B2 · 中上級 チャプター 9

客観的な視点と洗練された伝え方：使役と受動態の応用

4 トータルルール
48 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of professional communication by reporting news and arranging services with confidence.

  • Arrange services efficiently using causative structures.
  • Describe actions clearly using passive infinitives.
  • Report information professionally using passive and specific verb patterns.
Report with precision, arrange with ease.

学べること

B2レベルの皆さん、おめでとうございます！このチャプターでは、英語の表現力をワンランク上の「プロフェッショナル」な域へと引き上げます。例えば、美容院で髪を切ったときに「I cut my hair」と言うと、自分でハサミを持ったことになってしまいますよね。そこで役立つのが have/get something done です。このチャプターでは、こうした「サービスを誰かにしてもらった」状況を自然に伝える使役表現を完璧にします。さらに、「〜だと言われている」といった客観的なニュースの伝え方や、suggest -ing や accuse someone of のような、相手に誤解を与えない正確な動詞のパターンを学びます。受動態の不定詞（to be done）を使いこなせれば、より洗練された響きの英語が話せるようになりますよ。日常のサービス利用から、ビジネスでの客観的な事実報告まで、自信を持ってこなせるようになりましょう。さあ、一緒に「大人の英語」を楽しみませんか？

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Explain that you had a service completed (e.g., car repaired) using causative verbs.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Use 'it is said that' to share common knowledge or news professionally.

チャプターガイド

Overview

As a B2 English learner, you're past the basics and ready to refine your communication for more sophisticated interactions. This chapter on English reporting and passive voice is your key to unlocking a more natural, nuanced way of speaking. We're going beyond simple statements to help you convey information with greater precision and fluency, enabling you to truly interact with native speakers fluently.
You'll discover how to report what others have said using patterns like 'It is said that...', making your reports sound objective and well-informed. We'll also dive into causative verbs like 'have/get something done', allowing you to talk about arranging services effortlessly. Plus, understanding the passive infinitive and various reporting verb patterns will give you the tools to shift focus, emphasize information, and interact more smoothly.
Get ready to elevate your B2 English grammar skills and sound more authentic!

How This Grammar Works

These grammar structures, while seemingly distinct, work together to provide flexibility and sophistication in your English communication. Let's start with Causative Verbs: Have/Get Something Done. This is all about outsourcing!
Instead of saying 'I repaired my car' (implying *you* did it), you'd say 'I had my car repaired yesterday' or 'I got my car repaired'. This clearly communicates that a professional service was arranged, like in 'I need to get my hair cut before the party'.
Building on the idea of shifting focus, the Passive Infinitive: to be done comes into play when the action or outcome is more important than the doer. For instance, 'There's a lot of work to be done before the deadline' emphasizes the task, not who specifically does it. Compare 'They have to finish the report' with 'The report needs to be finished by Friday'.
For reporting information without naming the source directly, we use Reporting with the Passive (It is said that...). This often uses verbs like *say, believe, know, think, report*. For example, 'People say he's very talented' becomes 'It is said that he's very talented.' Or, 'They believe the economy is improving' becomes 'The economy is believed to be improving.' This provides a more formal or impersonal tone, often used in news.
Finally, mastering Reporting Verb Patterns is crucial for accuracy. These verbs demand specific structures: 'He suggested doing the work later' (verb + gerund), 'She accused him of taking her pen' (verb + object + preposition + gerund), or 'They advised her to speak to the manager' (verb + object + infinitive). Understanding these patterns ensures your reported speech is grammatically correct and natural.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Confusing Causative with Active Voice
✗ I cut my hair. (Unless you literally did it yourself!)
✓ I had my hair cut.
*Explanation:* Use the causative form when someone else performs the service for you, indicating you arranged it.
  1. 1Incorrect Reporting Verb Pattern
✗ She suggested to go to the cinema.
✓ She suggested going to the cinema.
*Explanation:* Many reporting verbs like 'suggest' take a gerund (-ing form), not an infinitive. Always check the specific pattern for each verb.
  1. 1Overusing
    It is said that
    in informal contexts
✗ (At a casual BBQ) It is said that the food is delicious.
✓ (At a casual BBQ) I heard the food is delicious. / Everyone says the food is delicious.
*Explanation:* While grammatically correct,
It is said that
is more formal or for general public knowledge. In casual talk, direct reporting or 'I heard' is more natural.

