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B1 noun 7 دقیقه مطالعه

規範

kihan

تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها 規範 در ۳۰ ثانیه

توضیح 規範 in your Level:

At the A1 level, '規範' (kihan) is a very difficult word. You don't need to use it yet. Instead, you should focus on the word 'ルール' (rūru), which means 'rule.' For example, 'Wait for the green light' is a rule. As you learn more Japanese, you will see that 'kihan' is like a very formal version of 'rule' that grown-ups use when talking about society or being a good person. For now, just remember that if you see this word, it usually means something about following rules or being polite in a group. It's like the 'invisible rules' we all follow to get along. You might hear a teacher say 'ルールを守りましょう' (Let's follow the rules), but in a very serious book, it might say '規範を守りましょう.' They mean almost the same thing for beginners.

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At the A2 level, you can start to distinguish between simple rules and social expectations. '規範' (kihan) is a noun that means 'norm' or 'standard.' While you still mostly use 'ルール' or 'きまり' (kimari) for daily life, you might see '規範' in news headlines or school textbooks. It often appears in the phrase '社会の規範' (shakai no kihan), which means 'social norms.' This refers to things like being quiet on the train or helping elderly people. These aren't always written laws, but they are the standards of behavior that everyone expects. Try to recognize the first kanji '規' (ki), which also appears in '規則' (kisoku - rule), to help you remember that it's related to standards.

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At the B1 level, you should be able to understand '規範' (kihan) when it's used in discussions about society, ethics, or business. This word is more abstract than '規則' (kisoku - specific rules). It refers to the 'standards' or 'models' that guide behavior. A key concept at this level is '規範意識' (kihan-ishiki), which means having a sense of duty to follow social rules. If someone says '規範意識が高い' (kihan-ishiki ga takai), they mean that person is very responsible and law-abiding. You will also see '規範' in the sense of a 'model' or 'example' to follow. For instance, a leader should provide a '規範' for their team. Use this word when you want to sound more formal and discuss the principles behind people's actions rather than just the actions themselves.

At the B2 level, you are expected to use '規範' (kihan) in academic or professional writing and formal speech. You should understand its nuances in different fields. In sociology, '社会的規範' (social norms) is a frequent topic. In law, '法的規範' (legal norms) refers to the foundational standards of the legal system. You should also be comfortable with the adjective form '規範的な' (kihan-teki na - normative). For example, '規範的な判断' (a normative judgment) is a judgment based on how things *should* be, rather than just how they are. You should also be able to distinguish '規範' from '基準' (kijun - criterion). While 'kijun' is used for technical measurements or benchmarks (like safety criteria), '規範' is used for human conduct and ethical standards.

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At the C1 level, your mastery of '規範' (kihan) should include an understanding of its philosophical and theoretical implications. You can use it to discuss 'normativity' in abstract terms. For instance, you might analyze how 'gender norms' (ジェンダー規範 - jendā kihan) influence career choices in Japan, or how 'international norms' (国際規範 - kokusai kihan) impact foreign policy. You should be able to use the word in complex sentence structures, such as '規範が内面化される' (norms are internalized) or '規範の形骸化' (the hollowization of norms). At this level, you should also be aware of related terms like '範疇' (hanchū - category) or '範例' (hanrei - paradigm) and how they intersect with the concept of a 'kihan' as a guiding structure for thought and action.

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At the C2 level, '規範' (kihan) is a tool for deep critical analysis. you can discuss the 'genealogy of norms' or the 'deconstruction of normative frameworks' in fluent, high-level Japanese. You understand the nuances between 'kihan' and similar concepts in Western philosophy, such as 'Sollen' (what ought to be) versus 'Sein' (what is). You can use the word to critique societal structures, discussing how 'heteronormativity' (ヘテロ規範性) or 'neoliberal norms' affect individual agency. Your usage is indistinguishable from a native academic or intellectual, using the word to navigate the complexities of ethics, jurisprudence, and social theory. You can also handle the word in its most formal historical or literary contexts where it might refer to the 'canons' of art or literature.

