B2 · بالای متوسط فصل 9

Reporting and Passive Voice

4 مجموع قواعد
48 مثال‌ها
5 دقیقه
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Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of professional communication by reporting news and arranging services with confidence.

  • Arrange services efficiently using causative structures.
  • Describe actions clearly using passive infinitives.
  • Report information professionally using passive and specific verb patterns.
Report with precision, arrange with ease.

چی یاد می‌گیری

Ready to sound more natural when sharing news or describing actions? This chapter empowers you to report what *is said that* happened and confidently *have services done* without doing them yourself. You'll master sophisticated ways to express information clearly.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Explain that you had a service completed (e.g., car repaired) using causative verbs.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Use 'it is said that' to share common knowledge or news professionally.

راهنمای فصل

مرور کلی

As a B2 English learner, you're past the basics and ready to refine your communication for more sophisticated interactions. This chapter on English reporting and passive voice is your key to unlocking a more natural, nuanced way of speaking. We're going beyond simple statements to help you convey information with greater precision and fluency, enabling you to truly interact with native speakers fluently.
You'll discover how to report what others have said using patterns like 'It is said that...', making your reports sound objective and well-informed. We'll also dive into causative verbs like 'have/get something done', allowing you to talk about arranging services effortlessly. Plus, understanding the passive infinitive and various reporting verb patterns will give you the tools to shift focus, emphasize information, and interact more smoothly.
Get ready to elevate your B2 English grammar skills and sound more authentic!

این گرامر چطور کار می‌کنه

These grammar structures, while seemingly distinct, work together to provide flexibility and sophistication in your English communication. Let's start with Causative Verbs: Have/Get Something Done. This is all about outsourcing!
Instead of saying 'I repaired my car' (implying *you* did it), you'd say 'I had my car repaired yesterday' or 'I got my car repaired'. This clearly communicates that a professional service was arranged, like in 'I need to get my hair cut before the party'.
Building on the idea of shifting focus, the Passive Infinitive: to be done comes into play when the action or outcome is more important than the doer. For instance, 'There's a lot of work to be done before the deadline' emphasizes the task, not who specifically does it. Compare 'They have to finish the report' with 'The report needs to be finished by Friday'.
For reporting information without naming the source directly, we use Reporting with the Passive (It is said that...). This often uses verbs like *say, believe, know, think, report*. For example, 'People say he's very talented' becomes 'It is said that he's very talented.' Or, 'They believe the economy is improving' becomes 'The economy is believed to be improving.' This provides a more formal or impersonal tone, often used in news.
Finally, mastering Reporting Verb Patterns is crucial for accuracy. These verbs demand specific structures: 'He suggested doing the work later' (verb + gerund), 'She accused him of taking her pen' (verb + object + preposition + gerund), or 'They advised her to speak to the manager' (verb + object + infinitive). Understanding these patterns ensures your reported speech is grammatically correct and natural.

اشتباهات رایج

  1. 1Confusing Causative with Active Voice
✗ I cut my hair. (Unless you literally did it yourself!)
✓ I had my hair cut.
*Explanation:* Use the causative form when someone else performs the service for you, indicating you arranged it.
  1. 1Incorrect Reporting Verb Pattern
✗ She suggested to go to the cinema.
✓ She suggested going to the cinema.
*Explanation:* Many reporting verbs like 'suggest' take a gerund (-ing form), not an infinitive. Always check the specific pattern for each verb.
  1. 1Overusing
    It is said that
    in informal contexts
✗ (At a casual BBQ) It is said that the food is delicious.
✓ (At a casual BBQ) I heard the food is delicious. / Everyone says the food is delicious.
*Explanation:* While grammatically correct,
It is said that
is more formal or for general public knowledge. In casual talk, direct reporting or 'I heard' is more natural.

مکالمات واقعی

A

A

Your garden looks fantastic! Did you do all that work yourself?
B

B

Oh, definitely not! I had the landscaping done last month. It was a huge job, so I outsourced it.
A

A

So, what did Sarah say about the proposal? Is it ready?
B

B

Not quite. She suggested making a few revisions before the final submission. She also advised us to present it next week instead, to allow for more preparation.
A

A

I heard there's a new cafe opening downtown next week. Any details?
B

B

Yes, it is believed to be a French patisserie. The pastries are supposed to be made with authentic ingredients, and there’s a lot of buzz about it. I can't wait to get some coffee there!

