At the A1 level, you should recognize especialista as a word related to jobs, specifically doctors. You don't need to know all the complex uses, but you should understand it when you see it in a medical context. Think of it as a 'super doctor'. If your 'médico' (doctor) cannot fix the problem, they send you to an 'especialista'. It is important to notice that the word ends in '-a' even if the doctor is a man. You say 'el especialista' for a man and 'la especialista' for a woman. This is a special rule for words ending in '-ista'. You will mostly hear this word in phrases like 'Necesito un especialista' (I need a specialist) or 'El especialista es simpático' (The specialist is nice). Start by associating this word with hospitals and high-level professionals. Don't worry about the specific fields like 'oncology' or 'neurology' yet; just know that this person is an expert in one thing.
At the A2 level, you begin to use especialista in more varied sentences. You are likely learning about health and work, so you will use this word to describe people's professions more accurately. You should be able to say things like 'Mi madre es especialista en nutrición' (My mother is a specialist in nutrition). Notice the use of the preposition 'en' after the word. This is the standard way to show what someone is an expert in. You will also learn that 'especialista' can refer to people in business, like an 'especialista en ventas' (sales specialist). At this level, you should also be careful with adjective agreement. If you describe a male specialist, the adjective must end in '-o' (e.g., 'el especialista cubano'), and if it's a female, it ends in '-a' (e.g., 'la especialista cubana'). This is a common point of confusion for A2 students because the noun itself doesn't change.
For B1 learners, especialista becomes a key term for discussing professional qualifications and healthcare systems. You should be comfortable using it to describe your own career or the careers of others. For example, 'Estoy estudiando para ser especialista en marketing digital'. You also learn that in Spanish-speaking countries, seeing an 'especialista' often requires a referral from a general doctor. You might encounter the word in news articles or professional emails. At this level, you should distinguish between 'especialista' (the person) and 'especialidad' (the subject). You should also be aware of the word's use in the film industry to mean 'stunt performer', which is a common cultural fact. Your vocabulary is expanding, so you can start pairing 'especialista' with more complex fields like 'recursos humanos', 'medio ambiente', or 'finanzas'.
At the B2 level, you use especialista with precision and authority. You understand the nuance between an 'especialista' and an 'experto'. While an 'experto' might just know a lot, an 'especialista' usually has a formal role or title. You can use the word in formal debates or essays to cite authority: 'Los especialistas coinciden en que la economía mejorará'. You are also expected to handle the plural forms and gender agreement perfectly in complex sentences. You might encounter the term in legal contexts or technical manuals. B2 students should also be familiar with synonyms like 'perito' for legal experts and 'técnico' for practical experts, and know when 'especialista' is the more appropriate choice. You understand that 'especialista' implies a narrow but deep focus, whereas a 'generalista' has a broad but potentially shallower focus.
C1 learners use especialista as part of a sophisticated professional vocabulary. You can discuss the 'hiperespecialización' (hyper-specialization) of modern society and the pros and cons of being an 'especialista' versus a 'polímata' (polymath). You understand the subtle connotations the word carries in different regions—for example, how a 'médico especialista' is perceived in the private vs. public health sectors in Spain or Latin America. You can use the word metaphorically or in idiomatic expressions. You also recognize the word in high-level academic texts where it might refer to a specific school of thought or a researcher who has dedicated decades to a single micro-topic. Your command of the word allows you to use it in complex grammatical structures, such as 'Siendo ella una especialista de tal calibre, no podíamos ignorar su opinión'.
At the C2 level, especialista is a word you manipulate with stylistic flair. You understand its etymological roots and how it relates to other words in the 'especie' family. You can use it in highly formal, academic, or literary contexts where precision is paramount. You might use it to critique the narrowness of certain professional fields or to praise the depth of a scholar's work. At this level, you are also aware of very niche uses, such as 'especialista' in the context of military roles or highly specific industrial certifications. You can effortlessly switch between 'especialista', 'perito', 'facultativo', and 'erudito' to convey exact shades of meaning. You are also fully aware of the social and professional hierarchies that the term implies in different Spanish-speaking cultures, from the 'especialista' in a prestigious hospital in Madrid to the 'especialista' in traditional medicine in rural areas.
especialista در ۳۰ ثانیه
- A professional with deep focus in one area.
- Used for doctors (specialists) and technical roles.
