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B2 noun #9,000 پرکاربردترین 8 دقیقه مطالعه

被捕食者

رتبه 9,000

تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها 被捕食者 در ۳۰ ثانیه

توضیح 被捕食者 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you don't need to use 'Hihoshokusha' yet. It is too difficult. Instead, you should learn simple words like 'tabemono' (food) or 'doubutsu' (animal). Imagine a big animal eating a small animal. The small animal is 'tabemono.' For example, 'Sakana wa kuma no tabemono desu' (The fish is the bear's food). This word 'Hihoshokusha' is just a very long, very fancy way of saying 'the animal that gets eaten.' Focus on learning the names of animals first, like 'raion' (lion) and 'usagi' (rabbit).

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At the A2 level, you might see this word if you look at a Japanese science book for children. It is made of four parts: Hi (passive), Ho (catch), Shoku (eat), and Sha (thing). So it means 'the thing that is caught and eaten.' In English, we call this 'prey.' You can use it to talk about nature. For example: 'Usagi wa ookami no hihoshokusha desu' (The rabbit is the wolf's prey). It is much more formal than 'esa' (food/bait). You will mostly see it written in books rather than hearing it in daily conversation.

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At the B1 level, you should begin to recognize 'Hihoshokusha' in documentaries or news reports about the environment. You should understand the difference between 'Hoshokusha' (Predator) and 'Hihoshokusha' (Prey). The 'Hi-' (被) at the start is a very important prefix in Japanese that turns a verb into a passive noun. Just like 'Higaisha' is a victim of a crime, 'Hihoshokusha' is the 'victim' of a predator. You should be able to read this word in a sentence about the food chain (shokumotsu rensa) and understand which animal is which.

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At the B2 level (your current level), you are expected to use 'Hihoshokusha' accurately in formal contexts. You should use it when discussing biology, ecology, or evolution. You should also understand its relationship with other academic terms like 'seitai-kei' (ecosystem) and 'shinka' (evolution). You should be comfortable with the grammar pattern '[Animal A] wa [Animal B] no hihoshokusha to shite...' (Animal A, as the prey of Animal B...). You should also distinguish it from 'emono' (target/catch), using 'hihoshokusha' for scientific descriptions and 'emono' for specific hunting scenarios.

At the C1 level, you should be able to use 'Hihoshokusha' in nuanced academic discussions, such as the 'co-evolution of predators and prey' (捕食者と被捕食者の共進化). You should understand how prey populations affect the carrying capacity of an environment. You might also encounter the word in metaphorical literary contexts where a writer wants to evoke a cold, scientific, or clinical feeling about a character's vulnerability. You should also be familiar with related technical terms like 'hi-shoku-atsu' (grazing pressure/predation pressure).

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At the C2 level, 'Hihoshokusha' is a tool for professional-grade communication. You should be able to discuss complex ecological models like the Lotka-Volterra equations using this terminology. You should understand the subtle differences between 'Hihoshokusha' and 'Hishokusha' (the latter often used when the 'catching' part isn't as relevant, such as insects eating plants). You should be able to write research papers or give presentations in Japanese about biodiversity and population dynamics, using this word with perfect naturalness and precision.

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تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

被捕食者 در ۳۰ ثانیه

被捕食者 (Hihoshokusha) means 'prey' in a formal, biological context, referring to animals caught and eaten by predators.
It is composed of kanji meaning 'passive,' 'catch,' 'eat,' and 'entity,' literally 'the one being caught and eaten.'
Used primarily in science, documentaries, and academic writing, rather than casual conversation where 'emono' (prey/catch) is preferred.
Essential for discussing the food chain, ecosystems, and animal evolution in Japanese at a B2 level or higher.