Real Conversations

A

A

Your garden looks fantastic! Did you do all that work yourself?
B

B

Oh, definitely not! I had the landscaping done last month. It was a huge job, so I outsourced it.
A

A

So, what did Sarah say about the proposal? Is it ready?
B

B

Not quite. She suggested making a few revisions before the final submission. She also advised us to present it next week instead, to allow for more preparation.
A

A

I heard there's a new cafe opening downtown next week. Any details?
B

B

Yes, it is believed to be a French patisserie. The pastries are supposed to be made with authentic ingredients, and there’s a lot of buzz about it. I can't wait to get some coffee there!

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the difference between have something done and get something done?

While often interchangeable, get something done can be slightly more informal and sometimes implies a greater effort or persuasion to arrange the service. For example,

I finally got my car fixed after weeks of trying.

Q

Can

It is said that
be used in spoken English?

Yes, but it's more common in formal contexts like news reports, academic discussions, or when reporting general knowledge without a specific source. In casual conversation, you might hear People say that... or I heard that... more often.

Q

Are there any common reporting verbs that *don't* follow the gerund or infinitive patterns?

Absolutely! Some verbs take a 'that' clause, like 'He claimed that he was innocent' or 'She explained that she couldn't make it.' Others might just take a direct object, like 'He denied the accusation.'

Cultural Context

Native speakers use these patterns to convey nuance and tone. The passive voice, especially
It is said that...
, lends authority or impersonality, common in news reports or academic writing. Causatives like
have/get something done
are everyday expressions across all registers.
Reporting verbs' precise patterns are key for sounding fluent; misusing them can make you sound less natural, though you'll still be understood. Regional differences are minor here, mainly pertaining to formality.

重要な例文 (6)

1

I need to have my car repaired before the road trip.

Necesito que reparen mi coche antes del viaje por carretera.

使役動詞: 何かをしてもらう/完了させる（サービスの手配）
2

She got her hair cut and styled for the wedding.

Ella se cortó y peinó el pelo para la boda.

使役動詞: 何かをしてもらう/完了させる（サービスの手配）
3

It is said that he commutes two hours every day.

Se dice que él viaja dos horas cada día.

受動態での報告（〜と言われている）
4

The new policy is expected to increase productivity.

Se espera que la nueva política aumente la productividad.

受動態での報告（〜と言われている）
5

My friend suggested ordering pizza for the movie night.

友達が映画鑑賞の夜にピザを頼もうと提案してくれました。

報告動詞のパターン（～することを提案する、～で告発する）
6

The politician denied accepting any illegal donations.

その政治家は、違法な献金を受け取ったことを否定しました。

報告動詞のパターン（～することを提案する、～で告発する）

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

The 'By' Rule

Only use 'by [person]' if the specific person is important. Usually, we know a barber cuts hair, so 'by the barber' is unnecessary.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 使役動詞: 何かをしてもらう/完了させる（サービスの手配）
💡

「受け手」を見極める

主語が自らアクションを起こしているのか、それともアクションを「受けている」のかを常に自問しましょう。 もし受けているなら、不定詞の受動態の出番です：
The documents need to be signed immediately.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 受動態の不定詞：「to be done」の使い方
🎯

The 'That' vs 'To' Rule

If you start with 'It', you MUST use 'that'. If you start with a person/thing, you MUST use 'to'.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 受動態での報告（〜と言われている）
💡

-ing形に注目！

報告動詞の直後に '-ing' が来たら、それは動名詞のパターンです。動詞と動名詞の間に前置詞が必要かどうかもセットで確認しましょう。
I suggested eating out.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 報告動詞のパターン（～することを提案する、～で告発する）

重要な語彙 (5)

Repair fix something broken Allegedly supposedly/as claimed Suggest propose an idea Accuse claim someone did wrong Facility a place for a service

Real-World Preview

Building

Renovating the Office

Review Summary

  • have/get + object + past participle
  • to + be + past participle
  • It + is + passive verb + that clause
  • verb + gerund/infinitive

よくある間違い

The causative structure requires the object (car) to be between the verb and the participle. 'I had fixed my car' implies you did the fixing yourself.