- Grammatically common-gender: el/la especialista.
- Often paired with 'en' to show the field.
The Spanish word especialista is a versatile noun that primarily refers to an individual who possesses deep, focused knowledge in a specific branch of a profession, science, or art. While in English the term 'specialist' can sometimes feel broad, in Spanish, it is the standard term used to distinguish a generalist from someone with advanced expertise. In the medical world, this is the person you are referred to after seeing your 'médico de cabecera' (primary care physician). If you have a heart problem, you don't just see a doctor; you see an especialista en cardiología.
- Medical Context
- In the healthcare system of Spanish-speaking countries, the 'especialista' is the authority in a specific field. Patients often ask for a 'volante' (referral) to see one. Whether it is a dermatologist, a neurologist, or a surgeon, they all fall under this umbrella term. The word is used both as a general noun and as a title.
- Technical Expertise
- Beyond medicine, an especialista is anyone who has mastered a niche. For example, in IT, an 'especialista en ciberseguridad' is a highly sought-after professional. In the legal world, an 'especialista en derecho laboral' handles specific employment disputes. It implies a level of certification or significant experience that sets the person apart from a general worker.
El médico general me remitió a un especialista para tratar mi problema de rodilla.
Usage of the word is extremely common in professional networking, job descriptions, and formal conversations. It carries a connotation of respect and reliability. When someone is called an 'especialista', it suggests they have spent years honing a specific craft. It is worth noting that the word is a 'sustantivo común en cuanto al género', meaning the form stays the same for both men and women (el especialista / la especialista). This is a common pattern for Spanish nouns ending in -ista.
Contrataron a una especialista en marketing digital para mejorar las ventas.
- Academic Nuance
- In academic circles, an 'especialista' might refer to a scholar who has dedicated their career to a single author, period, or scientific phenomenon. It is synonymous with 'erudito' in these contexts, though 'especialista' remains more modern and grounded.
Como especialista en historia medieval, ha publicado varios libros sobre las cruzadas.
In summary, whether you are at the hospital, in a business meeting, or discussing scientific research, 'especialista' is your go-to word for describing a professional who knows their specific niche inside and out. Its gender-neutral ending makes it easy to use once you remember to change the article to match the person you are referring to.
Using especialista correctly involves understanding its grammatical behavior as a 'common gender' noun. This means that while the word itself ends in '-a', it does not change to '-o' for males. Instead, the gender is indicated by the article (el, la, los, las) or accompanying adjectives. This is a crucial point for English speakers who might be tempted to say 'especialisto', which is incorrect and non-existent in Spanish.
- The Article Rule
- Use 'el especialista' for a man and 'la especialista' for a woman. For example: 'El especialista me dio una receta' vs. 'La especialista me dio una receta'. The word remains identical.
- Prepositional Phrases
- The most common structure is 'especialista en + [field]'. You will see this in professional titles: 'especialista en recursos humanos', 'especialista en dermatología', 'especialista en lenguas románicas'.
Juan es un especialista muy reconocido en su área de investigación.
When pluralizing, the word follows standard rules: 'los especialistas' or 'las especialistas'. If the group is mixed, the masculine plural 'los especialistas' is used. In modern inclusive Spanish, you might see 'l@s especialistas' or 'les especialistas' in informal or specific activist contexts, but 'los especialistas' remains the standard for mixed groups in formal writing.
Las especialistas de la clínica son todas mujeres muy capacitadas.
In a sentence, 'especialista' can function as the subject, the direct object, or as part of a prepositional phrase. It is frequently paired with verbs like 'consultar' (to consult), 'llamar' (to call), 'necesitar' (to need), and 'ser' (to be). Because it implies a high level of skill, it is rarely used for entry-level positions unless the specific focus is very narrow.
- Common Verb Pairings
- 1. Pedir cita con el especialista (To make an appointment with the specialist). 2. Ser un especialista consumado (To be a consummate specialist). 3. Trabajar como especialista (To work as a specialist).
Debemos consultar a un especialista antes de tomar una decisión final.
The word especialista is ubiquitous in Spanish-speaking society. The most common place you will encounter it is in the healthcare system. In Spain, for instance, the 'sistema sanitario' is divided into 'Atención Primaria' (general doctors) and 'Atención Especializada'. When you go to the hospital for anything other than a common cold, you are entering the realm of the especialistas.