The term 被捕食者 (Hihoshokusha) is a specialized biological and ecological noun used to describe an organism that is hunted, killed, and consumed by another organism. In the hierarchy of the natural world, this word occupies the position of the 'prey.' While everyday Japanese might use the word 獲物 (Emono) to describe a catch or a target, 被捕食者 is the precise scientific designation used in academic papers, nature documentaries, and educational contexts to discuss the dynamics of ecosystems and food webs.

Morphological Breakdown: The word is composed of four kanji: 被 (passive/suffer), 捕 (catch), 食 (eat), and 者 (entity/person). Literally, it translates to 'the entity that is caught and eaten.'

In a broader ecological sense, understanding the role of the 被捕食者 is crucial for grasping how energy flows through an ecosystem. Without prey, predators would starve; however, without predators, the population of the 被捕食者 would explode, potentially leading to overgrazing and habitat destruction. This delicate balance is often referred to as the 'predator-prey relationship' (捕食・被捕食関係).

生態系において、被捕食者の減少は捕食者の生存に直結する。(In an ecosystem, a decrease in prey is directly linked to the survival of the predator.)

The concept of the 被捕食者 also extends into behavioral biology. Animals categorized as prey have evolved specific 'anti-predator adaptations' (被捕食回避戦略). These include camouflage, mimicry, chemical defenses, and social behaviors like schooling in fish or herding in mammals. These strategies are all aimed at reducing the probability of becoming a 被捕食者.

Environmental Context: In terrestrial ecosystems, herbivores like rabbits and deer are classic examples. In marine biology, zooplankton and small fish serve as the primary 被捕食者 for larger marine life.

カモフラージュは、被捕食者が生き残るための重要な手段だ。(Camouflage is an important means for prey to survive.)

Furthermore, the term is used in mathematical modeling of biological populations, such as the Lotka-Volterra equations, which are often taught in Japanese universities as the '捕食者・被捕食者モデル' (Predator-Prey Model). This model describes how the population numbers of both groups oscillate over time in response to one another.

In summary, 被捕食者 is a high-level, formal term that defines a role within a biological system. It is essential for anyone studying science, watching documentaries like NHK Special, or reading about environmental conservation in Japanese.

Using 被捕食者 (Hihoshokusha) correctly requires an understanding of its formal register. It is almost exclusively used as a noun to identify a subject or object in an ecological interaction. It is rarely used metaphorically in casual conversation, unlike the English word 'prey' which can describe a victim of a scam. In Japanese, if you want to describe a victim of a crime, you would use 被害者 (Higaisha).

Sentence Structure 1: Identifying Roles: [Animal A] は [Animal B] の被捕食者です。(Animal A is the prey of Animal B.)

Example: 'The mouse is the prey of the owl.' translates to 'ネズミはフクロウの被捕食者である。' Note the use of 'de aru' (である) instead of 'desu' (です) to maintain the academic tone often associated with this word.

多くの昆虫は、鳥類にとって主要な被捕食者となっている。(Many insects serve as the primary prey for birds.)

Sentence Structure 2: Describing Evolution: [被捕食者] は [Adaptation] によって [Predator] から逃れる。 (The prey escapes the predator by means of [Adaptation].)

When discussing evolution, we often talk about the 'arms race' (軍拡競争) between predators and prey. You might say: '被捕食者は、捕食者の追跡を逃れるために、より速く走る能力を発達させた。' (Prey developed the ability to run faster to escape the pursuit of predators.)

その魚は、被捕食者としてのリスクを最小限にするために、群れを作る。(That fish forms schools to minimize its risk as prey.)

In data analysis or statistical reports regarding wildlife, you will see it paired with terms like 'density' (密度 - mitsudo) or 'biomass' (生物量 - seibutsuryou). For instance: '被捕食者の密度が低下すると、捕食者の繁殖率も下がる。' (When prey density decreases, the predator's reproductive rate also drops.)

Common Verb Pairings: 捕食される (hoshoku sareru - to be eaten by a predator), 逃避する (touhi suru - to escape/flee), 警戒する (keikai suru - to be on guard).