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تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

規範 در ۳۰ ثانیه

規範 (kihan) means 'norm' or 'standard' of behavior.
It is a formal word used in sociology, law, and ethics.
It often refers to unwritten social expectations and moral principles.
Commonly paired with '意識' (awareness) or '守る' (to follow).

The Japanese word 規範 (きはん - kihan) is a sophisticated noun that translates primarily to 'norm,' 'standard,' or 'model' of behavior. Unlike a simple 'rule' (規則 - kisoku) which might be a written law or a specific instruction, a kihan represents the underlying expectations and ethical standards that govern how individuals interact within a society or a specific group. It is the invisible glue that maintains social order by defining what is considered 'right' or 'proper' conduct. You will encounter this word frequently in academic discussions, legal contexts, and formal sociological analyses.

Social Norms (社会的規範): These are the unwritten rules of society, such as bowing in Japan or queuing for a bus. They are the 'norms' that people follow to maintain harmony (wa).
Ethical Norms (倫理的規範): These refer to moral standards. For example, honesty and integrity are central ethical norms in many professional fields.
Legal Norms (法的規範): In jurisprudence, this refers to the standards set by law that dictate the limits of legal behavior and the consequences of deviation.

When discussing 規範, Japanese speakers often refer to kihan-ishiki (規範意識), which means 'normative consciousness' or 'a sense of ethics.' A person with a high kihan-ishiki is someone who is deeply law-abiding and socially responsible. Conversely, when society feels that people are becoming less polite or more selfish, commentators might lament the 'decline of normative consciousness' (規範意識の低下).

若者の間では、従来の社会的な規範が揺らぎつつあると言われている。
(It is said that traditional social norms are beginning to waver among young people.)

彼は道徳的規範に従って行動することを信条としている。
(He makes it a principle to act in accordance with moral norms.)

新しい技術の普及に伴い、法的な規範の再構築が必要だ。
(With the spread of new technology, a restructuring of legal norms is necessary.)

In a business setting, 規範 might appear in the context of 'Corporate Governance' or 'Compliance.' Companies have internal norms that employees are expected to follow, which go beyond just following the law; they include the company's culture and values. Using this word shows a high level of vocabulary and an understanding of the structured nature of Japanese society.

Using 規範 (kihan) effectively requires understanding its role as a formal noun. It is often paired with verbs like mamoru (to follow/protect), shimesu (to show/indicate), or hazureru (to deviate from). Because it is an abstract concept, it is rarely used in casual conversation about simple daily tasks, but it is indispensable for discussing society, education, and law.

規範を守る (Follow the norm): Used when emphasizing the importance of adhering to established social or ethical standards.
規範を示す (Set a model): Used when someone (like a leader or teacher) acts as an example for others to follow.
規範から外れる (Deviate from the norm): Used to describe behavior that is considered abnormal or unacceptable by society.

社会の規範に照らして、その行為は許されない。
(In light of social norms, that action is inexcusable.)

The grammatical structure usually follows [Noun] + [の] + 規範 or [Adjective] + 規範. Common adjectives include shakaiteki (social), doutokuteki (moral), and rinriteki (ethical). You can also see it as part of compound nouns like kihan-teki (normative), which turns the noun into an adjective describing something that establishes or follows a norm.

教育の目的の一つは、子供たちに社会規範を身につけさせることだ。
(One of the purposes of education is to have children acquire social norms.)

In literature and philosophy, 規範 is often contrasted with jijitsu (fact). Facts describe what 'is,' while norms describe what 'ought' to be. This distinction is crucial in academic writing. For instance, 'People lie' is a fact, but 'People should not lie' is a norm.

While you might not hear 規範 at a casual izakaya, it is a staple of Japanese public discourse. If you watch NHK News or read an editorial in the Asahi Shimbun, you will frequently encounter this term in discussions about public order, education, and political scandals. It carries a weight of authority and seriousness.