- In the News
- News broadcasts frequently interview 'especialistas' to provide expert commentary on topics ranging from economic shifts to climate change. You will hear phrases like 'Según los especialistas...' (According to the specialists...) to lend authority to a report.
- Job Market
- On platforms like LinkedIn or InfoJobs, 'especialista' is a standard job title. You will see postings for 'Especialista en SEO', 'Especialista en Atención al Cliente', or 'Especialista en Logística'. It is a step above an 'asistente' but more focused than a 'gerente' (manager).
Los especialistas advierten sobre los riesgos del cambio climático.
In cinema and television, you might hear the term 'especialista' referring to a 'stunt performer'. These are the professionals who perform dangerous scenes instead of the actors. This is a specific usage that often surprises learners, as 'stuntman' doesn't translate directly to a word with 'stunt' in it, but rather to this term of expertise.
El actor principal no necesitó un especialista para la escena de la pelea.
In daily life, if you have a specific problem with your car or your house, you might say 'necesito un especialista'. While for a leaky pipe you might say 'fontanero' (plumber), if the issue is a complex smart-home system, you would seek an 'especialista en domótica'. The word elevates the perceived difficulty of the task and the skill of the person required to fix it.
- Legal and Forensic
- In court, an 'especialista' might be called as a 'perito' (expert witness). While 'perito' is the technical legal term, the person is often introduced or referred to as an 'especialista' in their field during testimony.
Llamaron a un especialista en balística para analizar las pruebas.
One of the most frequent errors English speakers make with especialista is related to its gender. Because the word ends in '-a', many learners assume it is feminine and try to create a masculine version ending in '-o' (especialisto). This is a mistake. Like 'dentista', 'artista', and 'periodista', 'especialista' is gender-invariant for the noun itself.
- The 'Especialisto' Trap
- Never say 'el especialisto'. It sounds like a joke or a very basic learner error. Always use 'el especialista' for a male professional. Correct: 'El especialista es muy bueno'. Incorrect: 'El especialisto es muy bueno'.
- Confusing Specialist with Specialty
- Learners often mix up 'especialista' (the person) and 'especialidad' (the field/subject). You cannot say 'Mi especialista es la cardiología'; you must say 'Mi especialidad es la cardiología'. Conversely, you don't 'visit an especialidad', you 'visit an especialista'.
Incorrecto: Mi especialista es el marketing. Correcto: Mi especialidad es el marketing.
Another common mistake is the misuse of prepositions. In English, we might say 'a specialist of' or 'a specialist in'. In Spanish, 'especialista de' is occasionally used but 'especialista en' is much more natural and standard. If you say 'especialista de la piel', it’s okay, but 'especialista en dermatología' is better. Avoid using 'especialista sobre', which is a direct translation of 'specialist on' but sounds awkward in Spanish.
Él es un especialista famosO en todo el mundo.
- Spelling Errors
- Because of the English 'specialist', learners often forget the 'e' at the beginning. Spanish words starting with 'sp' or 'st' almost always add a prosthetic 'e' (e.g., especial, escuela, especialista). Avoid writing 'specialista'.
Incorrecto: El specialista llega tarde. Correcto: El especialista llega tarde.
Lastly, don't overuse 'especialista' when a more specific job title exists. If you are talking about a plumber, say 'fontanero'. If you are talking about a teacher, say 'profesor'. Use 'especialista' when you want to emphasize their high level of expertise or when a more specific title isn't immediately obvious or known.
While especialista is the most common term for a focused expert, Spanish offers several synonyms that carry slightly different nuances depending on the context. Understanding these differences will help you sound more like a native speaker and choose the right word for the right situation.
- Experto vs. Especialista
- 'Experto' is broader. An 'experto' has vast knowledge, but an 'especialista' has a specific job or formal qualification. You can be an 'experto' in wine (hobbyist), but a 'sommelier' is an 'especialista' (professional). 'Experto' is often used as an adjective ('él es muy experto'), whereas 'especialista' is almost always a noun.
- Perito
- This is a technical or legal term. A 'perito' is a specialist called upon to give a technical opinion, usually in a legal or insurance context. For example, a 'perito de seguros' (insurance adjuster) or a 'perito judicial' (forensic expert).
El perito examinó los daños del coche tras el accidente.
