A2 Passive & Reported Speech 1 min read متوسط

Introduction to Passive Voice: Being Done

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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Turn 'doing' into 'being done' by adding the magic letter 'վ' (v) before the verb ending.

  • For -el verbs, replace -el with -vel (e.g., grel -> grvel).
  • For -al verbs, add -ts- before the -vel (e.g., kardal -> kardatsvel).
  • The subject of the sentence is now the one receiving the action.
Verb Stem + վ (v) + Ending = 📥 Passive

Active vs. Passive Formation

Verb Type Active (Infinitive) Passive (Infinitive) Example (Present Passive)
-EL verbs
Գրել (Write)
Գրվել (Be written)
Գրվում է
-AL verbs
Կարդալ (Read)
Կարդացվել (Be read)
Կարդացվում է
-EL verbs
Բացել (Open)
Բացվել (Be opened)
Բացվում է
-AL verbs
Լվանալ (Wash)
Լվացվել (Be washed)
Լվացվում է
-EL verbs
Տեսնել (See)
Տեսնվել (Be seen)
Տեսնվում է

Meanings

The passive voice is used when the focus is on the action or the person/thing affected by the action, rather than who performed it.

1

Standard Passive

The subject undergoes the action performed by an unspecified or secondary agent.

“Նամակը գրվեց (Namake grvets) - The letter was written.”

“Ճաշը պատրաստվում է (Chashe patrastvum e) - The dinner is being prepared.”

2

Impersonal Passive

Used to express general truths or rules where no specific subject is acting.

“Այստեղ հայերեն է խոսվում (Aystegh hayeren e khosvum) - Armenian is spoken here.”

“Այդպես չի արվում (Aydpes chi arvum) - It is not done that way.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Introduction to Passive Voice: Being Done
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Stem + վ + Ending
Արվում է (It is being done)
Negative
չ + Auxiliary + Stem + վ + ում
Չի արվում (It is not being done)
Question
Stem + վ + ո՞ւմ + Auxiliary
Արվո՞ւմ է (Is it being done?)
Past Simple
Stem + վ + եց
Գրվեց (It was written)
Future
Պիտի/Կ + Stem + վ + ի
Կգրվի (It will be written)
Perfect
Stem + վ + ած
Գրված է (It is written/state)

طیف رسمیت

رسمی
Խանութը փակված է:

Խանութը փակված է: (Business hours)

خنثی
Խանութը փակ է:

Խանութը փակ է: (Business hours)

غیر رسمی
Խանութը փակվեց:

Խանութը փակվեց: (Business hours)

عامیانه
Խանութը սաղ փակա:

Խանութը սաղ փակա: (Business hours)

The Passive Shift

Passive Voice

Suffix

  • -վ- The marker of passive

Focus

  • Object Becomes the subject

Agent

  • կողմից Used for 'by'

Active vs Passive

Active
Ես ուտում եմ I am eating
Passive
Ուտվում է It is being eaten

How to form the passive

1

Does the verb end in -ալ?

YES
Add -ացվ-
NO
Add -վ-
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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

Դուռը փակվում է:

The door is closing / is being closed.

2

Անունը գրված է:

The name is written.

1

Գիրքը կարդացվում է:

The book is being read.

2

Ճաշը եփվեց:

The dinner was cooked.

1

Այս տունը կառուցվել է 1990 թվականին:

This house was built in 1990.

2

Նոր օրենքը ընդունվեց:

The new law was passed.

1

Հարցը քննարկվում է հանձնաժողովի կողմից:

The issue is being discussed by the commission.

2

Այս տեսությունը հերքվել է գիտնականների կողմից:

This theory has been refuted by scientists.

1

Որոշումը կայացվեց երկարատև բանակցություններից հետո:

The decision was reached after lengthy negotiations.

2

Այդ իրադարձությունները ներկայացվում են որպես շրջադարձային:

Those events are being presented as pivotal.

