subject the same as the main verb?

YES
Use -йки!
NO
Use 'докато'

Common Gerund Contexts

🏃

Movement

  • Вървейки
  • Тичайки
  • Пътувайки
🗣️

Communication

  • Говорейки
  • Викайки
  • Шепнейки
🧠

Mental

  • Мислейки
  • Знаейки
  • Вярвайки

مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

Той върви и пее.

He walks and sings.

2

Тя готви и слуша музика.

She cooks and listens to music.

3

Ние учим и пишем.

We study and write.

4

Те играят и се смеят.

They play and laugh.

1

Докато ям, чета книга.

While I eat, I read a book.

2

Той слуша радио, докато шофира.

He listens to the radio while he drives.

3

Тя пее, докато чисти.

She sings while she cleans.

4

Децата спят, докато пътуваме.

The children sleep while we travel.

1

Вървейки към училище, видях Иван.

Walking to school, I saw Ivan.

2

Тя ми отговори, усмихвайки се.

She answered me, smiling.

3

Пишейки домашното, той заспа.

Writing his homework, he fell asleep.

4

Слушайки музика, тя забрави за времето.

Listening to music, she forgot about the time.

1

Анализирайки данните, открихме грешка.

Analyzing the data, we discovered a mistake.

2

Не искайки да закъснее, той взе такси.

Not wanting to be late, he took a taxi.

3

Живеейки в чужбина, човек научава много.

Living abroad, one learns a lot.

4

Търсейки ключовете си, тя обърна цялата къща.

Searching for her keys, she turned the whole house upside down.

1

Опитвайки се да запази самообладание, той замълча.

Trying to keep his composure, he remained silent.

2

Съзнавайки риска, те продължиха напред.

Realizing the risk, they moved forward.

3

Пренебрегвайки предупрежденията, той влезе в пещерата.

Ignoring the warnings, he entered the cave.

4

Съмнявайки се в думите му, тя поиска доказателства.

Doubting his words, she asked for evidence.

1

Размишлявайки върху преходността на битието, той се усамоти.

Reflecting on the transience of existence, he sought solitude.

2

Колебайки се между дълга и чувствата, тя избра първото.

Hesitating between duty and feelings, she chose the former.

3

Взирайки се в далечината, той съзря едва доловим силует.

Staring into the distance, he perceived a barely discernible silhouette.

4

Недоумявайки пред случилото се, тълпата се разпръсна.

Perplexed by what happened, the crowd dispersed.

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

Gerunds for Concomitant Circumstances در مقابل Gerund vs. Present Participle

Learners confuse the gerund (-йки) with the present active participle (-щ).

Gerunds for Concomitant Circumstances در مقابل Gerund vs. 'Да'-clause

English speakers want to use gerunds after 'like' or 'start'.

Gerunds for Concomitant Circumstances در مقابل Subject Mismatch

Using a gerund when the subject of the two actions is different.

اشتباهات رایج

Той вървейки.

Той върви.

A gerund cannot be the only verb in a sentence.

Аз обичам четейки.

Аз обичам да чета.

Bulgarian uses 'да'-clauses for preferences, not gerunds.

Той е пишейки.

Той пише.

Bulgarian does not have a continuous tense formed with 'to be' + gerund.

След ядейки...

След като яде...

Gerunds aren't used after prepositions like 'after'.

Вървейки по улицата, дъждът заваля.

Докато вървях по улицата, дъждът заваля.

Subject mismatch: the rain isn't walking.

Той прочетейки книгата...

Четейки книгата...

Cannot form gerund from perfective 'прочета'.

Тя влезе смеейки.

Тя влезе смеейки се.

Forgot the reflexive particle 'се'.

Видях го вървейки.

Видях го, докато вървеше.

If 'he' is walking but 'I' saw him, you can't use a gerund because the subjects differ.

Работейки много, той е уморен.

Тъй като работи много, той е уморен.

While possible, a causal clause is often clearer for states of being.

Той пишейки писмото...

Пишейки писмото, той...

Word order: the gerund phrase usually starts the sentence or follows the main verb.

Бидейки там, го видях.

Когато бях там, го видях.

The gerund of 'съм' (бидейки) is very rare and often sounds unnatural/translated.

Не знаейки какво да прави, той плака.

Не знаейки какво да прави, той заплака.

Main verb should often be perfective to show the result of the background action.

Имайки пари, той си купи кола.