被捕食者は常に周囲を警戒していなければならない。(Prey must always be on guard of their surroundings.)

While 被捕食者 (Hihoshokusha) is not a word you will hear in a casual izakaya or at a grocery store, it is ubiquitous in specific media environments. Understanding where it appears helps in recognizing the 'vibe' of the word.

1. Nature Documentaries (TV/Streaming): Programs like NHK's 'Darwin ga Kita!' (Darwin's Here!) or dubbed versions of BBC Earth utilize this term frequently. The narrator might say: 'ここで、被捕食者であるガゼルが驚くべきスピードを見せました。' (Here, the prey gazelle showed incredible speed.)

In these contexts, the word adds a layer of objective realism to the narrative, framing the hunt not as a 'mean' act, but as a biological necessity.

ドキュメンタリー番組では、捕食者と被捕食者の攻防が詳しく解説される。(In documentary programs, the battle between predator and prey is explained in detail.)

2. Educational Settings (Schools/Museums): Japanese middle school and high school biology textbooks (Seibutsu) introduce this term when teaching the food chain. Science museum exhibits explaining the life of dinosaurs or deep-sea creatures will use 'Hihoshokusha' to label diagrams.

If you visit the National Museum of Nature and Science in Ueno, Tokyo, you will see this word on almost every plaque describing animal interactions.

理科の教科書には、食物連鎖における被捕食者の役割が書かれている。(Science textbooks describe the role of prey in the food chain.)

3. News and Environment Articles: When a new invasive species is discovered in Japan, news outlets like the Asahi Shimbun or Yomiuri Shimbun might report on its impact on local 'Hihoshokusha' (local prey animals). For example, the impact of the black bass on native Japanese fish.

Finally, you may encounter this word in 'survival game' manga or anime (like 'The Promised Neverland' or 'Attack on Titan'). While these stories are fictional, they often use biological terminology to emphasize the 'eat or be eaten' (弱肉強食 - jakuniku kyoushoku) nature of their worlds.

この物語の主人公たちは、強大な敵に対する被捕食者のような立場だ。(The protagonists of this story are in a position like prey against a powerful enemy.)

Learning 被捕食者 (Hihoshokusha) involves avoiding several common pitfalls, particularly regarding register and confusion with similar-sounding or similar-meaning words.

Mistake 1: Confusing with 'Higaisha' (Victim): English speakers often use 'prey' metaphorically for humans (e.g., 'He preys on the weak'). In Japanese, using 被捕食者 for a person sounds like you are saying they are literally going to be eaten by a wild animal. Use 被害者 (Higaisha) for victims of crime or 犠牲者 (Giseisha) for victims of accidents/disasters.

Example: 'He was the prey of the scammer.' should NOT be '彼は詐欺師の被捕食者だった。' Instead, use '彼は詐欺の被害に遭った。' (He met with the damage of a scam.)

人間社会のトラブルでは、被捕食者という言葉は使わない。(In human society troubles, the word 'prey' [hihoshokusha] is not used.)

Mistake 2: Mixing up 'Hoshokusha' and 'Hihoshokusha': This is the most common error. Remember that the prefix 被 (Hi-) means 'the one being acted upon.' Without it, 捕食者 (Hoshokusha) means the predator. Mixing them up completely flips the meaning of your sentence.

Mnemonic: 'Hi' (被) is like 'Hit.' The one who gets 'hit' is the one who suffers. The 'Hi-hoshokusha' is the one who gets eaten.

捕食者と被捕食者を逆に覚えないように注意しよう。(Be careful not to memorize predator and prey in reverse.)

Mistake 3: Using it in Casual Hunting Contexts: If you are talking about a fisherman catching a fish, or a hunter bagging a deer, use 獲物 (Emono). 被捕食者 is too 'biological' for a weekend hobby. It sounds like you are speaking from the perspective of a laboratory scientist.