In some contexts, you might use 'técnico'. A 'técnico' is someone who specializes in the practical or mechanical side of a field. An 'especialista' might design a system, while a 'técnico' installs or maintains it. However, in sports, 'director técnico' is the term for a head coach, who is certainly an 'especialista' in their sport.
Necesitamos un técnico para arreglar el aire acondicionado.
- Maestro / Erudito
- 'Maestro' implies a level of mastery that allows one to teach others. 'Erudito' is specifically for someone with vast academic or book-learned knowledge. While an 'especialista' knows a field, an 'erudito' knows everything about a field.
Es un erudito en literatura clásica española.
Lastly, in informal settings, you might hear 'un hacha' (an axe) or 'un crack' (a star). These are slang terms for someone who is exceptionally good at something. 'Mi hermano es un hacha con las matemáticas' means he is a specialist/expert in math, but it is very colloquial. Stick to 'especialista' for work, medicine, and formal writing.
چقدر رسمی است؟
نکته جالب
The suffix '-ista' in Spanish is borrowed from Greek '-istes', which is why many professional nouns ending in '-a' are common-gender (masculine and feminine).
راهنمای تلفظ
- Pronouncing it as 'specialist' without the initial 'e'.
- Stress on the first syllable.
- Creating a masculine 'especialisto'.
- Mixing the 'ia' sound into two syllables.
سطح دشواری
Easy to recognize due to the English cognate 'specialist'.
Must remember the initial 'e' and the gender-neutral ending.
Must avoid saying 'especialisto' and use correct articles.
Clear pronunciation, usually easy to catch in context.
بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟
پیشنیازها
بعداً یاد بگیرید
پیشرفته
گرامر لازم
Common Gender Nouns
El artista, la artista; el especialista, la especialista.
Preposition 'En' for Fields
Especialista en medicina, no especialista de medicin
مثالها بر اساس سطح
El especialista es muy bueno.
The specialist is very good.
Note the use of 'el' for a male specialist.
¿Dónde está la especialista?
Where is the (female) specialist?
Note the use of 'la' for a female specialist.
Yo necesito un especialista.
I need a specialist.
'Un' is the indefinite article for a male specialist.
Ella es especialista.
She is a specialist.
In Spanish, we often omit the article 'una' when stating a profession after 'ser'.
El especialista de ojos está aquí.
The eye specialist is here.
'De ojos' is a simple way for A1 to say 'ophthalmologist'.
¿Es usted el especialista?
Are you the specialist?
Using 'usted' for formal address.
Mi amigo es especialista.
My friend is a specialist.
'Amigo' (male) matches 'el especialista' (implied).
Gracias, especialista.
Thank you, specialist.
Direct address.
Busco un especialista en computadoras.
I'm looking for a computer specialist.
Uses 'en' to specify the field.
La especialista en piel es famosa.
The skin specialist is famous.
'Piel' (skin) is a common A2 noun.
¿Tienes cita con el especialista?
Do you have an appointment with the specialist?
'Cita' is a key A2 vocabulary word.
Él es un especialista muy joven.
He is a very young specialist.
Adjective 'joven' is gender-neutral but describes the male specialist.
Queremos hablar con la especialista.
We want to speak with the (female) specialist.
'Queremos' is the 'we' form of querer.
Hay muchos especialistas en este hospital.
There are many specialists in this hospital.
Plural form 'especialistas'.
Mi hermana quiere ser especialista.
My sister wants to be a specialist.
'Ser' + profession.
El especialista no trabaja hoy.
The specialist is not working today.
Simple negation with 'no'.
El médico general me envió al especialista.
The general doctor sent me to the specialist.
'Envió' is the preterite of enviar.
Necesitamos un especialista en marketing digital.
We need a digital marketing specialist.
B1 level professional terminology.
La especialista en pediatría atiende a los niños.
The pediatric specialist sees the children.
'Atender' means 'to assist' or 'to see a patient'.
Como especialista, ella sabe qué hacer.
As a specialist, she knows what to do.
'Como' used to mean 'in the role of'.
¿Cuál es el mejor especialista en la ciudad?
Who is the best specialist in the city?
Superlative 'el mejor'.
El especialista analizó los resultados del examen.
The specialist analyzed the test results.
'Analizó' is preterite.
No soy especialista, pero creo que esto está roto.
I'm not a specialist, but I think this is broken.
Humble disclaimer common in conversation.
