B2 · 中上級 チャプター 8

Mastering Verb Patterns and Actions

10 トータルルール
92 例文
6

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the intricate dance of verbs and prepositions to achieve true English fluency.

  • Identify correct verb-pattern pairings.
  • Master complex phrasal verbs.
  • Apply nuanced grammatical structures.
Connect your ideas with perfect verb patterns.

学べること

Ready to truly express yourself with precision? This chapter unlocks the secrets of verb patterns, like choosing between 'to do' or 'doing,' so you can speak and write with natural fluency and confidence. Get ready to master those tricky phrasal verbs and sound even more like a native speaker!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use gerunds and infinitives correctly in professional emails.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Moving beyond basic communication to express yourself with true nuance and confidence is a hallmark of B2 English grammar. This chapter is your key to unlocking that next level of fluency by mastering verb patterns and actions. It's about more than just getting your message across; it's about sounding natural, precise, and sophisticated, allowing you to interact with native speakers effortlessly.
We'll dive deep into those often-confusing choices between a 'to-infinitive' (like 'to do') and a 'gerund' (like 'doing'), showing you how these seemingly small decisions drastically impact meaning and flow.
Understanding these patterns isn't just about avoiding grammatical errors; it's about gaining an intuitive grasp of how English speakers structure their thoughts. You'll learn to confidently use verbs that *only* take a 'to-infinitive' or *only* a 'gerund', navigate those tricky situations where the choice changes the entire meaning of your sentence, and master essential phrasal verbs and verbs of perception. By the end of this guide, you'll be able to articulate your ideas with greater accuracy and sound even more like a native speaker, ensuring your English truly shines.

How This Grammar Works

At the heart of mastering verb patterns and actions lies the understanding that certain verbs have a rule about what follows them. Think of it like this: some verbs are followed by a 'to-infinitive' (e.g., 'decide to go', 'promise to call', 'manage to finish'). These verbs act as gates, only allowing the 'to' form to pass.
For example, you would say
I decided to study abroad,
not
I decided studying abroad.
These are generally about future intentions or commitments.
On the other hand, many verbs belong to what we call the '-ing Club', meaning they are *only* followed by a gerund (the -ing form of a verb). Mastering these makes your English sound incredibly natural. Imagine saying
I enjoy playing tennis
or
She avoids making mistakes.
Trying to use enjoy to play or avoid to make would immediately flag you as a non-native speaker.
These verbs often express feelings, continuous actions, or mental processes.
Things get really interesting when a verb can be followed by *either* a gerund *or* a 'to-infinitive', but the meaning changes entirely. Take 'remember':
I remember locking the door
refers to a past memory (you recall the *action* of locking), while
I remembered to lock the door
means you didn't forget to perform the *task* of locking it. This subtle distinction is crucial for clear communication.
Similarly, 'stop' can mean to cease an ongoing action (
He stopped talking
) or to pause one action in order to do another (
He stopped to talk
).
Our senses also have specific patterns. With verbs of perception like 'see,' 'hear,' 'watch,' we use a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') for a complete action (
I saw him leave the building
) and a gerund for an action in progress (
I saw him leaving the building
). Finally, to truly sound like a B2 speaker, you need to master adjectives + prepositions (like 'proud of', 'keen on', 'interested in') and three-part phrasal verbs (e.g., 'get on with', 'look forward to').
These are fixed expressions that add richness and authenticity to your vocabulary, and using them correctly demonstrates a deep understanding of natural English phrasing.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1
    I avoid to make mistakes when speaking English.
I avoid making mistakes when speaking English.
Explanation: The verb 'avoid' is always followed by a gerund (the -ing form).
  1. 1
    He stopped talking to buy a coffee.
He stopped to buy a coffee.
(or
He stopped talking because he wanted to buy a coffee.
)
Explanation: Stopped talking means he ceased the action of talking. Stopped to buy means he paused his journey/activity *in order* to buy a coffee. The infinitive shows purpose.
  1. 1
    I am looking forward seeing you next week.
I am looking forward to seeing you next week.
Explanation: Look forward to is a common three-part phrasal verb where 'to' is a preposition, not part of a to-infinitive. Therefore, it must be followed by a gerund.