سؤالات رایج

Q

What's the difference between have something done and get something done?

While often interchangeable, get something done can be slightly more informal and sometimes implies a greater effort or persuasion to arrange the service. For example,

I finally got my car fixed after weeks of trying.

Q

Can

It is said that
be used in spoken English?

Yes, but it's more common in formal contexts like news reports, academic discussions, or when reporting general knowledge without a specific source. In casual conversation, you might hear People say that... or I heard that... more often.

Q

Are there any common reporting verbs that *don't* follow the gerund or infinitive patterns?

Absolutely! Some verbs take a 'that' clause, like 'He claimed that he was innocent' or 'She explained that she couldn't make it.' Others might just take a direct object, like 'He denied the accusation.'

بافت فرهنگی

Native speakers use these patterns to convey nuance and tone. The passive voice, especially
It is said that...
, lends authority or impersonality, common in news reports or academic writing. Causatives like
have/get something done
are everyday expressions across all registers.
Reporting verbs' precise patterns are key for sounding fluent; misusing them can make you sound less natural, though you'll still be understood. Regional differences are minor here, mainly pertaining to formality.

مثال‌های کلیدی (4)

1

I need to have my car repaired before the road trip.

Necesito que reparen mi coche antes del viaje por carretera.

افعال سببی: انجام دادن/گرفتن کاری (تنظیم خدمات)
2

She got her hair cut and styled for the wedding.

Ella se cortó y peinó el pelo para la boda.

افعال سببی: انجام دادن/گرفتن کاری (تنظیم خدمات)
3

It is said that he commutes two hours every day.

Se dice que él viaja dos horas cada día.

گزارش با مجهول (گفته می‌شود که...)
4

The new policy is expected to increase productivity.

Se espera que la nueva política aumente la productividad.

گزارش با مجهول (گفته می‌شود که...)

نکات و ترفندها (4)

💡

The 'By' Rule

Only use 'by [person]' if the specific person is important. Usually, we know a barber cuts hair, so 'by the barber' is unnecessary.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: افعال سببی: انجام دادن/گرفتن کاری (تنظیم خدمات)
💡

گیرنده اکشن رو پیدا کن

ببین فاعل جمله داره کاری رو انجام میده یا اون کار داره روش انجام میشه؟ اگه داره دریافت می‌کنه، احتمالاً به passive infinitive نیاز داری.
The car needs to be washed.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: مصدر مجهول: استفاده از 'to be done'
🎯

The 'That' vs 'To' Rule

If you start with 'It', you MUST use 'that'. If you start with a person/thing, you MUST use 'to'.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: گزارش با مجهول (گفته می‌شود که...)
💡

دنبال ing- بگرد!

وقتی بعد از یه فعل گزارش‌دهی فرم ing-دار دیدی، احتمالاً با الگوی جراند (gerund) طرفی؛ همیشه چک کن که آیا بین فعل و اسم مصدر به حرف اضافه نیاز هست یا نه:
He recommended buying that car.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الگوهای افعال گزارشی (پیشنهاد انجام کاری، متهم کردن به)

واژگان کلیدی (5)

Repair fix something broken Allegedly supposedly/as claimed Suggest propose an idea Accuse claim someone did wrong Facility a place for a service

Real-World Preview

Building

Renovating the Office

Review Summary

  • have/get + object + past participle
  • to + be + past participle
  • It + is + passive verb + that clause
  • verb + gerund/infinitive

اشتباهات رایج

The causative structure requires the object (car) to be between the verb and the participle. 'I had fixed my car' implies you did the fixing yourself.

Wrong: I had fixed my car.
صحیح: I had my car fixed.

You must use the correct passive auxiliary tense. 'Be' is not a tense marker here.

Wrong: It is said that he is be promoted.
صحیح: It is said that he will be promoted.

The verb 'suggest' is followed by a gerund (-ing), not an infinitive.

Wrong: He suggested to go out.
صحیح: He suggested going out.

