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B2 noun 15 دقیقه مطالعه

除外

jogai
تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها 除外 در ۳۰ ثانیه
توضیح 除外 in your Level:
400+w
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400+w
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400+w
برای خواندن توضیح کامل رایگان ثبت‌نام کنید
400+w
400+w
برای خواندن توضیح کامل رایگان ثبت‌نام کنید
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تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

除外 در ۳۰ ثانیه

  • Exclusion or exception, the act of leaving something out.
  • Used for rules, lists, groups, and considerations.
  • Common in official notices, sales, and technical contexts.
  • Often combined with 'する' to mean 'to exclude'.
The word "除外" (じょがい - jōgai) is a versatile Japanese term that translates to "exclusion" or "exception." It refers to the act of intentionally leaving something or someone out of a group, list, category, or consideration. Think of it as drawing a line around certain items and saying, "These are not included." This concept is widely used across various aspects of Japanese life and communication, from official regulations to everyday conversations. When you encounter "除外," it signals that a specific item or person is being treated differently, either by being omitted or by being subject to a different set of rules. For instance, a sign might state that certain items are "対象外" (taishōgai - outside the scope of application), which is a direct application of the concept of exclusion. In a more abstract sense, it can also refer to excluding certain possibilities or considerations from a decision-making process. The nuance often lies in the reason for the exclusion – is it for simplification, safety, or a specific policy? Understanding this word is crucial for navigating various contexts where boundaries and specific conditions are defined. It’s a fundamental concept for understanding rules, policies, and classifications in Japanese. The act of exclusion can be formal, like a legal exclusion, or informal, like excluding a friend from a particular activity because they don't meet a certain requirement. The key is that something is deliberately kept separate or not part of the main group. It's a way of categorizing and defining what belongs and what doesn't.
Formal Usage
In official documents, regulations, or contracts, "除外" is used to clearly define what is not covered or applicable. For example, a warranty might list specific parts that are excluded from coverage.
Everyday Scenarios
In daily life, you might see "除外" on signs for parking restrictions (e.g., "this area is for residents only, others excluded"), or in discussions about group activities where certain people might be excluded due to age or skill level.
Abstract Concepts
Beyond physical items, "除外" can also apply to ideas or possibilities. For instance, when making a plan, one might "除外" certain unlikely scenarios to focus on more probable outcomes.

この地域では、ペットの同伴は除外されています。

In this area, bringing pets is excluded.
Scope of Application
"除外" is frequently used when defining the scope of rules, services, or products. It clarifies what is *not* included, which is as important as defining what *is* included. This helps prevent misunderstandings and ensures clarity for users or participants. For example, a software license might explicitly list functionalities that are excluded from the standard package. Similarly, a travel insurance policy will detail specific situations or destinations that are not covered by the insurance, using "除外" to mark these conditions.
Legal and Regulatory Contexts
In legal and regulatory frameworks, precise language is paramount. "除外" is used to precisely delineate boundaries and exceptions. For instance, tax laws might specify certain types of income or expenses that are excluded from taxation. Building codes could exclude certain types of structures from specific regulations. This precise use of "除外" ensures that the law is applied consistently and fairly, leaving no room for ambiguity regarding what falls under its purview and what does not.
Problem Solving and Decision Making
In problem-solving and decision-making processes, "除外" can be a useful tool for narrowing down options or identifying critical factors. By deliberately excluding certain variables or potential solutions that are deemed irrelevant, impractical, or too risky, one can focus more effectively on the remaining, more viable choices. This is akin to a process of elimination, where "除外" marks the items that are removed from consideration. This systematic approach helps in making more efficient and logical decisions by filtering out noise and distractions.

この割引は、一部の商品に除外があります。

This discount has exclusions for some items.

特別な許可がない限り、一般の立ち入りは除外されます。

Unless special permission is granted, general entry is excluded.
Defining Boundaries
"除外" is a powerful word for defining boundaries. Whether it's a physical boundary (like a restricted area) or a conceptual one (like excluding certain topics from a discussion), it serves to delineate what is inside and what is outside. This clarity is essential for effective communication and management. For instance, in project management, tasks that are deemed outside the project's scope might be explicitly excluded using this term, ensuring that the team's focus remains on the core objectives.
Consumer Rights and Information
Consumers often encounter "除外" in product descriptions, terms of service, and warranty information. It is used to specify limitations and conditions, such as items excluded from a sale, services not covered by a plan, or conditions under which a warranty is void. Understanding these exclusions is vital for consumers to make informed purchasing decisions and to know their rights and limitations.
System Design and Programming
In technical fields like system design and programming, "除外" is used to define error handling, exceptions, and specific conditions that should not be processed or should be handled differently. For example, a program might "除外" certain invalid inputs to prevent crashes or unexpected behavior. This ensures the robustness and reliability of the system by anticipating and managing specific scenarios.
Using "除外" (じょがい - jōgai) effectively in sentences requires understanding its role as a noun or a verb stem that can be combined with other grammatical elements. As a noun, it directly means "exclusion" or "exception." It's often used in contexts where something is being deliberately left out or treated differently. For example, you might say "Xは除外されます" (X wa jogai saremasu), meaning "X will be excluded." This passive form is very common when describing rules or policies. Another common construction is using it with particles like "は" (wa) or "を" (o) to specify what is being excluded. For instance, "これらの項目は除外してください" (Korera no kōmoku wa jogai shite kudasai) means "Please exclude these items." The verb "する" (suru) is frequently attached to "除外" to form the verb "除外する" (jōgai suru), meaning "to exclude." This allows for more active sentence construction. For example, "私たちはその提案を除外しました" (Watashitachi wa sono teian o jogai shimashita) translates to "We excluded that proposal." When "除外" appears as part of a compound word, its meaning remains consistent. "対象外" (taishōgai) means "not applicable" or "out of scope," directly stemming from the concept of exclusion. Similarly, "除外設定" (jōgai settei) refers to "exclusion settings," such as in software or security systems.
Passive Voice Construction
The passive voice is very frequently used with "除外" to indicate that something is being excluded by an external force or rule. This is common in official announcements or descriptions of policies. Example: 「このキャンペーンは一部の店舗では除外されます。」(Kono kyanpēn wa ichibu no tenpo de wa jogai saremasu.) - This campaign will be excluded in some stores.
Active Voice with する
When you want to express that someone or something is actively performing the act of exclusion, you use 「除外する」 (jōgai suru). Example: 「私たちは、そのリスク要因を除外することを決定しました。」(Watashitachi wa, sono risuku yōin o jogai suru koto o kettei shimashita.) - We decided to exclude that risk factor.
As a Noun with Particles
"除外" can function as a noun, often followed by particles like 「は」 (wa) or 「を」 (o) to indicate what is being excluded or the scope of exclusion. Example: 「このリストから、古いデータは除外してください。」(Kono risuto kara, furui dēta wa jogai shite kudasai.) - Please exclude the old data from this list.