Correct: 'Look at the prey I caught!' -> '見て、この獲物を！' (Mite, kono emono o!). Incorrect: '見て、この被捕食者を！' (This sounds like you're announcing a laboratory specimen).

釣りや狩猟の会話では、被捕食者ではなく「獲物」を使う。(In fishing or hunting conversations, use 'emono' instead of 'hihoshokusha'.)

To truly master 被捕食者 (Hihoshokusha), you must see how it sits alongside its synonyms and related terms. Each has a distinct nuance and appropriate setting.

獲物 (Emono): Nuance: The most common word for 'prey' or 'catch.' It implies a successful hunt or a target. It can be used metaphorically in games or social situations.
Comparison: Hihoshokusha is a biological category; Emono is a specific object of a hunt.

ライオンが獲物を追いかける。(The lion chases its prey/catch.)

被食者 (Hishokusha): Nuance: A slightly shorter version of 被捕食者. It focuses purely on the 'being eaten' (被食) part rather than the 'being caught' (被捕) part.
Comparison: Often used interchangeably in ecology, but 被捕食者 is more common when discussing the act of hunting.

植物も、草食動物にとっては被食者の一種と言える。(Plants can also be called a type of 'prey' for herbivores.)

餌 (Esa): Nuance: Food, bait, or feed. It is very casual.
Comparison: You give 'esa' to your dog. A spider catches 'hihoshokusha' in its web (in a textbook) or 'esa' (in a conversation).

犠牲 (Gisei): Nuance: Sacrifice or casualty. It implies a tragic loss.
Comparison: Use this when the focus is on the emotional weight of the death, rather than the biological function of eating.

In summary, choose 被捕食者 when you want to be precise and scientific, 獲物 when you are describing a hunt in progress, and 餌 when you are talking about food in general.

چقدر رسمی است؟

نکته جالب

The prefix 'Hi-' (被) originally meant 'to wear' or 'to cover,' but evolved to mean 'to receive an action' (passive), which is why it's used for victims and prey.

راهنمای تلفظ

UK hi.ho.ʃo.kɯ.ʃa

US hi.hoʊ.ʃoʊ.ku.ʃɑ

Pitch accent is usually on 'ho' (He-HO-sho-ku-sha), but in standard Japanese, it follows a relatively flat pattern with a slight drop after the second or third syllable depending on the dialect.

هم‌قافیه با

Dokushosha (Reader) Kensakusha (Searcher) Hokousha (Pedestrian) Kisha (Reporter) Isha (Doctor) Kansha (Gratitude - partial) Housha (Radiation - partial) Gakusha (Scholar)

خطاهای رایج

Pronouncing 'hi' as 'hai'.
Merging 'sho' and 'ku' into one syllable.
Forgetting the long 'o' sound in 'hoshoku'.
Misplacing the stress on the final 'sha'.
Swapping 'ho' and 'hi' positions.

سطح دشواری

خواندن 4/5

Requires knowledge of four N2/N1 level kanji.

نوشتن 5/5

Writing '捕' and '被' correctly can be tricky for learners.

صحبت کردن 3/5

The pronunciation is rhythmic but long.

گوش دادن 3/5

Easy to confuse with 'Hoshokusha' if not listening carefully.

بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟

پیش‌نیازها

動物 (Animal) 食べる (Eat) 捕まえる (Catch) 強い (Strong) 弱い (Weak)

بعداً یاد بگیرید

生態系 (Ecosystem) 食物連鎖 (Food chain) 絶滅危惧種 (Endangered species) 繁殖 (Breeding) 生息地 (Habitat)

پیشرفته

栄養段階 (Trophic level) 個体群動態 (Population dynamics) 表現型可塑性 (Phenotypic plasticity) 共進化 (Co-evolution) キーストーン種 (Keystone species)

گرامر لازم

Passive Prefix 被 (Hi-)

被疑者 (Suspect), 被害者 (Victim), 被告 (Defendant)

Noun + としての (As a...)