Next Steps

You've mastered a very difficult part of English grammar. Keep practicing, and you'll soon be speaking like a native!

Listen to a news podcast and note three instances of reporting verbs.

Continue to: Politeness and Logical Connections

تمرین سریع (10)

شکل درست رو برای کامل کردن جمله انتخاب کن.

The report needs ___ by tomorrow morning.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: to be finished
گزارش اکشنِ تموم شدن رو دریافت می‌کنه، پس passive infinitive 'to be finished' درسته.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: مصدر مجهول: استفاده از 'to be done'

Complete the past reporting: 'The suspect is alleged ______ the bank.'

The suspect is alleged ______ the bank.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: to have robbed
Allegations of past crimes use 'to have + V3'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: گزارش با مجهول (گفته می‌شود که...)

اشتباه جمله رو پیدا و اصلاح کن.

He insisted paying for the whole meal.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
فعل 'insist' برای وصل شدن به جراند حتماً به حرف اضافه‌ی 'on' نیاز داره.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الگوهای افعال گزارشی (پیشنهاد انجام کاری، متهم کردن به)

Find the mistake in the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

I got repaired my watch yesterday.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Move 'repaired' after 'watch'
The object 'my watch' must come before the past participle 'repaired'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: افعال سببی: انجام دادن/گرفتن کاری (تنظیم خدمات)

Complete the future plan.

Next week, I ___ my wisdom teeth ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: will have / removed
Future 'will have' + object + V3 'removed'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: افعال سببی: انجام دادن/گرفتن کاری (تنظیم خدمات)

Find the mistake: 'The building is reported that it was destroyed.'

Find and fix the mistake:

The building is reported that it was destroyed.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Change 'that it was' to 'to have been'
You cannot use 'that' after a specific subject like 'The building'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: گزارش با مجهول (گفته می‌شود که...)

Which is the most informal?

Select the informal version of 'I had my car repaired.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I got my car fixed.
'Get' is more informal than 'have' in causative structures.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: افعال سببی: انجام دادن/گرفتن کاری (تنظیم خدمات)

اشتباه جمله رو پیدا کن و درستش کن.

The instructions are to wrote clearly.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The instructions are to be written clearly.
شکل سوم فعل 'write' میشه 'written'. passive infinitive به 'to be' و بعدش شکل سوم فعل نیاز داره.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: مصدر مجهول: استفاده از 'to be done'

کلمات رو مرتب کن تا یه جمله‌ی درست ساخته بشه.

Arrange these words into a sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
الگوی درست اینه: blame + مفعول + for + gerund.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الگوهای افعال گزارشی (پیشنهاد انجام کاری، متهم کردن به)

جمله انگلیسی درست رو تایپ کن.

Translate into English: 'El problema debe resolverse pronto.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The problem needs to be solved soon., The problem has to be solved soon.
عبارت اسپانیایی 'debe resolverse' یه اجبار مجهول رو می‌رسونه. 'Needs to be solved' یا 'has to be solved' این رو با استفاده از passive infinitive کاملاً منتقل می‌کنه.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: مصدر مجهول: استفاده از 'to be done'

Score: /10

سوالات رایج (6)

Almost, but avoid it for accidents. 'I got my wallet stolen' sounds like you wanted it to happen. Use 'I had my wallet stolen' instead.
The first is the causative (someone else did it). The second is the Past Perfect (you did it yourself before another past action).
این شکل مجهول infinitive هست که وقتی فاعلِ infinitive اکشن رو انجام نمیده بلکه دریافت می‌کنه، استفاده میشه. ساختارش همیشه to + be + past participle هست.
کلمه 'to' توی infinitive باید با شکل اصلی فعل بیاد. توی حالت مجهول، اون فعل اصلی 'be' هست که با past participle ترکیب میشه تا ساختار مجهول رو بسازه.
Because 'that' clauses in English usually follow an impersonal 'It'. When you start with a person, the grammar requires an infinitive ('to be') to link the subject to the description.
Yes, the meaning is identical, but 'It is said' is much more formal and used in writing, while 'They say' is used in casual conversation.
فصل قبلی
Mastering Verb Patterns and Actions
فصل بعدی
Politeness and Logical Connections
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