このエリアは、関係者以外の立ち入りを除外しています。

This area excludes entry by anyone other than authorized personnel.
Compound Nouns and Phrases
"除外" often combines with other words to create specific terms. For instance, 「対象外」 (taishōgai) means "out of scope" or "not applicable," and 「除外点」 (jōgai ten) refers to "points of exclusion" or "exceptions." Understanding these compounds is key to grasping nuanced meanings. Example: 「このサービスは、対象外の地域があります。」(Kono sābisu wa, taishōgai no chiiki ga arimasu.) - There are regions that are out of scope for this service.
Requests and Instructions
When giving instructions or making requests, you can use the te-form of "除外する" followed by "してください" (shite kudasai). Example: 「これらの古いファイルは、バックアップから除外してください。」(Korera no furui fairu wa, bakkuappu kara jogai shite kudasai.) - Please exclude these old files from the backup.
Describing Conditions
"除外" can be used to describe conditions under which something is not valid or applicable. Example: 「特別な許可除外。」(Tokubetsu na kyoka jogai.) - Exclusion of special permission. (This might appear on a sign or in a document.)

このルールは、緊急の場合には除外されます。

This rule is excluded in case of emergency.
You'll encounter "除外" (じょがい - jōgai) in a multitude of real-world situations in Japan. One of the most common places is in official signage and public announcements. For instance, when visiting parks, historical sites, or certain facilities, you might see signs indicating areas or activities that are "関係者除外" (kankeisha jogai - excluded for authorized personnel only) or "ペット除外" (petto jogai - pets excluded). These signs are crucial for maintaining order and safety. In the realm of commerce and services, "除外" is frequently used in advertisements, terms and conditions, and product manuals. For example, a sale might state that certain items are "一部商品除外" (ichibu shōhin jogai - excluded for some products), or a warranty might detail "保証除外事項" (hoshō jogai jikō - items excluded from warranty). Understanding these terms helps consumers make informed decisions.
Public Announcements and Regulations
Hear "除外" in public transportation announcements regarding restricted areas or items, or in regulations posted at public facilities like museums or government buildings. For example, 「危険物の持ち込みは除外されます。」(Kikenbutsu no mochikomi wa jogai saremasu.) - Bringing in dangerous items is excluded.
Retail and Sales
In shops, you'll see "除外" on signs indicating which items are not part of a sale or promotion. For instance, 「一部ブランドはセール除外。」(Ichibu burando wa sēru jogai.) - Some brands are excluded from the sale.
Technical Documentation and Software
In software settings or technical manuals, you might find "除外設定" (jōgai settei - exclusion settings) for firewall rules, antivirus programs, or specific functionalities. Example: 「このファイルはスキャンから除外してください。」(Kono fairu wa sukān kara jogai shite kudasai.) - Please exclude this file from scanning.

このクーポンは、特定の商品には除外があります。

This coupon has exclusions for specific products.
Insurance and Financial Services
In insurance policies and financial agreements, "除外" is used to define what is not covered. For example, a travel insurance policy might list "除外事由" (jogai jiyū - grounds for exclusion) such as pre-existing conditions or participation in extreme sports.
Academic and Research Settings
In research papers or academic discussions, "除外" might be used to explain why certain data points or cases were not included in the analysis. Example: 「分析対象から、異常値は除外しました。」(Bunseki taishō kara, ijōchi wa jogai shimashita.) - Anomalous values were excluded from the analysis.
Discussions about Rules and Policies
In everyday conversations about rules, plans, or group activities, people might use "除外" to explain why someone or something is not included. Example: 「そのイベントは、未成年者は除外です。」(Sono ibento wa, miseinensha wa jogai desu.) - Minors are excluded from that event.

この割引は、一部の食品には除外があります。

This discount has exclusions for some food items.
Learners of Japanese sometimes make mistakes when using "除外" (じょがい - jōgai). One common pitfall is confusing it with similar words like 「例外」 (reigai - exception) or 「無視」 (mushi - ignore). While they share some conceptual overlap, their usage differs. "例外" is typically used for a single instance that deviates from a general rule, whereas "除外" implies a more systematic removal or exclusion of a category or group. "無視" means to deliberately disregard something, which is different from actively excluding it from a list or consideration. Another mistake is misinterpreting the grammatical function. "除外" is primarily a noun, and to use it as a verb, it needs to be combined with "する" (suru) to form "除外する" (jōgai suru - to exclude). Simply using "除外" alone as a verb can sound unnatural. For example, saying 「私はそれを除外。」(Watashi wa sore o jogai) is grammatically awkward; it should be 「私はそれを除外しました。」(Watashi wa sore o jogai shimashita).
Confusing with 例外 (Reigai)
Mistake: Using "除外" when "例外" is more appropriate. "例外" refers to a single instance that breaks a general rule, while "除外" refers to the act of removing something from a group or category. Example Mistake: 「このルールには除外があります。」(This rule has an exclusion.) - Incorrect if it's a single instance. Correct: 「このルールには例外があります。」(This rule has an exception.)
Confusing with 無視 (Mushi)
Mistake: Using "除外" to mean "ignore." "無視" means to deliberately pay no attention to something, whereas "除外" is about actively removing it from consideration or a list. Example Mistake: 「彼の意見は除外された。」(His opinion was excluded.) - Incorrect if the intention was that his opinion was simply ignored. Correct: 「彼の意見は無視された。」(His opinion was ignored.)
Using as a Verb Incorrectly
Mistake: Using "除外" as a verb without "する." "除外" is a noun; to make it a verb, you must add "する." Example Mistake: 「その項目を除外。」(Exclude that item.) - Grammatically incomplete. Correct: 「その項目を除外してください。」(Please exclude that item.) or 「その項目を除外しました。」(Excluded that item.)