Real Conversations

A

A

Did you remember to send that email to Sarah? It's important.
B

B

Oh, yes! I just finished sending it a few minutes ago. I almost forgot.
A

A

What are you doing this weekend?
B

B

I'm really looking forward to going hiking in the mountains. I also plan to try that new café downtown. Are you keen on joining me?
A

A

I saw him walking down the street, looking a bit lost.
B

B

Really? I just managed to talk to him on the phone. He said he was at the library.

Quick FAQ

Q

Why is it sometimes remember to do and sometimes remember doing?

Remember to do means you recall a necessary action you have to perform (e.g.,

I must remember to buy milk
). Remember doing means you have a memory of a past event or action (e.g.,
I remember buying that book last year
).

Q

How do I know if a verb takes a gerund or an infinitive?

There are patterns, but often it comes down to memorization and exposure. Many verbs related to feelings (enjoy, hate, like), avoiding, or continuing take gerunds. Verbs related to decisions, plans, or intentions often take infinitives. Keep a list and practice!

Q

Are three-part phrasal verbs common in everyday English?

Absolutely! They are incredibly common and essential for sounding natural. Phrases like get on with, look forward to, put up with, and run out of are used constantly in casual and even semi-formal conversation.

Q

What's the difference in meaning between

I saw him run
and
I saw him running
?

I saw him run
implies you saw the complete action from beginning to end.
I saw him running
suggests you witnessed part of the action while it was in progress, like a snapshot.

Cultural Context

Native English speakers seamlessly weave these verb patterns into their everyday speech, often without consciously thinking about the rules. The choice between gerunds and infinitives, especially when the meaning changes, is vital for precise communication and avoiding misunderstandings. Phrasal verbs are particularly prevalent in informal and semi-formal contexts, adding a layer of expressiveness and efficiency.
While regional differences exist in slang or specific idioms, the core verb patterns discussed here are standard across all major English-speaking regions and are crucial for achieving that authentic B2 sound.

重要な例文 (6)

1

I remember `watching` that movie last year; it was fantastic!

Me acuerdo de haber visto esa película el año pasado; ¡fue fantástica!

意味が変化する動詞(動名詞 vs 不定詞)
2

Did you remember `to turn off` the lights before leaving?

¿Te acordaste de apagar las luces antes de salir?

意味が変化する動詞(動名詞 vs 不定詞)
3

I'm really `proud of` your success in the university project.

Estoy realmente orgulloso de tu éxito en el proyecto universitario.

形容詞 + 前置詞(〜を誇りに思う、〜に熱心な)
4

My little brother is very `keen on` playing video games all day.

Mi hermano pequeño está muy interesado en jugar videojuegos todo el día.

形容詞 + 前置詞(〜を誇りに思う、〜に熱心な)
5

I'm really looking forward to the concert tonight.

今夜のコンサートを本当に楽しみにしています。

三部構成の句動詞 (get on with, look forward to)
6

We should get on with our group project now.

今すぐグループプロジェクトを進めるべきです。

三部構成の句動詞 (get on with, look forward to)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

「意図」に注目しましょう

最初の動詞が計画や約束、未来の行動を表しているなら、次は to + 不定詞がくる可能性が高いですよ。自分が「何をしようとしているか」を考えてみてください。
I intend to finish my work early.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「To」を伴う動詞:Decide, Promise, Manage(不定詞のみ)
💡

似た意味でグループ化!