被捕食者としての本能 (Instinct as a prey)

AはBによって捕食される (A is eaten by B)

虫は鳥によって捕食される。

AとBの相互作用 (Interaction between A and B)

捕食者と被捕食者の相互作用。

～に伴って (Along with...)

被捕食者の減少に伴って、捕食者も減る。

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

さかなはくまのたべものです。

Fish is bear's food.

Using simple 'tabemono' for A1.

ねずみはねこのたべものです。

The mouse is the cat's food.

Subject wa Object no tabemono.

うさぎははやいです。

The rabbit is fast.

Simple adjective sentence.

これはなんですか。

What is this?

Question form.

とりがむしをたべます。

The bird eats the insect.

Verb 'tabemasu'.

おおきいどうぶつです。

It is a big animal.

Adjective + Noun.

にげてください！

Please run away!

Te-form for request.

きけんです。

It is dangerous.

Na-adjective.

シマウマはライオンの被捕食者です。

The zebra is the lion's prey.

Introduction of the target word.

被捕食者は逃げるのが上手です。

Prey are good at escaping.

V-no ga jouzu desu.

小さい魚は大きい魚の被捕食者になります。

Small fish become prey for big fish.

Ni narimasu (to become).

森の中には多くの被捕食者がいます。

There are many prey animals in the forest.

Ga imasu (existence of living things).

被捕食者はいつも注意しています。

Prey are always careful.

Te-imasu (state).

この動物は被捕食者ですか？

Is this animal a prey animal?

Question mark usage.

カエルはヘビの被捕食者です。

The frog is the snake's prey.

Noun A wa Noun B no Noun C.

被捕食者は食べられないように隠れます。

Prey hide so they won't be eaten.

V-nai you ni (so that not...).

食物連鎖では、被捕食者の数は捕食者よりも多いのが普通だ。

In the food chain, the number of prey is usually higher than predators.

Comparison using 'yori mo'.

被捕食者は、敵に見つからないように体の色を変えることがあります。

Prey sometimes change their body color so as not to be found by enemies.

Koto ga arimasu (sometimes happens).

自然界では、捕食者と被捕食者のバランスが重要です。

In nature, the balance between predator and prey is important.

Noun A to Noun B no balance.

そのネズミは、フクロウの被捕食者として知られている。

That mouse is known as a prey animal for owls.

To shite shira rete iru (Known as...).

被捕食者がいなくなると、捕食者も死んでしまいます。

If the prey disappears, the predators will also die.

Ba-form conditional.

被捕食者は、生き残るために群れを作って行動します。

Prey act in groups to survive.

Tame ni (in order to).

この論文は、被捕食者の防衛本能について説明しています。

This paper explains the defensive instincts of prey.

Ni tsuite (about).

被捕食者の減少が、生態系全体に影響を与えている。

The decrease in prey is affecting the entire ecosystem.

Eikyou o ataeru (to influence).

被捕食者は、捕食圧に適応するために様々な進化を遂げてきた。

Prey have undergone various evolutions to adapt to predation pressure.

V-te kita (continuation from past).

特定の被捕食者が激減すると、食物網が崩壊する恐れがある。

If a specific prey species decreases sharply, there is a risk the food web will collapse.

Osore ga aru (there is a fear/risk).

このシミュレーションは、捕食者と被捕食者の人口動態を示している。

This simulation shows the population dynamics of predators and prey.

Shimeshite iru (is showing).

被捕食者としての生存戦略は、種によって大きく異なる。

Survival strategies as prey vary greatly depending on the species.

Ni yotte (depending on).

カモフラージュは、被捕食者が環境に溶け込むための手法だ。

Camouflage is a technique for prey to blend into the environment.

Tame no shuhou (technique for...).

被捕食者の警戒心の強さは、周囲の環境に左右される。

The intensity of a prey's vigilance is influenced by the surrounding environment.