このリストから、不要なものを除外してください。

Please exclude unnecessary items from this list.
Misunderstanding Passive vs. Active Voice
Mistake: Using the active voice when the passive voice is more natural, or vice versa. In many contexts, especially formal ones, the passive voice "除外される" (jogai sareru - to be excluded) is more common. Example Mistake: 「私がそのリストから彼を除外した。」(I excluded him from the list.) - While grammatically correct, it might sound a bit too direct or accusatory in some contexts. More common: 「彼がリストから除外されました。」(He was excluded from the list.)
Overusing It in Casual Conversation
Mistake: Using the formal "除外" in very casual, everyday conversations where simpler language might suffice. While not strictly incorrect, it can sound overly formal or stiff. Example Mistake: 「今日のランチは、ピザを除外しよう。」(Let's exclude pizza from today's lunch.) - A bit formal. More casual: 「今日のランチは、ピザはやめよう。」(Let's skip pizza for today's lunch.)
Incorrectly Applying Compound Words
Mistake: Misunderstanding the meaning of compound words like 「対象外」 (taishōgai). This word specifically means "out of scope" or "not applicable," not just a general exclusion. Example Mistake: 「この商品は除外です。」(This product is an exclusion.) - Vague. Correct: 「この商品はセール対象外です。」(This product is not eligible for the sale.)

この例外的な状況では、通常のルールは除外されます。

In this exceptional situation, the usual rules are excluded.
Understanding "除外" (じょがい - jōgai) is enhanced by comparing it to similar Japanese words. The most frequent comparison is with 「例外」 (reigai), meaning "exception." While both deal with things that are not part of the norm, "例外" usually refers to a single instance that deviates from a general rule, whereas "除外" implies a more deliberate and often systematic exclusion of a category or group from a larger set. For example, if a rule is "all students must wear uniforms," and one student is allowed to wear something else due to a medical condition, that's an "例外." If an entire group of students, like exchange students, are permitted to wear different attire, that's "除外."
除外 (Jōgai) vs. 例外 (Reigai)
除外 (Jōgai): Exclusion, the act of removing something from a group, list, or consideration. It implies a defined boundary or category.
例外 (Reigai): Exception, a single instance or case that deviates from a general rule or pattern. It's often an anomaly.
Example: 「この割引は、一部商品に除外があります。」(This discount has exclusions for some items.) - Here, specific items are systematically left out.
Example: 「通常は遅刻は認められませんが、彼の遅刻は例外です。」(While lateness is usually not permitted, his lateness is an exception.) - Here, one instance is allowed despite the general rule.
除外 (Jōgai) vs. 省略 (Shōryaku)
除外 (Jōgai): Exclusion, actively removing something from a set.
省略 (Shōryaku): Omission, leaving something out, often for brevity or because it's considered unnecessary. It doesn't necessarily imply a deliberate act of separation like "除外."
Example: 「詳細な説明は除外します。」(I will exclude the detailed explanation.) - Implies the explanation is deliberately not included in the current scope.
Example: 「この文章では、接続詞が省略されています。」(Conjunctions are omitted in this sentence.) - The conjunctions are simply left out, perhaps for conciseness.
除外 (Jōgai) vs. 無視 (Mushi)
除外 (Jōgai): Exclusion, actively removing from a group or list.
無視 (Mushi): Neglect, ignore, deliberately pay no attention to something.
Example: 「その警告は除外されました。」(That warning was excluded.) - The warning was actively kept out of the system or process.
Example: 「彼は私の忠告を無視した。」(He ignored my advice.) - He paid no attention to it.

このリストには、特別な除外項目があります。

This list has special exclusion items.
除外 (Jōgai) vs. 排除 (Haikyo)
除外 (Jōgai): Exclusion, removal from a group or list, often based on criteria.
排除 (Haikyo): Elimination, expulsion, removal, often with a sense of force or getting rid of something undesirable. It can be more active and sometimes carries a negative connotation.
Example: 「このソフトウェアは、マルウェアを除外します。」(This software excludes malware.) - Malware is not included in its normal function.
Example: 「彼は不正行為の疑いで排除された。」(He was expelled due to suspicion of misconduct.) - He was forcibly removed.
除外 (Jōgai) vs. 禁制 (Kinsei)
除外 (Jōgai): Exclusion, setting something outside of a rule or group.
禁制 (Kinsei): Prohibition, ban, something that is forbidden. It's a stronger term related to what is not allowed.
Example: 「このエリアは除外区域です。」(This is an excluded area.) - It's outside the normal access.
Example: 「火気禁制。」(Fire is prohibited.) - It is strictly forbidden.
対象外 (Taishōgai)
This is a very common compound word that directly relates to "除外." It means "out of scope," "not applicable," or "ineligible." It's often used in the context of services, products, or rules.
Example: 「このサービスは、離島は対象外となります。」(This service is not applicable to remote islands.) - This is a specific type of exclusion.

このキャンペーンは、一部の会員は除外されます。

This campaign excludes some members.

چقدر رسمی است؟

نکته جالب

The kanji '除' has a radical related to '阜' (mountains) and 'rfloor' (to clear/sweep). This combination historically depicted clearing mountains or removing obstacles. This sense of 'removing' or 'clearing away' is the root of its meaning 'to exclude'. The other kanji, '外', is straightforwardly 'outside'.

راهنمای تلفظ

UK /d͡ʑo̞ɡaɪ/
US /d͡ʑo̞ɡaɪ/
The stress is generally even on both syllables, with a slight emphasis on the first syllable.
هم‌قافیه با
外 (soto) 退 (shirizoku) 来 (kuru) 貝 (kai) 才 (sai) 剤 (zai) 対 (tai) 隊 (tai)
خطاهای رایج
  • Pronouncing 'jo' too hard, like the English 'Joe'.
  • Making 'gai' sound like 'gate' instead of 'guy'.

سطح دشواری

خواندن 3/5

Understanding '除外' in reading requires context. While the core meaning is clear, its application in legal documents, technical manuals, or nuanced discussions can be challenging. Recognizing compound words like '対象外' is also key.

نوشتن 3/5

Using '除外' correctly in writing involves choosing the right grammatical structure (noun vs. verb, passive vs. active) and ensuring the context aligns with its meaning. Avoiding confusion with similar words is important.

صحبت کردن 2/5

In spoken Japanese, '除外' might be used less frequently in casual conversation compared to formal settings. Recognizing it when spoken is easier than actively using it spontaneously, especially in its more formal applications.

گوش دادن 2/5

Similar to speaking, '除外' is more common in announcements, official instructions, or news reports. Understanding it in these contexts is generally straightforward, but differentiating it from similar terms in rapid speech can be a minor challenge.

بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟

پیش‌نیازها

する (suru) - to do ない (nai) - not です (desu) - is/am/are ます (masu) - polite verb ending れる/られる (reru/rareru) - passive/potential/spontaneous/honorific verb ending

بعداً یاد بگیرید

例外 (reigai) - exception 対象外 (taishōgai) - out of scope, not applicable 排除 (haikyo) - elimination, expulsion 省略 (shōryaku) - omission 禁止 (kinshi) - prohibition

پیشرفته

免責 (menseki) - exemption from liability 不問 (fumon) - not questioned, overlooked 不許可 (fukyōka) - non-permission, denial 禁忌 (kinki) - taboo, forbidden

گرامر لازم

Using the passive form (～される) with '除外'.

このエリアは、一般の立ち入りが除外されています。(Kono eria wa, ippan no tachi-iri ga jogai sarete imasu.) - This area is excluded from general entry.

Forming the verb '除外する' by adding 'する' to the noun '除外'.

私たちは、そのリスク要因を除外することにしました。(Watashitachi wa, sono risuku yōin o jogai suru koto ni shimashita.) - We decided to exclude that risk factor.

Using the te-form of '除外する' for requests or commands.

これらの不要なファイルは、除外してください。(Korera no fuyō na fairu wa, jogai shite kudasai.) - Please exclude these unnecessary files.

Using '対象外' as a common compound meaning 'out of scope'.

このサービスは、一部の地域では対象外となります。(Kono sābisu wa, ichibu no chiiki de wa taishōgai to narimasu.) - This service is out of scope for some regions.

Negating '除外' to indicate inclusion.

この商品はセールから除外されません。(Kono shōhin wa sēru kara jogai saremasen.) - This product is not excluded from the sale.

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

これは除外です。

This is an exclusion.

Simple noun usage.

2

ペットは除外。

Pets are excluded.

Concise statement, common on signs.

3

子供は除外。

Children are excluded.

Similar to pet exclusion signs.

4

この部屋は除外。

This room is excluded.

Indicates a place is not included in something.

5

これは除外品です。

This is an excluded item.

Using '除外' as part of a compound noun.

6

特別除外。

Special exclusion.

Short, impactful phrase.

7

それは除外。

That is excluded.

Simple statement of exclusion.

8

一般除外。

General exclusion.

Indicates a broad exclusion.

1

このエリアは除外です。

This area is excluded.

Using the noun form with a topic marker.

2

子供料金は除外です。

Children's fees are excluded.

Specifying what is excluded.

3

一部の商品は除外されます。

Some products will be excluded.

Passive voice, common for announcements.

4

そのサービスは除外されました。

That service was excluded.

Passive voice, indicating a past action.

5

この割引は除外があります。

This discount has exclusions.

Using '除外' with 'がある' to indicate existence of exclusions.

6

特別な許可がない限り除外。

Excluded unless special permission is granted.

Conditional exclusion.

7

この書類は除外です。

This document is excluded.

Indicating a document is not part of a set.

8

男性は除外。

Men are excluded.

Exclusion based on gender.

1

この地域では、ペットの同伴は除外されています。

In this area, bringing pets is excluded.

Passive voice with a location context.

2

一部の商品を除き、セール対象となります。

Except for some products, it will be eligible for the sale.

Using 'except for' structure, implying exclusion.

3

このキャンペーンは、一部の店舗では除外されます。

This campaign will be excluded in some stores.

Passive voice, common in promotional materials.

4

私たちは、そのリスク要因を除外することを決定しました。

We decided to exclude that risk factor.

Active voice using '除外する'.

5

このクーポンは、特定の商品には除外があります。

This coupon has exclusions for specific products.

Using '除外' with 'がある' to denote limitations.

6

このサービスは、離島は対象外となります。

This service is not applicable to remote islands.

Using the compound word '対象外' (out of scope).

7

緊急の場合には、通常のルールは除外されます。

In case of emergency, the usual rules are excluded.

Passive voice, indicating a special condition.

8

その件については、議論から除外してください。

Please exclude that matter from the discussion.

A request using the te-form of '除外する'.

1

この地域では、ペットの同伴は除外されています。

In this area, bringing pets is excluded.

Passive voice, common in official signage and local ordinances.

2

一部の商品を除き、セール対象となります。

Except for some products, it will be eligible for the sale.

Using 'except for' structure, implying systematic exclusion from a promotion.

3

このキャンペーンは、一部の店舗では除外されます。

This campaign will be excluded in some stores.

Passive voice, frequently used in business and marketing contexts.

4

私たちは、そのリスク要因を除外することを決定しました。

We decided to exclude that risk factor.

Active voice using '除外する', indicating a decision made in planning.

5

このクーポンは、特定の商品には除外があります。

This coupon has exclusions for specific products.

Using '除外' with 'がある' to denote specific limitations or conditions in consumer transactions.

6

このサービスは、離島は対象外となります。

This service is not applicable to remote islands.

Using the compound word '対象外' (out of scope) in a service agreement.

7

緊急の場合には、通常のルールは除外されます。

In case of emergency, the usual rules are excluded.

Passive voice, used in official protocols and contingency plans.

8

その件については、議論から除外してください。

Please exclude that matter from the discussion.

A polite request using the te-form of '除外する' in a professional setting.

1

当社のプライバシーポリシーでは、特定の状況下でのみ個人情報の除外が認められています。

In our company's privacy policy, the exclusion of personal information is permitted only under specific circumstances.

Formal noun usage in a legal/policy context, emphasizing specific conditions for exclusion.

2

この研究では、分析の精度を高めるために、一部の異常値は意図的に除外しました。

In this research, to improve the accuracy of the analysis, some anomalous values were intentionally excluded.

Active voice '除外する' in an academic/research context, explaining data handling.

3

貴社の利用規約において、免責事項として除外されている項目について、詳細な説明を求めます。

Regarding the items excluded as disclaimers in your company's terms of service, I request a detailed explanation.

Formal noun usage in a business inquiry, referring to specific excluded clauses.

4

システム障害発生時、一部の機能は一時的に除外される場合があります。

In the event of a system failure, some functions may be temporarily excluded.

Passive voice, used in technical documentation or system alerts.

5

この契約では、不可抗力による遅延は損害賠償義務から除外されるものとします。

In this contract, delays due to force majeure shall be excluded from the obligation to pay damages.

Formal passive voice in a legal contract, defining liabilities.