1

Հասարակական կարծիքը ձևավորվում է զանգվածային լրատվամիջոցների ազդեցությամբ:

Public opinion is shaped by the influence of mass media.

2

Այս խնդիրը դիտարկվում է բազմաթիվ տեսանկյուններից:

This problem is viewed from numerous perspectives.

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

Introduction to Passive Voice: Being Done در مقابل Reflexive Verbs

Reflexive verbs (doing to oneself) also use the -v- suffix.

Introduction to Passive Voice: Being Done در مقابل Intransitive Verbs

Some verbs end in -vel naturally but aren't passive.

اشتباهات رایج

✗

Դուռը բացեց

✓

Դուռը բացվեց

Using active 'opened' when you mean 'was opened'.
✗

Գիրքը կարդում է

✓

Գիրքը կարդացվում է

The book cannot read itself; it needs the passive suffix.
✗

Կարդվել է

✓

Կարդացվել է

-al verbs need the -ats- augment.
✗

Հացը ուտեցավ

✓

Հացը ուտվեց

Incorrectly applying -ats- to an -el verb.
✗

Նա սիրվում է իմ կողմից

✓

Ես նրան սիրում եմ

Overusing passive for emotions where active is more natural.
✗

Գնացվել է

✓

Գնացել են

Trying to make an intransitive verb passive.
✗

Իմ կողմից ասված խոսքը

✓

Իմ ասած խոսքը

Using 'koghmits' unnecessarily in relative clauses.

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

[Object] + [Passive Verb] + է/են

[Object] + [Passive Verb] + եց

[Object] + [Passive Verb] + ած է

Real World Usage

News Broadcasts constant

Հայտարարվեց արտակարգ դրություն: (A state of emergency was declared.)

Restaurant Menus common

Մատուցվում է գինով: (It is served with wine.)

Public Signs very common

Մուտքն արգելվում է: (Entry is forbidden.)

Texting occasional

Նկարը ուղարկվեց: (The picture was sent.)

برای دیدن همه مثال‌ها رایگان ثبت‌نام کنید
💡

The 'V' Spotter

When reading, if you see a 'վ' before the ending of a verb you recognize, it's almost certainly passive.
⚠️

The -AL Trap

Never say 'կարդվել'. Always remember the 'աց' (ats) for verbs ending in -al. It's 'կարդացվել'.
🎯

Polite Blaming

Use the passive to describe mistakes without pointing fingers. Instead of 'You broke it,' say 'It was broken' (Կոտրվեց).

Smart Tips

Use the passive voice to focus on the task rather than the person.

Ես ուղարկեցի ֆայլը: (I sent the file.) → Ֆայլը ուղարկվել է: (The file has been sent.)

Always pause and add the 'ats' sound before the 'v'.

Կարդվել (Wrong) → Կարդացվել (Correct)

Don't guess the subject; just use the passive voice.

Մեկը գողացավ հեռախոսս: (Someone stole my phone.) → Հեռախոսս գողացվեց: (My phone was stolen.)

تلفظ

/v/

The 'V' sound

The 'վ' is pronounced like the English 'v' in 'very'.

gr-VEL

Stress

The stress usually falls on the last syllable of the verb, even with the passive suffix.

Passive Statement

Դուռը բացվեց↘

A neutral statement of fact.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Think of the 'V' in Passive as the Armenian 'Վ' (v) suffix.

تداعی تصویری

Imagine a letter 'Վ' acting like a shield that the object hides behind so the 'doer' can't be seen.

Rhyme

When the doer is gone from the view, add a 'վ' to the verb for you.

Story

A chef (the actor) makes a cake. But the chef leaves the room. Now, we only see the cake. The cake 'is being eaten' (ուտվում է). The chef is gone, but the 'վ' stays to tell the story.

شبکه واژگان

գրվելկարդացվելբացվելփակվելարվելասվել

چالش

Look around your room and name three things that 'were made' or 'are placed' using the -v- suffix.