Тъй като имаше пари, той си купи кола.

Using 'имайки' for possession is often considered a 'translationism' from English.

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

___-йки, той/тя ___.

Той влезе в стаята, ___-йки се.

Не ___-йки какво да прави, той ___.

___-йки предвид фактите, решихме да ___.

Real World Usage

Job Interview common

Работейки в екип, постигнахме отлични резултати.

News Reporting constant

Президентът говори, подчертавайки нуждата от мир.

Literature constant

Тя стоеше до прозореца, гледайки към морето.

Texting (Formal) occasional

Пътувайки към вас, се сетих за нещо важно.

Academic Writing very common

Изследвайки този проблем, откриваме нови факти.

Travel Blog common

Обикаляйки из София, се влюбих в архитектурата.

🎯

The 'Same Subject' Rule

Always double-check that the person doing the '-йки' action is the same person doing the main verb. If not, switch to 'докато'.
⚠️

No Perfective Verbs

Never try to add '-йки' to a perfective verb. It will sound completely wrong to a native ear. Stick to the basic, ongoing form of the verb.
💡

Reflexive Placement

Remember that 'се' or 'си' always comes AFTER the gerund (e.g., миейки се).
💬

Don't Overdo It

In casual speech, use 'и' or 'докато'. Save the gerund for when you want to impress someone or write something beautiful.

Smart Tips

Check if one action is the 'background' or 'manner' of the other. If so, turn it into a gerund.

Той вървеше. Той пееше. Вървейки, той пееше.

Use 'имайки предвид' (having in mind/considering) to introduce context.

Понеже знам това, мисля че... Имайки предвид това, смятам че...

Don't look for a subject change. The subject is ALWAYS the same as the main verb.

N/A N/A

Always put 'се' or 'си' after the -йки form, never before.

Се смеейки, тя влезе. Смеейки се, тя влезе.

تلفظ

че-ТЕЙ-ки, го-ВО-рей-ки

Stress on the suffix

In gerunds, the stress often falls on the syllable before the suffix or on the suffix itself depending on the verb group.

ус-МИХ-вай-ки се

Reflexive 'се'

The 'се' is pronounced as a separate short word but follows the gerund closely.

Comma Pause

Вървейки към нас [pause], той махаше.

A slight pause is needed after a gerund phrase that starts a sentence.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Remember 'Y-K-I' (Yucky): You Keep It simultaneous! The '-йки' suffix glues two actions together for the same person.

تداعی تصویری

Imagine a person juggling. One hand is the main verb, the other hand is the '-йки' gerund. They are both part of the same person (subject) and happen at the exact same time.

Rhyme

Ако искаш две неща в едно да събереш, с '-йки' накрая ще ги подредиш!

Story

Ivan was a busy man. He was 'вървейки' (walking) to the store, 'говорейки' (speaking) on his phone, and 'ядейки' (eating) a banitsa all at once. Because Ivan is one person doing all these things, he uses the '-йки' form to keep his life organized.

شبکه واژگان

четейкипишейкиговорейкимислейкизнаейкиискайкигледайки

چالش

Look around you right now. Identify one thing you are doing (e.g., sitting) and one thing you are doing simultaneously (e.g., learning). Combine them: 'Седейки на стола, уча български.'

نکات فرهنگی

The gerund is a hallmark of the 'high style' in Bulgarian literature (e.g., Ivan Vazov). Using it correctly makes your writing feel 'literary'.

Bulgarian news anchors use gerunds to keep sentences moving quickly without repetitive 'and's.

In Sofia, younger generations might use fewer gerunds in speech, preferring 'като' or 'докато', viewing the gerund as slightly 'stiff'.

The Bulgarian gerund evolved from the Old Church Slavonic present active participle in the dative case (the 'dative absolute' construction).

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

Какво обикновено правиш, слушайки музика?

Пътувайки към България, какво си мислеше?

Вървейки по улицата, какво най-често забелязваш?

Работейки по текущия си проект, какви трудности срещаш?

موضوعات نگارش

Опишете една ваша разходка в парка, като използвате поне пет деепричастия.
Напишете кратък разказ за човек, който върши три неща едновременно.
Как се промени животът ви, живеейки в нов град или държава?
Напишете формално писмо, в което обяснявате грешка, използвайки 'анализирайки' и 'имайки предвид'.