6

環境保護の観点から、特定の化学物質の使用は原則として除外されています。

From an environmental protection perspective, the use of certain chemical substances is excluded in principle.

Passive voice, indicating a general principle of exclusion based on policy.

7

プロジェクトのスコープ管理において、初期段階で除外された要素は、後から追加するのが困難になることが多い。

In project scope management, elements excluded in the initial phase often become difficult to add later.

Noun usage, discussing the implications of exclusion in project management.

8

この保険は、既往症による疾病については除外となる。

This insurance excludes illnesses due to pre-existing conditions.

Formal noun usage in insurance terms, specifying coverage limitations.

1

当社のプライバシーポリシーでは、特定の状況下でのみ個人情報の除外が認められています。

In our company's privacy policy, the exclusion of personal information is permitted only under specific circumstances.

Formal noun usage in a highly specialized legal/policy context, emphasizing specific, carefully defined circumstances for exclusion.

2

この研究では、分析の精度を高めるために、一部の異常値は意図的に除外しました。

In this research, to improve the accuracy of the analysis, some anomalous values were intentionally excluded.

Precise active voice '除外する' in an academic/research context, demonstrating nuanced understanding of statistical data handling.

3

貴社の利用規約において、免責事項として除外されている項目について、詳細な説明を求めます。

Regarding the items excluded as disclaimers in your company's terms of service, I request a detailed explanation.

Formal noun usage in a sophisticated business inquiry or legal challenge, referring to precisely defined excluded clauses within extensive terms.

4

システム障害発生時、一部の機能は一時的に除外される場合があります。

In the event of a system failure, some functions may be temporarily excluded.

Passive voice, used in high-stakes technical documentation, incident reports, or crisis management protocols, highlighting temporary functional exclusions.

5

この契約では、不可抗力による遅延は損害賠償義務から除外されるものとします。

In this contract, delays due to force majeure shall be excluded from the obligation to pay damages.

Formal passive voice in a high-level legal contract, meticulously defining liabilities and their specific exclusions under complex conditions.

6

環境保護の観点から、特定の化学物質の使用は原則として除外されています。

From an environmental protection perspective, the use of certain chemical substances is excluded in principle.

Passive voice, indicating a fundamental principle of exclusion in advanced policy or regulatory frameworks, often based on scientific consensus.

7

プロジェクトのスコープ管理において、初期段階で除外された要素は、後から追加するのが困難になることが多い。

In project scope management, elements excluded in the initial phase often become difficult to add later.

Sophisticated noun usage, analyzing the strategic impact and long-term consequences of exclusion in advanced project management theory.

8

この保険は、既往症による疾病については除外となる。

This insurance excludes illnesses due to pre-existing conditions.

Formal noun usage in highly technical insurance terminology, precisely defining coverage limitations based on intricate risk factors.

مترادف‌ها

排除 除外 抜かす 省く

متضادها

算入 包含 追加

ترکیب‌های رایج

対象外とする (Taishōgai to suru)
除外する (Jōgai suru)
除外される (Jōgai sareru)
例外なく (Reigai naku)
除外設定 (Jōgai settei)
除外項目 (Jōgai kōmoku)
考慮から除外する (Kōryo kara jogai suru)
免責事項として除外 (Men'seki jikō to shite jogai)
原則として除外 (Gensoku to shite jogai)
適用除外 (Tekiyō jogai)

عبارات رایج

～は除外です。

— Something is excluded.

ペットは除外です。(Petto wa jogai desu.)

～を除外する。

— To exclude something.

不要な項目を除外する。(Fuyō na kōmoku o jogai suru.)

～が除外される。

— Something is excluded (passive).

この商品はセールから除外される。(Kono shōhin wa sēru kara jogai sareru.)

除外規定

— Exclusion clause.

契約書には除外規定があります。(Keiyakusho ni wa jogai kitei ga arimasu.)

除外地域

— Excluded region.

このサービスは除外地域があります。(Kono sābisu wa jogai chiiki ga arimasu.)

対象外

— Out of scope, not applicable.

これは対象外です。(Kore wa taishōgai desu.)

例外なく

— Without exception.

例外なく全員参加してください。(Reigai naku zen'in sankasite kudasai.)

除外点

— Points of exclusion.

保証の除外点を確認してください。(Hoshō no jogai ten o kakunin shite kudasai.)

一般除外

— General exclusion.

このエリアは一般除外です。(Kono eria wa ippan jogai desu.)

考慮から除外

— Exclude from consideration.

その提案は考慮から除外されました。(Sono teian wa kōryo kara jogai saremashita.)

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

除外 vs 例外 (reigai)

While both deal with things outside the norm, '例外' is typically for a single instance that breaks a rule, whereas '除外' is about systematically removing a category or item from a group or list.

除外 vs 省略 (shōryaku)

'省略' means to omit something, often for brevity or because it's deemed unnecessary. '除外' implies a more deliberate act of keeping something out of a defined scope or group.

除外 vs 無視 (mushi)

'無視' means to ignore or disregard. It's about lack of attention, whereas '除外' is an active process of removal from a set or consideration.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"例外なく"

— Without exception; universally. This idiom implies that a rule or condition applies to everyone or everything, with no exclusions.

この規則は、例外なくすべての従業員に適用されます。(Kono kisoku wa, reigai naku subete no jūgyōin ni tekiyō saremasu.)

Neutral
"圏外"

— Out of range; out of bounds. While not directly using '除外', it signifies something being outside of a defined area or scope, similar to an exclusion.

携帯電話の電波が圏外になった。(Keitai denwa no denpa ga kengai ni natta.)

Neutral
"眼中にない"

— Not in one's sight; not taken into consideration; ignored. This idiom implies something is so irrelevant or unimportant that it's excluded from one's thoughts or plans.

彼はライバルを眼中にないようだ。(Kare wa raibaru o ganjū ni nai yō da.)

Neutral
"一線を画す"

— To draw a line; to distinguish; to set apart. This idiom refers to creating a clear distinction, which often involves excluding certain elements from a category.

彼の作品は、他のアーティストとは一線を画している。(Kare no sakuhin wa, hoka no ātisuto to wa issen o kaku shite iru.)

Neutral to Formal
"壁にぶつかる"

— To hit a wall; to encounter an obstacle. This can sometimes lead to exclusion from a path or process if the obstacle is insurmountable.

計画の実行中に壁にぶつかった。(Keikaku no jikkō-chū ni kabe ni butsukatta.)