Sayuu sareru (to be influenced/governed).

研究者は、被捕食者の逃避行動を詳細に観察した。

The researchers observed the escape behavior of the prey in detail.

Shousai ni (in detail).

被捕食者のバイオマスは、その地域の生態的健全性を示す指標となる。

Prey biomass serves as an indicator of the ecological health of that area.

Shihyou to naru (becomes an indicator).

捕食者と被捕食者の間には、絶え間ない「進化の軍拡競争」が存在する。

There exists a constant 'evolutionary arms race' between predators and prey.

Gun-kaku kyousou (arms race metaphor).

被捕食者の個体数変動は、しばしば時間的なラグを伴って捕食者に波及する。

Fluctuations in prey populations often ripple through to predators with a time lag.

Hikuu (to ripple/spread to).

被捕食者が獲得した化学的防御は、捕食者の摂食行動を著しく抑制する。

Chemical defenses acquired by prey significantly inhibit the feeding behavior of predators.

Ichijirushiku (significantly).

この地域における被捕食者の多様性は、高次消費者である猛禽類の定着を支えている。

The diversity of prey in this region supports the establishment of raptors, which are top consumers.

Kouji shouhisha (top consumer).

被捕食者の行動圏は、捕食リスクを最小化するように最適化されている。

The home range of the prey is optimized to minimize predation risk.

Saitekika sareru (to be optimized).

環境攪乱は、被捕食者の隠れ場所を奪い、捕食効率を一時的に高めることがある。

Environmental disturbance can deprive prey of hiding spots and temporarily increase predation efficiency.

Kakuran (disturbance).

被捕食者の形質進化は、生態系サービスの維持において不可欠な役割を果たす。

The trait evolution of prey plays an indispensable role in maintaining ecosystem services.

Fukaketsu na (indispensable).

被捕食者の警戒フェロモンは、同種の他個体に対して迅速な危険信号として機能する。

Prey alarm pheromones function as rapid danger signals to other individuals of the same species.

Kinou suru (to function).

ロトカ・ヴォルテラ方程式は、捕食者と被捕食者の相互作用を記述する古典的な数理モデルである。

The Lotka-Volterra equations are a classic mathematical model describing the interaction between predators and prey.

Suuri moderu (mathematical model).

被捕食者のニッチ分化は、限られた資源を巡る競合を回避し、共存を可能にする。

Niche differentiation in prey avoids competition for limited resources and enables coexistence.

Nitchi bunka (niche differentiation).

栄養段階の下位に位置する被捕食者の生産力は、系全体のエネルギー流量を規定する。

The productivity of prey located at lower trophic levels dictates the energy flow of the entire system.

Kitei suru (to dictate/stipulate).

被捕食者の表現型可塑性は、捕食者の存在という環境ストレスに対する適応的応答である。

Phenotypic plasticity in prey is an adaptive response to the environmental stress of predator presence.

Hyougen-gata kasosei (phenotypic plasticity).

間接効果を通じて、被捕食者の存在は植物相の組成にまで影響を及ぼし得る。

Through indirect effects, the presence of prey can even influence the composition of the flora.

Oyoboshi uru (can exert/influence).

被捕食者の集合行動における自己組織化は、個体レベルの単純なルールから創発する。

Self-organization in the collective behavior of prey emerges from simple rules at the individual level.

Souhatsu suru (to emerge).

捕食回避のためのコストと採餌効率のトレードオフは、被捕食者の意思決定を支配する。

The trade-off between the cost of predator avoidance and foraging efficiency governs the decision-making of prey.

Toreedo-ofu (trade-off).

被捕食者の絶滅は、連鎖的な絶滅（共絶滅）を誘発し、生物多様性の不可逆的な喪失を招く。

The extinction of prey induces cascading extinctions (co-extinction), leading to irreversible loss of biodiversity.

Fukagyaku-teki (irreversible).