News & Media: Journalists use it to discuss 'public morals' or 'compliance.' When a politician is caught in a scandal, the media might ask if their behavior violates 'political ethics norms' (政治倫理規範).
Academic Lectures: In university courses on sociology, law, or philosophy, kihan is a fundamental term. Professors will discuss the 'normative power of the factual' or how norms evolve over time.
Corporate Training: New employees in Japan often undergo 'manner training' where they learn the kihan of the Japanese business world, such as how to exchange business cards or address superiors.

この番組では、現代社会における道徳的規範の変容について議論します。
(On this program, we will discuss the transformation of moral norms in modern society.)

Another interesting place you hear this is in sports. Coaches often speak of kihan when referring to the discipline and standards of the team. A 'model' athlete (規範となる選手) is one who embodies the spirit and rules of the game perfectly. This usage highlights the 'exemplary' aspect of the word.

In summary, 規範 is the word of choice when the conversation shifts from the mundane to the structural. It invites the listener to consider the broader principles that guide human action. Understanding this word allows you to participate in deeper conversations about Japanese culture and its emphasis on social harmony and collective responsibility.

Because Japanese has several words for 'standard' or 'rule,' learners often confuse 規範 (kihan) with words like kijun (基準), hyojun (標準), or kisoku (規則). While they all overlap in meaning, their usage is quite distinct and using the wrong one can make your Japanese sound unnatural.

規範 vs. 基準 (Kijun): Kijun refers to technical criteria or benchmarks. You use it for things like 'safety standards' or 'admission criteria.' Kihan is for human behavior and social values.
規範 vs. 標準 (Hyojun): Hyojun means 'standard' in the sense of 'average' or 'standardized.' For example, 'Standard Japanese' (標準語) or 'standard size.' It does not carry the moral weight of kihan.
規範 vs. 規則 (Kisoku): Kisoku are specific, often written rules (like school rules or traffic rules). Kihan are the broader norms that these rules are often based upon.

❌ テストの合格規範は何ですか？ (Incorrect: Norms for passing)
✅ テストの合格基準は何ですか？ (Correct: Criteria for passing)

Another mistake is using 規範 in a very casual context. Saying 'It's the norm to eat pizza on Fridays' using kihan would sound overly dramatic or academic. In such cases, words like futsū (normal) or shūkan (custom) are much more appropriate. 規範 should be reserved for principles that imply a sense of duty or social expectation.

Finally, be careful with the word mohan (模範). While mohan also means 'model,' it is usually used for a 'model answer' or a 'model student' (someone to be imitated). Kihan is the abstract standard itself, whereas mohan is the concrete example of that standard in action.

To truly master 規範 (kihan), it helps to see it in the context of its synonyms and related terms. This allows you to choose the word with the exact nuance you need for your specific sentence.

標準 (Hyōjun) - Standard/Average: Used for common levels or typical examples.
Example: 標準的な家庭 (A standard household).
基準 (Kijun) - Criterion/Benchmark: Used for measurements or logical bases for judgment.
Example: 選択の基準 (Criteria for selection).
模範 (Mohan) - Model/Exemplar: Used for a person or thing that serves as a perfect example to be copied.
Example: 模範的な生徒 (A model student).
道徳 (Dōtoku) - Morals: The general concept of right and wrong. Kihan is often the specific rule within dōtoku.

この製品は国際的な安全基準を満たしている。
(This product meets international safety standards [criteria].)

In legal contexts, you might hear hō-kihan (法規範 - legal norms). This is a very specific term used by lawyers and scholars. In sociology, you might hear shūdan-kihan (集団規範 - group norms), referring to the specific pressures and rules within a small group like a company or a sports team.

When you want to emphasize that something is a 'rule' but want to sound more formal or intellectual than using rūru (ルール), 規範 is the perfect choice. It suggests that the rule is not just an arbitrary constraint, but a meaningful standard that reflects the values of the community.