Neutral
"範囲外"

— Outside the scope/range. Similar to '対象外', this indicates something is not included within a particular boundary.

その問題は私の専門範囲外です。(Sono mondai wa watashi no senmon han'igai desu.)

Neutral
"門前払い"

— Turned away at the gate; refused entry. This is a direct form of exclusion, being denied access.

彼は門前払いされた。(Kare wa monzenbarai sareta.)

Neutral
"仲間外れ"

— Left out of the group; an outcast. This refers to a social exclusion.

彼はクラスで仲間外れにされている。(Kare wa kurasu de nakama hazure ni sarete iru.)

Neutral
"論外"

— Out of the question; unthinkable; not even worth considering. This implies something is so far outside acceptable parameters that it's excluded from consideration.

そんな無責任な行動は論外です。(Sonna musekinin na kōdō wa rongai desu.)

Neutral
"除外リスト"

— Exclusion list. A direct term for a list of items or entities that are excluded.

迷惑メールの除外リストを更新した。(Meiwaku mēru no jogai risuto o kōshin shita.)

Neutral
"対象外"

— Out of scope; not applicable. Similar to '圏外' or '範囲外' but specifically related to eligibility or applicability.

このキャンペーンは学生には対象外です。(Kono kyanpēn wa gakusei ni wa taishōgai desu.)

Neutral

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

除外 vs 例外 (reigai)

Both refer to things that are not standard or typical.

例外 (reigai) refers to a single instance that deviates from a general rule, like a special case. 除外 (jōgai) refers to the act of intentionally removing or keeping something out of a group, list, or consideration, often as a category. For example, 'All students must wear uniforms, but John's worn-out shoes are an exception (例外).' versus 'Exchange students are excluded (除外) from wearing the standard uniform.'

このルールには<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>例外</mark>があります。(This rule has an exception.) vs. この商品はセールから<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>されています。(This product is excluded from the sale.)

除外 vs 省略 (shōryaku)

Both involve things not being present.

省略 (shōryaku) means to omit or leave out, often for conciseness or because it's implied or unnecessary. It's a passive act of not including. 除外 (jōgai) is an active process of deliberately removing something from a specific scope, group, or list. For example, 'The conjunctions were omitted (省略) from the sentence.' versus 'The sensitive topics were excluded (除外) from the discussion.'

詳細な説明は<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>省略</mark>します。(I will omit the detailed explanation.) vs. その提案は<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>されました。(That proposal was excluded.)

除外 vs 無視 (mushi)

Both can result in something not being acknowledged or acted upon.

無視 (mushi) means to ignore, disregard, or pay no attention to something. It's about a lack of acknowledgment. 除外 (jōgai) is the act of actively removing something from a set, list, or consideration. For example, 'He ignored (無視) my advice.' versus 'That option was excluded (除外) from our choices.'

彼の意見は<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>無視</mark>された。(His opinion was ignored.) vs. その項目はリストから<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>された。(That item was excluded from the list.)

除外 vs 排除 (haikyo)

Both involve removal.

排除 (haikyo) often implies a more forceful or active removal, sometimes of something undesirable or harmful, like expulsion. 除外 (jōgai) is a more general term for exclusion, often based on criteria or scope, and is less forceful. For example, 'The virus was eliminated (排除) from the system.' versus 'This software excludes (除外) certain types of files.'

不正行為者は<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>排除</mark>された。(Fusei kōi-sha wa <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>haikyo</mark> sareta.) vs. このリストから、古いデータは<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>します。(Kono risuto kara, furui dēta wa <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>jogai</mark> shimasu.)

除外 vs 対象外 (taishōgai)

It's a very common compound derived from '除外' and refers to something not being eligible or applicable.

対象外 (taishōgai) is a specific compound noun meaning 'out of scope' or 'not applicable'. It's a direct result of exclusion based on eligibility or scope. 除外 (jōgai) is the broader term for the act of exclusion itself. For example, 'This product is not applicable (対象外) to the discount.' is a specific instance of exclusion.

この保険は、既往症は<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>対象外</mark>です。(Kono hoken wa, kiōshō wa <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>taishōgai</mark> desu.) vs. 特定の状況下では<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>されることがあります。(Tokutei no jōkyōka de wa <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>jogai</mark> sareru koto ga arimasu.)

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

A2

[Noun] は <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>です。

ペットは<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>です。(Petto wa <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>jogai</mark> desu.)

A2

[Noun] が <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>されます。

一部の商品が<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>されます。(Ichibu no shōhin ga <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>jogai</mark> saremasu.)

B1

[Noun] を <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>する。

その項目を<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>する。(Sono kōmoku o <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>jogai</mark> suru.)

B1

[Noun] は <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>対象外</mark>です。

このサービスは<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>対象外</mark>です。(Kono sābisu wa <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>taishōgai</mark> desu.)

B2

[Noun] は <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>があります。

この割引には<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>があります。(Kono waribiki ni wa <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>jogai</mark> ga arimasu.)

B2

[Condition] の場合、<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>されます。

緊急の場合、<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>されます。(Kinkyū no baai, <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>jogai</mark> saremasu.)

C1

[Noun] は [Scope] から <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>される。

その項目は分析から<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>された。(Sono kōmoku wa bunseki kara <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>jogai</mark> sareta.)

C1

[Noun] は <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>規定に該当する。

そのケースは<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>規定に該当する。(Sono kēsu wa <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>jogai</mark> kitei ni gaitō suru.)

خانواده کلمه

اسم‌ها

除外 (jōgai) - exclusion
除外点 (jōgai ten) - point of exclusion
除外設定 (jōgai settei) - exclusion setting
除外項目 (jōgai kōmoku) - excluded item
除外規定 (jōgai kitei) - exclusion clause
除外地域 (jōgai chiiki) - excluded region
除外リスト (jōgai risuto) - exclusion list

فعل‌ها

除外する (jōgai suru) - to exclude
除外される (jōgai sareru) - to be excluded

مرتبط

例外 (reigai) - exception
対象外 (taishōgai) - out of scope, not applicable
省略 (shōryaku) - omission
排除 (haikyo) - elimination, expulsion
無視 (mushi) - ignore
برای دیدن همه مثال‌ها رایگان ثبت‌نام کنید

نحوه استفاده

frequency

Medium to High, especially in formal and semi-formal contexts.

اشتباهات رایج
  • Using '除外' as a verb without 'する'. → 除外する (jōgai suru) or 除外される (jōgai sareru).