Wrong: I had fixed my car.
正解: I had my car fixed.

You must use the correct passive auxiliary tense. 'Be' is not a tense marker here.

Wrong: It is said that he is be promoted.
正解: It is said that he will be promoted.

The verb 'suggest' is followed by a gerund (-ing), not an infinitive.

Wrong: He suggested to go out.
正解: He suggested going out.

Next Steps

You've mastered a very difficult part of English grammar. Keep practicing, and you'll soon be speaking like a native!

Listen to a news podcast and note three instances of reporting verbs.

Continue to: Politeness and Logical Connections

クイック練習 (10)

Which sentence is correct for a past action?

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He is thought to have stolen the car.
Use 'to have + past participle' for actions that happened in the past.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 受動態での報告（〜と言われている）

Complete the future plan.

Next week, I ___ my wisdom teeth ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: will have / removed
Future 'will have' + object + V3 'removed'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 使役動詞: 何かをしてもらう/完了させる（サービスの手配）

Complete the sentence: 'It is ______ that the company is losing money.'

It is ______ that the company is losing money.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: thought
We need the past participle 'thought' for the passive structure.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 受動態での報告（〜と言われている）

報告動詞のパターンが正しい文章を選んでください。

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She suggested going to the park.
suggest は直後に動名詞を取ります。 to 不定詞は使いません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 報告動詞のパターン（～することを提案する、～で告発する）

Complete the past reporting: 'The suspect is alleged ______ the bank.'

The suspect is alleged ______ the bank.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: to have robbed
Allegations of past crimes use 'to have + V3'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 受動態での報告（〜と言われている）

Find the mistake: 'The building is reported that it was destroyed.'

Find and fix the mistake:

The building is reported that it was destroyed.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Change 'that it was' to 'to have been'
You cannot use 'that' after a specific subject like 'The building'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 受動態での報告（〜と言われている）

正しい形を選んで文章を完成させてください。

The children admitted ___ (break) the window.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: breaking
admit は直後に動名詞（-ing形）を取る動詞です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 報告動詞のパターン（～することを提案する、～で告発する）

文章の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

He insisted paying for the whole meal.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He insisted on paying for the whole meal.
insist は動名詞の前に前置詞 on が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 報告動詞のパターン（～することを提案する、～で告発する）

Which is the most informal?

Select the informal version of 'I had my car repaired.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I got my car fixed.
'Get' is more informal than 'have' in causative structures.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 使役動詞: 何かをしてもらう/完了させる（サービスの手配）

Identify the error in this 'unpleasant experience' sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

He got his window broken in the storm.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Change 'got' to 'had'
For accidents/unpleasant events, 'had' is much more natural than 'got'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 使役動詞: 何かをしてもらう/完了させる（サービスの手配）

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

Almost, but avoid it for accidents. 'I got my wallet stolen' sounds like you wanted it to happen. Use 'I had my wallet stolen' instead.
The first is the causative (someone else did it). The second is the Past Perfect (you did it yourself before another past action).
不定詞の受動態バージョンで、その動作の「受け手」が主語になるときに使います。 構成は常に to + be + 過去分詞 になります。 例えば、
This needs to be done.
と言えば「これはなされる必要がある」という意味になります。
不定詞の to の後ろは、常に動詞の原形である必要があります。 受動態を作る基本パーツは be + 過去分詞 ですから、その be を原形のまま置くことで、 to be done という形が成立します。
Because 'that' clauses in English usually follow an impersonal 'It'. When you start with a person, the grammar requires an infinitive ('to be') to link the subject to the description.
Yes, the meaning is identical, but 'It is said' is much more formal and used in writing, while 'They say' is used in casual conversation.
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Mastering Verb Patterns and Actions
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Politeness and Logical Connections
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