ترکیب‌های رایج

被捕食者の個体数

捕食者・被捕食者関係

被捕食回避

被捕食リスク

主要な被捕食者

被捕食者の防衛

被捕食者の密度

被捕食者の適応

被捕食者の群れ

被捕食者の死骸

عبارات رایج

捕食者と被捕食者

— Predator and prey. The standard way to describe the two sides of the interaction.

捕食者と被捕食者のバランスが崩れた。

被捕食者としての役割

— Role as a prey animal. Used to describe the function of a species in a web.

彼は被捕食者としての役割を終えた。

被捕食者の逃避行動

— Escape behavior of prey. Specific term for how animals run away.

被捕食者の逃避行動を分析する。

被捕食者の隠れ家

— Prey's hiding place. Used in ecological studies of habitat.

被捕食者の隠れ家を保護する。

被捕食者の脆弱性

— Vulnerability of the prey. Used when discussing risks.

被捕食者の脆弱性が高まっている。

被捕食者の警戒

— Prey's vigilance. The act of staying alert.

被捕食者の警戒が解けない。

被捕食者の探索

— Searching for prey. Usually from the predator's view but refers to the prey.

捕食者は被捕食者の探索を開始した。

被捕食者の分布

— Distribution of prey. Where they are located geographically.

被捕食者の分布図を作成する。

被捕食者の習性

— Habits of prey. Their natural behaviors.

被捕食者の習性を利用する。

被捕食者の生存率

— Survival rate of prey. A key metric in ecology.

被捕食者の生存率が向上した。

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

被捕食者 vs 捕食者

The opposite (Predator). Easy to mix up due to the shared 'hoshokusha'.

被捕食者 vs 被害者

Victim of a crime. Don't use 'Hihoshokusha' for human victims.

被捕食者 vs 被食者

A synonym, but 'Hihoshokusha' implies the act of being caught first.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"弱肉強食"

— The law of the jungle; survival of the fittest. Literally 'weak meat, strong eat.'

このビジネス界はまさに弱肉強食だ。

Common

"虎口を逃れる"

— To escape from the jaws of death (literally 'escape the tiger's mouth').

九死に一生を得て、虎口を逃れた。

Literary

"カマキリの斧"

— A useless resistance (like a mantis raising its 'axes' against a carriage).

彼に逆らうのはカマキリの斧だ。

Idiomatic

"袋の鼠"

— A rat in a bag; a trapped person with no escape.

逃げ場はなく、彼は袋の鼠となった。

Common

"まな板の上の鯉"

— A carp on a cutting board; being at the mercy of fate.

今はただ、まな板の上の鯉の気分だ。

Common

"蛇に見込まれた蛙"

— A frog transfixed by a snake; being paralyzed by fear.

彼は上司の前で蛇に見込まれた蛙のようだった。

Common

"飛んで火に入る夏の虫"

— Like a summer insect flying into the fire; rushing to one's own destruction.

自ら罠にかかるとは、飛んで火に入る夏の虫だ。

Common

"猫に鼠"

— A cat to a mouse; an overwhelming power difference.

実力差がありすぎて、猫に鼠の状態だ。

Rare

"鵜の目鷹の目"

— Eyes of a cormorant, eyes of a hawk; looking for something very sharply.

彼は鵜の目鷹の目で獲物を探している。

Common

"カモがネギを背負ってくる"

— A duck coming with a leek on its back; something very convenient and lucky happening.

向こうから契約を持ちかけるなんて、カモがネギを背負ってきたようなものだ。

Informal

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

被捕食者 vs 獲物 (Emono)

Both mean 'prey'.

Emono is for a specific target or catch in a hunt. Hihoshokusha is a biological category.

ライオンが獲物を捕らえた。 (Lion caught the catch.)

被捕食者 vs 餌 (Esa)

Both involve being eaten.

Esa is general food/bait. Hihoshokusha is the animal itself in a scientific context.