چقدر رسمی است؟

نکته جالب

Both kanji in 'kihan' relate to physical tools (compasses and molds) used by craftsmen to ensure things were made correctly. Over time, these physical tools became metaphors for social and moral tools.

راهنمای تلفظ

UK /ki.haɴ/

US /ki.hɑn/

The pitch accent is typically 'Atamadaka' (Type 1), meaning the first syllable 'ki' is high and 'han' is low.

هم‌قافیه با

批判 (hihan - criticism) 志願 (shigan - aspiration) 遺憾 (ikan - regrettable) 基盤 (kiban - foundation) 未完 (mikan - unfinished) 美観 (bikan - beautiful view) 悲観 (hikan - pessimism) 帰還 (kikan - return)

خطاهای رایج

Pronouncing 'han' like the English name 'Han' (with a very wide 'a'). In Japanese, it is shorter.
Stressing the second syllable instead of the first.
Confusing it with 'kihon' (basic).
Making the 'n' sound too much like an English 'n' with the tongue touching the teeth.
Not making the 'ki' sharp enough.

سطح دشواری

خواندن 4/5

The kanji are N2/N1 level and the word is abstract.

نوشتن 4/5

Writing '規範' correctly requires practice with the '範' kanji.

صحبت کردن 3/5

It is used in formal situations; beginners won't need it for daily talk.

گوش دادن 3/5

Common in news and lectures, so intermediate students should recognize it.

بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟

پیش‌نیازها

ルール (rule) 規則 (regulation) 社会 (society) 正しい (correct) 守る (to protect/follow)

بعداً یاد بگیرید

倫理 (ethics) 基準 (criterion) 模範 (model) 遵守 (compliance) 逸脱 (deviation)

پیشرفته

法理 (legal principle) 範疇 (category) 普遍的 (universal) 内面化 (internalization) 正当性 (legitimacy)

گرامر لازم

~に従って (In accordance with)

規範に従って行動する。

~に照らして (In light of)

社会規範に照らして判断する。

~として (As)

リーダーとしての規範を示す。

~つつある (In the process of)

規範が揺らぎつつある。

~に反する (To go against)

道徳規範に反する行為。

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

学校のルール（規範）を守りましょう。

Let's follow the school rules (norms).

A1 uses 'rule' but introduces 'kihan' as a formal synonym.

良い規範になりたいです。

I want to be a good model.

Using kihan as a 'model' for behavior.

これは社会の規範です。

This is a social norm.

Simple A is B structure.

規範は大切です。

Norms are important.

Noun + wa + Adjective.

みんなで規範を守ります。

We all follow the norms.

Verb 'mamoru' (to follow/protect).

規範を知っていますか？

Do you know the norms?

Question form.

お父さんは私の規範です。

My father is my model.

Using kihan for a person.

新しい規範を作ります。

We will make new norms.

Verb 'tsukuru' (to make).

社会の規範に合わせる必要があります。

It is necessary to conform to social norms.

Verb 'awaseru' (to match/conform).

彼はクラスの規範となる生徒です。

He is a student who serves as a model for the class.

Phrase 'kihan to naru' (to become/serve as a model).

道徳的な規範を学びます。

We learn moral norms.

Adjective 'doutokuteki na' (moral).

この本には社会の規範が書いてあります。

Social norms are written in this book.

Passive-like state 'kaite arimasu'.

規範を守らない人はいけません。

People who don't follow norms are not good.

Relative clause 'kihan o mamoranai hito'.

集団の規範は厳しいです。

The group's norms are strict.

Noun 'shuudan' (group).

規範を破ってはいけません。

You must not break the norms.

Verb 'yaburu' (to break).

正しい規範を身につけましょう。

Let's acquire proper norms.

Verb 'mi ni tsukeru' (to acquire/learn).

最近の若者は規範意識が低いと言われている。

It is said that young people these days have a low sense of norms.