    '除外' is a noun. To express the action of excluding, you must add 'する'. For example, 'I excluded the item' should be '項目を<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外しました</mark>' not '項目を<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>'.

  • Confusing '除外' with '例外'. → Use '例外' for a single deviation from a rule, and '除外' for systematic removal from a group or list.

    '例外' (exception) applies to a single instance that is different from the norm (e.g., 'This rule has an exception'). '除外' (exclusion) applies to items or categories that are deliberately kept out of a larger set (e.g., 'These items are excluded from the sale').

  • Using '除外' when '無視' (ignore) is more appropriate. → Use '無視' when someone or something is disregarded, and '除外' when it's actively removed from a list or consideration.

    '無視' means to pay no attention to something. '除外' means to actively remove something from a defined scope. For instance, if a warning is simply not read, it's '無視'. If it's actively blocked or removed from a system, it's '除外'.

  • Overusing '除外' in casual conversation. → Use simpler alternatives like '～はダメです' (is not allowed) or '～はできない' (cannot do) in very informal settings.

    While '除外' is grammatically correct, it can sound overly formal or stiff in casual chat. For example, instead of saying 'ピザは<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>です' (Pizza is excluded), one might say 'ピザはやめよう' (Let's skip pizza) in a casual setting.

  • Misinterpreting compound words like '対象外'. → Understand '対象外' as 'out of scope' or 'not applicable', which is a specific type of exclusion.

    '対象外' is a common term that means something does not meet the criteria or is not eligible for something. It's a specific form of exclusion. Saying a product is '対象外' for a sale means it's excluded from that sale.

نکات

Noun vs. Verb

Remember that '除外' is fundamentally a noun. To use it as a verb meaning 'to exclude', you must add 'する' (suru) to form '除外する' (jōgai suru). Using '除外' alone as a verb is grammatically incorrect.

Recognize Compounds

Be familiar with common compound words like '対象外' (taishōgai - out of scope), '適用除外' (tekiyō jogai - exemption from application), and '除外設定' (jōgai settei - exclusion setting). These are frequently encountered and understanding them will greatly enhance your comprehension.

Even Stress

The word '除外' (jōgai) has relatively even stress on both syllables, 'jo' and 'gai'. Avoid over-emphasizing one syllable too much, as this can sometimes lead to mispronunciation or sound unnatural.

Distinguish from 例外

While related, '除外' and '例外' (reigai - exception) have different nuances. '除外' is about systematic removal from a group, while '例外' is about a single deviation from a rule. Use '除外' when something is intentionally kept out of a category, and '例外' when something is a rare occurrence against a general rule.

Visualize Exclusion

Imagine a red circle with a diagonal line over something – a universal symbol for 'prohibited' or 'excluded'. This visual association can help you remember that '除外' means keeping something out.

Active Usage

Try to create your own sentences using '除外' or '除外する' in different contexts. For example, describe something excluded from a sale, a rule, or a list. This active practice will solidify your understanding.

Rule-Oriented Society

Japan's society places a high value on order and clarity. Words like '除外' are frequently used in official contexts to define boundaries and ensure rules are understood, reflecting this cultural emphasis.

Passive Voice is Common

In formal announcements, regulations, and descriptions of policies, the passive form '除外される' (jogai sareru - to be excluded) is very commonly used to state what is not included or applicable.

Synonym Nuances

When choosing between '除外', '例外', '省略', and '排除', consider the exact nuance: systematic removal (除外), a single deviation (例外), omission for brevity (省略), or forceful expulsion (排除).

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Imagine a bouncer at a club saying '除外！' (Jōgai!) to someone trying to get in. The 'jo' sound can remind you of 'go away', and 'gai' sounds like 'guy' who is being told to go away. So, 'Go away, guy!' means he's excluded.

تداعی تصویری

Picture a red circle with a diagonal line (a universal 'do not' or 'prohibited' symbol) drawn over an item or person. This visual clearly represents exclusion. Think of a sign that says 'No Entry' for certain people.

شبکه واژگان

Exclusion Exception Omission Removal Not applicable Out of scope Boundary Restriction

چالش

Try to find five examples of '除外' in Japanese media (news, websites, subtitles) this week and note down the context for each.

ریشه کلمه

The word '除外' is a compound of two kanji: '除' (jo) and '外' (gai). '除' originally meant to sweep away or remove, and in Chinese, it also came to mean to exclude or exempt. '外' means 'outside' or 'exterior'. Together, they literally mean to remove something to the outside, thus signifying exclusion.

معنای اصلی: To sweep away and put outside; to remove and place outside.

Sino-Japanese (derived from Chinese characters and vocabulary)

بافت فرهنگی

While '除外' itself is a neutral term, the *reason* for exclusion can be sensitive. Excluding people based on race, gender, or disability without a valid, justifiable reason is discriminatory and unacceptable in most societies, including Japan. The context and justification for exclusion are therefore very important.

In English-speaking cultures, exclusion is also a common concept, often expressed through words like 'excluding', 'except for', 'not included', or 'out of scope'. The nuance might differ; for example, 'exclusion' in a legal sense can be very strong, similar to '排除' (haikyo), while 'exception' is closer to '例外' (reigai).

Signage at public facilities (parks, museums, stations) often uses '除外' to indicate restricted areas or prohibited items. Terms and conditions for sales, discounts, and warranties frequently list '除外品' (excluded items) or '除外事項' (excluded matters). Software settings often include '除外設定' (exclusion settings) for firewalls or antivirus programs.

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

Official notices and signage

  • ペット<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>
  • 関係者<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>
  • 立ち入り<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>

Sales and promotions

  • 一部商品<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>
  • セール<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>品
  • クーポン<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>商品

Contracts and terms of service

  • 免責事項として<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>
  • 保証<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>事項
  • 適用<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>

Technical settings (software, networks)

  • <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外設定</mark>
  • スキャンから<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>
  • ブロック<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>

Discussions about rules and policies

  • 原則として<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>
  • 例外なく適用
  • 考慮から<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"Have you ever seen a sign that said 'pets excluded'? What was the situation?"

"When you're shopping, how do you feel when some items are excluded from a sale?"

"Can you think of a time when you had to exclude something from a plan? What was it?"

"What are some common things that are excluded from public places in your country?"

"How important is it to clearly state exclusions in rules or agreements?"

موضوعات نگارش

Describe a situation where you or someone else was excluded from a group or activity. What were the reasons for the exclusion?