اشتباهات رایج

Incorrect

صحیح


Incorrect

صحیح


Incorrect

صحیح


Incorrect

صحیح

Test Yourself

Choose the correct gerund form for the verb 'пиша'. چند گزینه‌ای

Той седеше на бюрото, ___ писмо.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: пишейки
The gerund is formed from the imperfective 'пиша' by adding '-йки'.
Find the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Вървейки по улицата, шапката ми падна.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Вървейки
Subject mismatch: the hat wasn't walking. Use 'Докато вървях...'
Fill in the blank with the gerund of 'гледам'.

___ телевизия, той заспа.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Гледайки
The gerund of 'гледам' is 'гледайки'.
Transform the sentence using a gerund: 'Докато тя говореше, тя плачеше.' Sentence Transformation

Тя говореше и плачеше.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Both a and c
The gerund can be placed at the beginning or end of the sentence.
Is the following statement true or false? True False Rule

You can form a gerund from the perfective verb 'прочета'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Gerunds can only be formed from imperfective verbs.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

- Какво правеше Иван? - Видях го в парка, ___ книга.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: четейки
The gerund 'четейки' describes what Ivan was doing while the speaker saw him.
Which of these is NOT a gerund? Grammar Sorting

Identify the non-gerund form.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: четящ
'Четящ' is a present active participle (adjective), not a gerund.
Match the verb to its gerund. جفت کردن

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-спяйки, 2-пиейки, 3-ядейки
These are the correct irregular/stem-changing gerund forms.

Score: /8

تمرین‌های عملی

8 exercises
Choose the correct gerund form for the verb 'пиша'. چند گزینه‌ای

Той седеше на бюрото, ___ писмо.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: пишейки
The gerund is formed from the imperfective 'пиша' by adding '-йки'.
Find the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Вървейки по улицата, шапката ми падна.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Вървейки
Subject mismatch: the hat wasn't walking. Use 'Докато вървях...'
Fill in the blank with the gerund of 'гледам'.

___ телевизия, той заспа.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Гледайки
The gerund of 'гледам' is 'гледайки'.
Transform the sentence using a gerund: 'Докато тя говореше, тя плачеше.' Sentence Transformation

Тя говореше и плачеше.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Both a and c
The gerund can be placed at the beginning or end of the sentence.
Is the following statement true or false? True False Rule

You can form a gerund from the perfective verb 'прочета'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Gerunds can only be formed from imperfective verbs.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

- Какво правеше Иван? - Видях го в парка, ___ книга.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: четейки
The gerund 'четейки' describes what Ivan was doing while the speaker saw him.
Which of these is NOT a gerund? Grammar Sorting

Identify the non-gerund form.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: четящ
'Четящ' is a present active participle (adjective), not a gerund.
Match the verb to its gerund. جفت کردن

1. Спя, 2. Пия, 3. Ям

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-спяйки, 2-пиейки, 3-ядейки
These are the correct irregular/stem-changing gerund forms.

Score: /8

سوالات متداول (8)

Yes, but it still describes a simultaneous action. `Ще ти се обадя, пътувайки към вкъщи` (I will call you while traveling home).

Meaning-wise, no. Stylistically, `четейки` is more formal and literary, while `докато чета` is neutral and common in speech.

Technically you can, but it sounds like a bad translation from English. Bulgarians prefer `тъй като бях` or `когато бях`.

The 'се' stays: `радвайки се`. It always follows the gerund form.

Yes, and it's very common in writing: `Знаейки това, той реши да си тръгне.`

It is less common in western dialects and much more prevalent in the literary standard based on eastern dialects.

Yes, if they both describe the same subject: `Вървейки и свирейки, той пресече улицата.`

Just add `не` before it: `не знаейки` (not knowing).

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Gerundio (-ando, -iendo)

Bulgarian gerunds cannot form progressive tenses with 'to be'.

French high

Gérondif (en + participe présent)

French requires the preposition 'en'; Bulgarian uses only the suffix.

German moderate

Partizip I (-end)

German participles are frequently used as adjectives before nouns; Bulgarian gerunds are not.

Japanese partial

-te form (~て)

Japanese -te form is much more common in daily speech than the Bulgarian gerund.

Arabic moderate

Hal (حال) clause

Arabic Hal can be a full clause or a single participle; Bulgarian gerund is a specific verb form.

Chinese moderate

着 (zhe)

Chinese 'zhe' is a particle; Bulgarian '-йки' is a morphological suffix.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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