Compound noun 'kihan-ishiki' (normative consciousness).

法律は社会の最低限の規範である。

Law is the minimum norm of society.

Adjective 'saiteigen' (minimum).

彼は常に倫理的規範に従って行動している。

He always acts in accordance with ethical norms.

Grammar 'ni shitagatte' (according to).

伝統的な規範が失われつつある。

Traditional norms are being lost.

Grammar 'tsutsu aru' (in the process of).

教育において規範を示すことは重要だ。

It is important to show a model in education.

Verb 'shimesu' (to show/indicate).

その行為は社会規範から大きく外れている。

That act deviates greatly from social norms.

Verb 'hazureru' (to deviate/be out of).

新しい時代の規範を模索している。

We are searching for the norms of a new era.

Verb 'mosaku suru' (to grope for/search).

企業の行動規範（コード・オブ・コンダクト）を確認する。

Check the corporate code of conduct (behavioral norms).

Phrase 'koudou kihan' (code of conduct).

規範的な判断を下すには、広い視野が必要だ。

A broad perspective is necessary to make a normative judgment.

Adjective 'kihan-teki na' (normative).

文化によって、何が規範とされるかは異なる。

What is considered a norm differs depending on the culture.

Passive 'to sareru' (is considered to be).

彼は組織の規範を強化するために尽力した。

He exerted great effort to strengthen the organization's norms.

Verb 'kyouka suru' (to strengthen).

その論文は、現代の言語規範について論じている。

The paper discusses modern linguistic norms.

Verb 'ronjiru' (to discuss/treat).

社会の変化に伴い、既存の規範が問い直されている。

With changes in society, existing norms are being questioned.

Verb 'toinaosu' (to question/re-examine).

規範意識の欠如が、不正行為の原因の一つだ。

A lack of normative consciousness is one cause of misconduct.

Noun 'kejoyo' (lack/deficiency).

国際社会における共通の規範を確立すべきだ。

Common norms in the international community should be established.

Verb 'kakuritsu suru' (to establish).

彼の振る舞いは、紳士としての規範にかなっている。

His behavior is in accord with the norms of a gentleman.

Phrase 'ni kanau' (to suit/be in accord with).

ジェンダー規範の変容が、労働市場に影響を与えている。

The transformation of gender norms is affecting the labor market.

Compound 'jendā kihan' (gender norms).

カントは、道徳規範の普遍性を主張した。

Kant insisted on the universality of moral norms.

Noun 'fubensei' (universality).

法律学において、規範と事実の区別は基本である。

In jurisprudence, the distinction between norm and fact is fundamental.

Noun 'kubetsu' (distinction).

SNSの普及により、新しいコミュニケーション規範が形成された。

With the spread of SNS, new communication norms have been formed.

Verb 'keisei sareru' (to be formed).

その政策は、民主主義の規範に抵触する恐れがある。

There is a risk that the policy conflicts with democratic norms.

Verb 'teishoku suru' (to conflict with/contravene).

芸術における古典的規範を打ち破る試みがなされた。

Attempts were made to break the classical norms in art.

Verb 'uchiyaburu' (to break down/smash).

規範の正当性をめぐる議論が、法廷で繰り広げられた。

Arguments over the validity of the norm unfolded in the courtroom.

Noun 'seitousei' (validity/legitimacy).

内面化された規範が、個人のアイデンティティを形作る。

Internalized norms shape an individual's identity.

Verb 'naimenka suru' (to internalize).

ヘテロ規範的な社会構造が、多様な生き方を阻害している。

Heteronormative social structures are hindering diverse ways of living.

Term 'hetero-kihanteki' (heteronormative).

ハバーマスは、討議を通じた規範の合意形成を重視した。

Habermas emphasized the formation of consensus on norms through discourse.

Noun 'tougi' (discourse/discussion).

ポストモダニズムは、絶対的な規範の存在を否定する。

Postmodernism denies the existence of absolute norms.

Adjective 'zettaiteki' (absolute).