「楽しむ」系の 'enjoy' や 'fancy' をセットで覚えると、脳がパターンを認識しやすくなります:
Do you fancy going out?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 動名詞のみを伴う動詞:-ingクラブ
💡

The Memory Test

If the action happened in the past, use -ing. If the action is a task for the future, use 'to'.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 意味が変化する動詞(動名詞 vs 不定詞)
💡

原形 vs -ing の使い分け

「最初から最後まで全部」見た・聞いたなら原形不定詞を使います。逆に「その動作の最中」だけを目撃したなら -ing 形を選びましょう。
I saw him cook dinner.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 感覚と文:知覚動詞

重要な語彙 (5)

Manage to succeed in doing something Perception the ability to see, hear, or become aware Collocation words that naturally go together Infinitive the base form of a verb Gerund the -ing form of a verb used as a noun

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Office Meeting

Review Summary

  • Verb + to + base
  • Verb + -ing
  • Verb + -ing/-to
  • See/Hear + Object + -ing
  • Adj + Prep
  • Verb + Part + Part
  • Do (task) / Make (create)
  • Noun + Prep
  • Verb + Object + to
  • Having + V3

よくある間違い

Enjoy is followed by a gerund, not an infinitive. It's a common error for many learners.

Wrong: I enjoy to read.
正解: I enjoy reading.

In this phrasal verb, 'to' is a preposition, so it must be followed by a gerund.

Wrong: I look forward to hear from you.
正解: I look forward to hearing from you.

Homework is a task, so we use 'do'. 'Make' is for creating something new.

Wrong: I made my homework.
正解: I did my homework.

このチャプターのルール (10)

Next Steps

You have done an amazing job! Keep practicing these patterns in your daily conversations.

Write a journal entry using 5 new patterns.

クイック練習 (10)

正しい句動詞の使い方をしている文を選んでください。

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She gets on with her classmates.
get on with は「動詞+副詞+前置詞」の順番で、一つの塊として使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 三部構成の句動詞 (get on with, look forward to)

文の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。

He managed finishing the complicated puzzle.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He managed to finish the complicated puzzle.
動詞 manage の後には動名詞(-ing)ではなく、 to + 不定詞を使う必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「To」を伴う動詞:Decide, Promise, Manage(不定詞のみ)

Choose the correct form.

I am honored ___ (to have been invited/to be invited).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: to have been invited
Passive perfect.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Complex Infinitive and Gerund Forms: To Have Done, Having Done, To Be Doing

Choose the correct verb.

She ___ a cake.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: made
Cake is a result.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Do or Make: Choosing the Right Verb

Fill in the blank.

She appears ___ (to be waiting/to have waited) for hours.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: to have been waiting
Perfect continuous.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Complex Infinitive and Gerund Forms: To Have Done, Having Done, To Be Doing

文の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

She avoids to talk about her past experiences.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She avoids talking about her past experiences.
'avoid' は動名詞をとる動詞なので、'avoid + -ing' が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 動名詞のみを伴う動詞:-ingクラブ

Choose the correct verb.

___ me a favor.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Do
Fixed collocation.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Do or Make: Choosing the Right Verb

正しい形を選んで文章を完成させましょう。

I'm really looking forward to ___ my new language course.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: starting
look forward to の 'to' は前置詞なので、後ろには動名詞(-ing形)が来ます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 三部構成の句動詞 (get on with, look forward to)

正しい英語の文章を入力してください。

Translate into English: 'Ella se negó a responder la pregunta.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She refused to answer the question.
動詞 refuse の後には to + 不定詞が続きます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「To」を伴う動詞:Decide, Promise, Manage(不定詞のみ)

Choose the correct form.

He seems ___ (to be working/to have worked) right now.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: to be working
Ongoing action.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Complex Infinitive and Gerund Forms: To Have Done, Having Done, To Be Doing

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

基本は、decide, promise, manage などの動詞の後に to + 動詞の原形(不定詞)を続けることです。例えば
I decided to leave.
のようになります。
意図、未来の行動、目的、あるいは何かに成功(または失敗)したことを表すことが多いです。まだ行われていない「未来」を指し示すイメージですね。
I plan to go.
動名詞は、動詞に -ing がついて名詞の働きをするものです。例えば: I enjoy reading の 'reading' は、'enjoy' の目的語として名詞のように機能しています。
これは英語の長い歴史の中での慣習です。一般的に、これらの動詞は「目標」や「意図」ではなく、「活動そのもの」や「経験」を表す傾向があります: I enjoy swimming.
No, 'start to rain' and 'start raining' are the same.
Use it in formal situations to give bad news, like a job rejection.