نکات فرهنگی

News anchors in Armenia almost exclusively use the passive voice to maintain an air of objectivity.

Using the passive can sometimes be more polite as it avoids direct blame.

The -v- suffix in Armenian is ancient, dating back to Old Armenian (Grabar).

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

“

Ի՞նչ է պատրաստվում քո տանը այսօր:

“

Ո՞ր լեզուներն են խոսվում քո երկրում:

“

Ի՞նչ նոր շենքեր են կառուցվում քո քաղաքում:

موضوعات نگارش

Describe how your favorite dish is made without using 'I' or 'He/She'.
Write a short news report about a fictional event in your city.
Discuss the rules of a game you like.

اشتباهات رایج

Incorrect

صحیح

Incorrect

صحیح

Incorrect

صحیح

Incorrect

صحیح

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Test Yourself

Change the verb 'գրել' (to write) to the passive present form.

Նամակը հիմա ___ (գրել):

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: գրվում է
We need the passive suffix -v- and the present ending -um e.
Find the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Գիրքը կարդվել է երեկ:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: կարդվել
The verb 'կարդալ' is an -al verb, so it must be 'կարդացվել'.
Which sentence means 'The door was opened'? چند گزینه‌ای

Choose the correct passive sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Դուռը բացվեց:
'Բացվեց' is the past simple passive form.
Translate 'Armenian is spoken here' into Armenian. ترجمه

Armenian is spoken here.

Answer starts with: Այս...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Այստեղ հայերեն է խոսվում:
This is the standard impersonal passive for general facts.

Score: /4

تمرین‌های عملی

4 exercises
Change the verb 'գրել' (to write) to the passive present form.

Նամակը հիմա ___ (գրել):

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: գրվում է
We need the passive suffix -v- and the present ending -um e.
Find the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Գիրքը կարդվել է երեկ:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: կարդվել
The verb 'կարդալ' is an -al verb, so it must be 'կարդացվել'.
Which sentence means 'The door was opened'? چند گزینه‌ای

Choose the correct passive sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Դուռը բացվեց:
'Բացվեց' is the past simple passive form.
Translate 'Armenian is spoken here' into Armenian. ترجمه

Armenian is spoken here.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Այստեղ հայերեն է խոսվում:
This is the standard impersonal passive for general facts.

Score: /4

سوالات متداول (6)

No, only for transitive verbs (verbs that take an object). You can't make 'to sleep' or 'to go' passive in Armenian.

Use the word `կողմից` (koghmits) after the person. For example: `Նամակը գրվեց Աննայի կողմից` (The letter was written by Anna).

It's less common than in English. In casual speech, Armenians often say 'They did it' (3rd person plural) instead of 'It was done'.

`Բացվեց` is the action (it was opened), while `բացված է` is the state (it is currently open/in an opened state).

These are often 'medial' or reflexive verbs where the action is done to oneself, like `լվացվել` (to wash oneself).

In the passive, the object of the active sentence becomes the subject, so it stays in the nominative case.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

ser + participio / se pasivo

Armenian doesn't use an auxiliary like 'to be' to form the passive stem itself.

French low

être + participe passé

Armenian is synthetic (suffix-based), French is analytic (auxiliary-based).

German low

werden + Partizip II

German uses a separate helping verb; Armenian uses a suffix.

Japanese high

～れる / ～られる (-reru / -rareru)

Japanese passive can also express 'adversity' (something bad happened to me), which Armenian doesn't do.

Arabic none

Internal Passive (Majhul)

Arabic uses vowel shifts; Armenian uses the consonant 'v'.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Next
Forming the Passive: The Auxiliary 'to be' + Participle

Related Grammar Rules

B1

Reporting Verbs: Say, Tell, Ask
C1

Impersonal Passive with 'It is said that...'
C1

Passive Voice for Formality and Objectivity
B2

Subjunctive in Indirect Commands
B2

Passive meaning with Reflexive verbs
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