グローバル化の中で、土着の規範と国際規範が衝突している。

Amid globalization, indigenous norms and international norms are clashing.

Adjective 'dochaku' (indigenous/native).

規範的言説が権力構造を維持する装置として機能している。

Normative discourse functions as a device to maintain power structures.

Noun 'gensetsu' (discourse).

科学技術の進展は、生命倫理の規範に再考を迫っている。

Advancements in science and technology are forcing a reconsideration of bioethical norms.

Verb 'saikou o semaru' (to force reconsideration).

法規範の効力は、究極的には国民の承認に基づいている。

The effectiveness of legal norms ultimately rests on the approval of the citizens.

Noun 'kyokutyokuteki ni' (ultimately).

美学的規範の変遷を辿ることで、時代の精神を理解できる。

By tracing the transitions of aesthetic norms, one can understand the spirit of the age.

Noun 'hensen' (transition/change).

مترادف‌ها

手本基準模範ルール

متضادها

逸脱乱れ

ترکیب‌های رایج

社会的規範

規範意識

行動規範

法的規範

倫理的規範

規範となる

規範を守る

規範を破る

規範的な

伝統的規範

عبارات رایج

規範を示す

— To set an example for others to follow. Often used for leaders or parents.

親が子供に規範を示す。

規範から外れる

— To act in a way that is not accepted by society. To deviate.

規範から外れた行動。

規範を身につける

— To learn and internalize social rules and manners.

幼少期に規範を身につける。

規範を遵守する

— To strictly follow or comply with norms. Very formal.

法令と規範を遵守する。

規範に照らす

— To judge something by comparing it to established norms.

規範に照らして判断する。

規範を確立する

— To establish a new set of standards or rules.

国際的な規範を確立する。

規範意識の欠如

— A total lack of regard for social rules and ethics.

若者の規範意識の欠如。

道徳規範

— Moral standards that guide what is considered good or bad.

共通の道徳規範を持つ。

言語規範

— The standards of 'correct' language usage.

言語規範の変化。

規範的モデル

— A normative model that serves as a standard for others.

規範的モデルを提示する。

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

規範 vs 基準 (Kijun)

Kijun is for technical criteria (e.g., safety levels); Kihan is for human behavior (e.g., morals).

規範 vs 標準 (Hyojun)

Hyojun is for averages or standards (e.g., standard time); Kihan is for what 'ought' to be done.

規範 vs 規則 (Kisoku)

Kisoku are specific, often written rules (e.g., traffic rules); Kihan are broader, often unwritten norms.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"範を取る"

— To take something as a model or example to follow.

先人に範を取る。

Formal

"範を垂れる"

— To show a good example to subordinates or younger people.

自ら範を垂れる。

Formal

"軌道に乗る"

— While not using 'kihan,' it means to get on track with the 'proper' way things should go.

仕事が軌道に乗る。

Neutral

"道に外れる"

— To stray from the right path (moral norms).

人の道に外れる行為。

Neutral

"羽目を外す"

— To act without restraint, deviating from normal behavior (often at parties).

飲み会で羽目を外す。

Informal

"筋を通す"

— To act according to logic or moral principles.

最後まで筋を通す。

Neutral

"折り目正しい"

— To be well-mannered and follow social norms strictly.

折り目正しい挨拶。

Formal

"身を律する"

— To discipline oneself according to norms.

自ら身を律する。

Formal

"道を説く"

— To preach or explain the correct moral path/norms.

若者に道を説く。

Formal

"襟を正す"

— To straighten one's posture/attitude in response to a serious situation or norm.

話を聞いて襟を正す。

Formal

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

規範 vs 基本 (Kihon)

Similar sound.

Kihon means 'basics' or 'fundamentals.' Kihan means 'norms' or 'standards.'

基本を学ぶ (Learn the basics) vs 規範を守る (Follow the norms).

規範 vs 批判 (Hihan)

Similar sound.