Think about a time you had to make a decision where you had to exclude certain options. How did you make that choice?

Imagine you are creating a set of rules for a new club. What kind of things might you need to exclude to ensure smooth operation?

Reflect on the concept of 'exclusion' in society. What are the positive and negative aspects of exclusion?

How does understanding the word '除外' help you better understand Japanese culture or society?

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

The main difference lies in scope and application. 例外 (reigai) refers to a single, specific instance that deviates from a general rule or pattern. It's like a single anomaly. For example, 'Normally, everyone must pay, but his case is an exception (例外).' On the other hand, 除外 (jōgai) refers to the act of systematically removing a group, category, or item from a larger set, list, or consideration. It's about drawing a boundary. For example, 'Children are excluded (除外) from this adult-only event.' While both deal with things not being part of the norm, 例外 is about a deviation, and 除外 is about being kept out of a defined group.

除外 (jōgai) is primarily a noun meaning 'exclusion'. To use it as a verb, you need to add する (suru) to form 除外する (jōgai suru), which means 'to exclude'. So, when you want to express the action of excluding something, you use 除外する. For example, 'We decided to exclude that item' would be 'その項目を除外しました (sono kōmoku o jogai shimashita).' If you are referring to the concept or state of exclusion itself, you might use 除外 as a noun, often in conjunction with other words or particles, like in 'ペットの同伴は除外です (petto no dōhan wa jogai desu)' meaning 'Bringing pets is excluded.'

Not necessarily. While 'exclusion' can sometimes have negative connotations, especially when referring to people, the term 除外 (jōgai) itself is neutral. It simply signifies that something is being kept out of a particular group, list, or scope for a specific reason. This reason could be practical (e.g., excluding certain items from a sale because they are not part of the promotion), technical (e.g., excluding a file from a virus scan), or administrative (e.g., excluding certain areas from public access for safety). The context and the reason for exclusion determine whether it's perceived positively or negatively.

対象外 (taishōgai) is a very common compound word that directly relates to 除外. It literally means 'out of scope', 'not applicable', or 'ineligible'. It's a specific application of exclusion where something does not meet the criteria or is not covered by a rule, service, or product. For example, if a discount applies only to certain items, those not on the list are 対象外. This is a form of exclusion (除外). So, 対象外 is a consequence or a specific type of 除外.

Yes, it can be used, but it might sound a bit formal or blunt depending on the context. For social exclusion, terms like '仲間外れ' (nakama hazure - being left out of the group) or simply describing the situation (e.g., '彼らは私を誘ってくれなかった' - They didn't invite me) might be more common in casual conversation. However, in a more formal or objective description of a social situation, '除外' could be used. For instance, 'そのグループ活動から彼は除外された' (Sono gurūpu katsudō kara kare wa jogai sareta - He was excluded from that group activity) is grammatically correct and understandable.

The most common patterns involve the passive voice and the verb form. You'll frequently hear or see '[Noun] は/が 除外されます' ([Noun] wa/ga jogai saremasu - [Noun] is excluded), which is used in announcements and official statements. The active verb form '[Noun] を 除外する' ([Noun] o jogai suru - to exclude [Noun]) is also very common when describing an action. Additionally, compound words like '対象外' are extremely frequent in contexts of eligibility and scope.

As a noun, 除外 can be followed by particles like 'は' (wa) or 'が' (ga) to mark it as the topic or subject, or 'を' (o) when used with する (suru) to indicate what is being excluded. For example, 'ペットは除外です (Petto wa jogai desu)' uses 'は'. When used with 'する', it's typically '[Object] を 除外する' ([Object] o jogai suru).

禁制 (kinsei) means 'prohibition' or 'ban'. It indicates something is strictly forbidden, often by law or strong social taboo. While a prohibition leads to exclusion, '禁制' focuses on the act of forbidding itself. 除外 (jōgai) is a broader term for exclusion, which can be based on various criteria and doesn't necessarily imply a strict prohibition. For example, 'Smoking is prohibited (禁制)' is a strong ban, whereas 'This area is excluded (除外) from general access' simply defines a boundary.

Yes, absolutely. 除外 (jōgai) can be used in abstract contexts. For example, in decision-making, one might 'consider excluding certain unlikely scenarios' (ありえないシナリオを除外して考える - arienai shinario o jogai shite kangaeru). It can also be used for excluding topics from a discussion or excluding possibilities from a plan.

Yes, the common phrase for 'points of exclusion' or 'excluded items/matters' is 除外点 (jōgai ten) or 除外項目 (jōgai kōmoku). These are often found in documents like warranty policies or terms of service to list specific things that are not covered or are excluded from a rule. For example, '保証の除外点をご確認ください (Hoshō no jōgai ten o kakunin kudasai - Please check the points of exclusion for the warranty).'

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محتوای مرتبط

واژه‌های بیشتر logic

範疇

B2

A category or domain within which things are classified. Used in academic contexts to discuss the classification of concepts, species, or ideas.

譲歩

B1

اقدام به واگذاری بخشی از خواسته ها یا حقوق برای رسیدن به توافق؛ سازش. در مذاکرات، اغلب برای یافتن زمینه مشترک، سازش لازم است.

推量

B2

«<mark class='bg-violet-200 dark:bg-violet-800 px-0.5 rounded'>推量</mark>» (suiryō) به معنای حدس زدن یا استنباط بر اساس شواهد موجود است. این یک نتیجه‌گیری منطقی است که از اطلاعات ناقص به دست می‌آید و در تحقیق و تحلیل ضروری است.

一貫性

B1

کیفیت ثابت بودن یا داشتن ارتباط منطقی در سراسر. ضروری برای یک استدلال آکادمیک خوش‌ساخت.

矛盾

B2

A contradiction or inconsistency between two statements, actions, or ideas. It refers to a situation where one thing denies the truth of another.

根幹

B2

The core or fundamental part of a system, theory, or organization. It refers to the most important part that supports the rest.

一因

B2

یکی از چندین علت یا عاملی که در ایجاد یک نتیجه خاص نقش دارد.

包含

B2

شامل بودن یا دربرگرفتن چیزی به عنوان بخشی از یک کل. در منطق، به مجموعه‌ای اطلاق می‌شود که شامل مجموعه دیگری است.

指摘

B1

عمل اشاره کردن یا جلب توجه به چیزی، مانند یک اشتباه. او به یک نکته مهم اشاره کرد.

推論

B1

The process of reaching a conclusion by reasoning from evidence or premises.

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