Llamé a un especialista para arreglar el coche.
I called a specialist to fix the car.
'Para' + infinitive to show purpose.
Los especialistas advierten sobre el uso excesivo de plásticos.
Specialists warn about the excessive use of plastics.
'Advierten' (warn) is a B2 level verb.
Contrataron a un especialista para coordinar el proyecto.
They hired a specialist to coordinate the project.
'Contrataron' is third-person plural preterite.
Es fundamental consultar a un especialista antes de invertir.
It is fundamental to consult a specialist before investing.
'Es fundamental' + infinitive.
La especialista en derecho internacional dará una charla.
The international law specialist will give a talk.
'Dará' is the future tense of dar.
A pesar de ser un especialista, no pudo resolver el enigma.
Despite being a specialist, he couldn't solve the enigma.
'A pesar de' + infinitive.
Se requiere un especialista con al menos cinco años de experiencia.
A specialist with at least five years of experience is required.
Passive 'se' construction.
La opinión del especialista fue determinante para el juicio.
The specialist's opinion was decisive for the trial.
'Determinante' (decisive) is a B2 adjective.
Buscamos especialistas que dominen varios idiomas.
We are looking for specialists who are fluent in several languages.
Subjunctive 'dominen' after 'buscamos' (unspecified person).
La hiperespecialización obliga a los especialistas a colaborar.
Hyper-specialization forces specialists to collaborate.
'Obliga a' + object + a + infinitive.
El especialista forense halló pruebas incriminatorias.
The forensic specialist found incriminating evidence.
'Halló' is a more formal synonym for 'encontró'.
Su reputación como especialista en Goya es intachable.
His reputation as a Goya specialist is irreproachable.
'Intachable' is a high-level C1 adjective.
Todo especialista debe mantenerse actualizado en su campo.
Every specialist must stay updated in their field.
Reflexive 'mantenerse'.
La escasez de especialistas en zonas rurales es preocupante.
The shortage of specialists in rural areas is worrying.
'Escasez' (shortage) is a C1 noun.
Incluso para un especialista, este caso resulta desconcertante.
Even for a specialist, this case is baffling.
'Desconcertante' (baffling/puzzling).
Se ha convertido en un especialista de renombre mundial.
He has become a world-renowned specialist.
'De renombre' (renowned).
El especialista matizó sus declaraciones anteriores.
The specialist qualified his previous statements.
'Matizar' (to nuance/qualify) is a C1 verb.
La fragmentación del saber convierte al especialista en un náufrago.
The fragmentation of knowledge turns the specialist into a castaway.
Metaphorical usage of 'náufrago'.
Es un especialista cuya erudición trasciende las fronteras académicas.
He is a specialist whose erudition transcends academic boundaries.
Relative pronoun 'cuya' (whose).
El especialista diseccionó el problema con una precisión quirúrgica.
The specialist dissected the problem with surgical precision.
Metaphorical use of 'diseccionó'.
Cualquier especialista que se precie debe conocer estas fuentes.
Any specialist worth their salt must know these sources.
'Que se precie' (worth their salt/who prides themselves).
La labor del especialista a menudo se ve empañada por la burocracia.
The specialist's work is often clouded by bureaucracy.
Passive 'se ve empañada'.
No basta con ser un especialista; hace falta tener visión de conjunto.
It's not enough to be a specialist; one needs a global vision.
'Visión de conjunto' (big picture/global view).
El especialista esgrimió argumentos de peso a favor de la reforma.
The specialist brandished weighty arguments in favor of the reform.
'Esgrimió' (brandished/put forward).
La conferencia reunió a los especialistas más preclaros del siglo.
The conference gathered the most illustrious specialists of the century.
'Preclaro' (illustrious/eminent) is a very formal C2 adjective.
ترکیبهای رایج
عبارات رایج
— To be an expert in something.
Mi padre es un especialista en arreglar relojes.
— An expert in the subject matter.
Necesitamos un especialista en la materia.
اصطلاحات و عبارات
— To be an expert at avoiding responsibility.
Él es un especialista en escurrir el bulto cuando hay trabajo.
informal— To sleep on it (though not using 'especialista', it's what you do before seeing one).
Consúltalo con la almohada antes de ir al especialista.
neutral— Stick to what you know (advice for a specialist).
No opines de medicina; zapatero a tus zapatos.
idiomatic— To be in good hands (often said about a specialist).