Hihan means 'criticism.' Kihan means 'norm.'

政府を批判する (Criticize the government) vs 社会の規範 (Social norms).

規範 vs 模範 (Mohan)

Both mean 'model.'

Mohan is a concrete example to copy (like a model student). Kihan is the abstract standard itself.

模範解答 (Model answer) vs 倫理的規範 (Ethical norm).

規範 vs 範疇 (Hanchu)

Contains the same second kanji.

Hanchu means 'category.' Kihan means 'norm.'

理解の範疇 (Category/scope of understanding) vs 行動規範 (Code of conduct).

規範 vs 慣習 (Kanshu)

Both relate to social behavior.

Kanshu is a 'custom' or 'habit' of a group. Kihan is a 'norm' that implies a moral or social obligation.

土地の慣習 (Local custom) vs 法的規範 (Legal norm).

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

社会の規範は[Adjective]です。

社会の規範は大切です。

[Noun]は、[Noun]の規範となるべきだ。

大人は、子供の規範となるべきだ。

規範意識を[Verb]。

規範意識を高める必要があります。

規範に[Verb]。

規範に照らして考えます。

規範から[Verb]。

規範から外れた行動は慎むべきだ。

規範的な[Noun]。

規範的な議論を行いましょう。

[Noun]という規範が[Verb]。

正直であるという規範が確立されている。

規範の[Noun]化。

社会規範の形骸化が懸念されている。

خانواده کلمه

اسم‌ها

規範 (norm)

規範意識 (sense of norms)

規範学 (normative science)

行動規範 (code of conduct)

فعل‌ها

規範化する (to normalize/standardize)

صفت‌ها

規範的 (normative)

مرتبط

規則 (rule)

基準 (criterion)

標準 (standard)

模範 (model)

範疇 (category)

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نحوه استفاده

frequency

Common in media, education, and law; rare in casual youth slang.

اشتباهات رایج

Using 規範 for technical standards. → 基準 (Kijun)
You don't say 'safety kihan'; you say 'safety kijun.' Kihan is for human behavior.
Using 規範 in casual talk with friends. → ルール (Rule) or きまり (Kimari)
Saying 'The kihan for our party is...' sounds weirdly academic. Use 'rūru.'
Confusing 規範 with 批判 (Criticism). → 規範 (Kihan)
They sound similar, but 批判 is 'criticism.' Don't say 'I kihan the government.'
Thinking 規範 is just a written law. → 規範 (Includes unwritten norms)
Kihan includes unwritten social expectations, not just formal laws (which are 法律).
Misspelling 範 as 范. → 範
The kanji 範 has a 'bamboo' radical on top. 范 is a different character (often used in names).

نکات

Use in Essays

When writing JLPT essays about society, using '規範意識' instead of just 'ルール' will significantly raise your score for vocabulary range.

Group Harmony

In Japan, following 'kihan' is often about maintaining 'wa' (harmony). It's not just about obeying a law, but about showing respect for the group.

The Compass and the Mold

Remember the kanji: 規 is a compass for drawing circles, and 範 is a mold for making shapes. Together they create the 'standard' for everything else.

Sociology Key Term

If you study sociology in Japanese, this is one of the most important words you will learn. It covers everything from folkways to laws.

Corporate Values

Look for the '行動規範' (Code of Conduct) on a Japanese company's website to understand their core values and expectations for employees.

Law Students

For law students, '法的規範' is a foundational concept. It refers to the rules that have the force of law behind them.

News Watch

When you hear 'kihan' on the news, it's often in a serious tone, usually about someone breaking an important social or ethical standard.

vs 基準

If you can measure it with a ruler or a scale, use 基準. If you measure it with your heart or social conscience, use 規範.

Kanji Practice

The kanji 範 is used in other words like 範囲 (range). Learning it once helps you with many other high-level words.

Japanese Nuance

In Japan, a 'kihan' is often something you 'read between the lines' (kuuki o yomu). It's the unwritten expectation of the room.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Think of 'KI' as 'Key' and 'HAN' as 'Hand.' The 'Key' in your 'Hand' unlocks the door to 'Proper Behavior' in society.

تداعی تصویری

Imagine a craftsman using a compass (規) to draw a perfect circle and a mold (範) to make perfect bricks. Society needs these 'tools' to stay in shape.

شبکه واژگان

Rule Standard Moral Ethics Society Model Pattern Order

چالش

Try to write three sentences about what you think is the most important 'social norm' (社会的規範) in your country using the word 規範.

ریشه کلمه

The word is composed of two kanji: '規' (ki) and '範' (han). '規' originally referred to a pair of compasses used for drawing circles, symbolizing a tool for measurement and rules. '範' originally referred to a mold or pattern used in casting or making tiles.

معنای اصلی: A tool or mold used to create a standard shape or pattern.

Sino-Japanese (Kango).

بافت فرهنگی

Be careful when using 'kihan' to judge others, as it can sound very authoritative or preachy. Use it to describe standards rather than to scold individuals personally.

In English, 'norm' can be casual (e.g., 'the new norm'), but in Japanese, 規範 remains quite formal and serious.

The 'Code of Conduct' (行動規範) of major Japanese corporations like Toyota. Discussions on 'Gender Norms' (ジェンダー規範) in Japanese feminism. Legal textbooks by famous Japanese jurists like Sakae Wagatsuma.

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

School/Education

規範意識を高める
生徒の規範となる
学校規範の遵守
道徳教育

Business/Workplace

行動規範を確認する
コンプライアンス規範
職業的規範
社内規範

News/Politics

政治倫理規範
国際的な規範
社会規範の崩壊
規範の再構築

Law/Jurisprudence

法的規範の効力
規範の正当性
裁判規範
憲法的規範

Sociology/Philosophy

社会的規範の変容
規範的な問い
ジェンダー規範
規範の内面化

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"日本とあなたの国では、社会的な規範にどのような違いがありますか？"

"最近、若者の規範意識が低下しているという意見についてどう思いますか？"

"ビジネスにおいて、最も重要だと思う行動規範は何ですか？"

"インターネットの世界には、どのような新しい規範が必要だと思いますか？"

"あなたが人生の規範としている人は誰ですか？"

موضوعات نگارش

今日、社会の規範について考えさせられた出来事はありましたか？

自分が大切にしている個人的な行動規範について詳しく書いてください。

もし社会に規範が全くなかったら、どのような世界になるか想像して書いてください。

伝統的な規範と、現代の価値観が衝突している例を一つ挙げ、自分の考えを述べてください。

『規範を守る』ことと『自分らしさを貫く』ことのバランスについてどう考えますか？

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

No, you should use 'ルール' (rūru) or '規則' (kisoku). 規範 is too formal and abstract for games; it refers to social and moral standards.

It translates to 'normative consciousness.' It describes a person's inner sense of duty to follow social rules, laws, and moral standards. Someone with high kihan-ishiki is very law-abiding.

Usually, yes. It refers to the 'proper' way to act. However, in sociology, you can discuss 'bad' norms or 'harmful' norms (like gender norms) that people feel pressured to follow.

The first kanji is 規 (compass/rule) and the second is 範 (pattern/mold). Note that 範 is quite complex with 15 strokes.

Yes, you can say 規範化する (kihanka suru), which means 'to normalize' or 'to standardize' something.

モラル (moral) is a loanword focusing on personal morality and ethics. 規範 is a broader Japanese term that includes social, legal, and group standards.

Yes, you can say someone is a '規範となる人' (a person who serves as a model). This is common in educational contexts.

In social sciences, yes. In physical sciences, you would use '基準' (criterion) or '標準' (standard) for measurements.

It means 'normative.' It's used to describe statements or judgments about how things *should* be, rather than just describing facts.

Yes, it is often considered an N1 or high N2 vocabulary word because of its abstract nature and formal usage.

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