Con ese especialista, estás en buenas manos.
neutral— Expert's word (meaning it's highly reliable).
Es palabra de especialista, no hay duda.
neutral— To pretend to be an expert.
No te hagas el especialista si no sabes.
informal— To hit the nail on the head (what a good specialist does).
El especialista dio en el clavo con el diagnóstico.
idiomatic— To be very tactful (a trait of a good specialist).
La especialista tiene mucha mano izquierda con los niños.
idiomatic— To run away (what a bad specialist might do).
El especialista puso pies en polvorosa cuando vio el problema.
informalخانواده کلمه
اسمها
فعلها
صفتها
مرتبط
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Think of a 'Specialist' but always put an 'E' at the start for 'Expert'. E-specialist-a.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a doctor holding a 'Special' magnifying glass looking at a tiny detail.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Try to name five different types of 'especialistas' in Spanish (e.g., especialista en ojos, especialista en pies).
ریشه کلمه
From the Latin 'species' (kind, sort) + the suffix '-ista' (denoting a professional or practitioner).
معنای اصلی: Someone who deals with a specific kind or category of things.
Romance (derived from Latin).بافت فرهنگی
Always use the correct article (el/la) to respect the person's gender.
In the US/UK, we often just use the specific title (Dermatologist) rather than 'Specialist', whereas in Spanish, saying 'Voy al especialista' is very common.
تمرین در زندگی واقعی
موقعیتهای واقعی
At the doctor's office
- ¿Me puede remitir a un especialista?
- ¿Cuándo tiene cita el especialista?
- Es un especialista en rodillas.
- El especialista me dio el alta.
Job interview
- Soy especialista en gestión de proyectos.
- Buscamos un especialista con experiencia.
- ¿Cuál es su área de especialista?
- He trabajado como especialista cinco años.
Legal/Insurance
- El especialista evaluó los daños.
- Necesitamos el informe del especialista.
- ¿Es usted especialista en este tema?
- El especialista testificó en el juicio.
Academic
- Es un especialista en la Edad Media.
- Ha publicado como especialista en ciencia.
- Los especialistas no están de acuerdo.
- Es una especialista muy citada.
Film/TV
- El especialista hizo el salto.
- No usamos especialistas en esta escena.
- Es un especialista de acción.
- El coordinador de especialistas está listo.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
"¿Crees que es mejor ser un especialista o saber un poco de todo?"
"¿Alguna vez has tenido que ir a un especialista médico importante?"
"¿En qué te gustaría ser un especialista en el futuro?"
"¿Conoces a algún especialista famoso en tu país?"
"¿Es difícil encontrar un buen especialista en tu ciudad?"
موضوعات نگارش
Describe el trabajo de un especialista que admires.
¿Prefieres trabajar como generalista o como especialista? ¿Por qué?
Escribe sobre una vez que un especialista te ayudó con un problema.
¿Qué pasos debe seguir alguien para convertirse en un especialista en tu campo?
Imagina que eres un especialista en un tema raro. ¿Cuál sería?
Summary
Use 'especialista' to describe someone with deep, specific professional knowledge. Example: 'El especialista en cardiología' (The cardiology specialist).
- A professional with deep focus in one area.
- Used for doctors (specialists) and technical roles.
- Grammatically common-gender: el/la especialista.
- Often paired with 'en' to show the field.
محتوای مرتبط
این کلمه در زبانهای دیگر
قواعد دستوری مرتبط
واژههای بیشتر health
abdomen
B1شکم بخشی از بدن است که بین قفسه سینه و لگن قرار دارد.
accidentarse
B1تصادف کردن.
adelgazar
A2To lose weight or become thinner.
además de
B1علاوه بر درس خواندن، او شبها کار میکند.
adicción
B1اعتیاد وضعیتی است که در آن فرد به یک ماده یا فعالیت وابسته میشود.
adicto
B1او معتاد به قهوه است.
adicto/a
B1فردی که وابستگی جسمی یا روانی به یک ماده یا فعالیت خاص دارد. 'او معتاد به شکلات است.'
adolorido
B1احساس درد یا کوفتگی در بدن.
afección
B1یک وضعیت پزشکی یا بیماری. 'او یک بیماری تنفسی (afección) دارد.'
afectivo
B1پیوند عاطفی بین مادر و کودک ضروری است.