鳥に餌をあげる。 (Give food to the bird.)

被捕食者 vs 犠牲者 (Giseisha)

Both are 'victims' in a sense.

Giseisha is for humans in accidents/wars. Hihoshokusha is for animals in nature.

事故の犠牲者。 (Victim of an accident.)

被捕食者 vs 食糧 (Shokuryou)

Both mean food.

Shokuryou is a resource/supply for humans. Hihoshokusha is a living organism.

備蓄食糧。 (Stored food supplies.)

被捕食者 vs カモ (Kamo)

Both mean an easy target.

Kamo is slang for a person being tricked. Hihoshokusha is literal prey.

彼は詐欺師のカモだ。 (He is a sucker for scammers.)

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

[Animal]は[Predator]の被捕食者である。

シカはオオカミの被捕食者である。

被捕食者としての[Noun]...

被捕食者としての生存戦略を学ぶ。

被捕食者の[Noun]が[Verb]ことで、[Result]。

被捕食者の数が減ることで、生態系が変化する。

[Noun]は被捕食回避のために[Action]。

カメレオンは被捕食回避のために色を変える。

捕食者・被捕食者相互作用の[Noun]...

捕食者・被捕食者相互作用の数理的解析を行う。

主要な被捕食者は[Animal]だ。

この地域の主要な被捕食者はネズミだ。

被捕食者は[Adjective]だ。

被捕食者はとても弱いです。

被捕食者の[Trait]は[Factor]に由来する。

被捕食者の敏捷性は生存競争に由来する。

خانواده کلمه

اسم‌ها

捕食者 (Predator)

捕食 (Predation)

被食 (Being eaten)

食物 (Food)

捕獲 (Capture)

فعل‌ها

捕食する (To predate)

捕らえる (To catch)

食う (To eat - casual)

食べる (To eat)

襲う (To attack)

صفت‌ها

捕食的な (Predatory)

脆弱な (Vulnerable)

野生の (Wild)

مرتبط

食物連鎖 (Food chain)

生態系 (Ecosystem)

自然淘汰 (Natural selection)

共進化 (Co-evolution)

個体数 (Population size)

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نحوه استفاده

frequency

Common in science media, rare in daily conversation.

اشتباهات رایج

Using 'Hihoshokusha' for a victim of a scam. → Higaisha (被害者)
Hihoshokusha is for biological prey only.
Saying 'Hoshokusha' when you mean 'prey'. → Hihoshokusha (被捕食者)
Hoshokusha is the predator. The 'Hi' is necessary for the passive meaning.
Using 'Hihoshokusha' for a caught fish while fishing. → Emono (獲物)
Hihoshokusha is too scientific for a hobby context.
Confusing 'Hi' (被) with 'Hi' (非). → 被捕食者
被 means passive; 非 means 'non-'. They sound the same but have different kanji and meanings.
Pronouncing it 'Hihoshokujya'. → Hihoshokusha
The 'sha' (者) is 'sha', not 'jya'.

نکات

Prefix 'Hi-'

Learn other words starting with 'Hi-' (被) like Higaisha (victim) and Hifuku (clothing) to understand the passive nuance.

Watch NHK

Nature documentaries on NHK are the best place to hear this word used naturally in context.

Check the Radical

The '捕' in Hihoshokusha has the 'hand' radical (扌), meaning 'to catch with hands'.

Register Check

Never use this word in a casual setting; it sounds like you're reciting a textbook.

Science Context

Use it in essays about the environment to instantly boost your formal Japanese level.

The Victim Link

Associate 'Hi-' with 'Higaisha' (victim) to remember it's the one suffering.

Kanji Practice

Practice writing '捕食' and '被捕食' as a pair to master the stroke order.

Context Clues

If you see '食物連鎖' (food chain), look for 'Hihoshokusha' nearby.

Pitch Accent

Keep the pitch relatively flat and clear for an academic sound.

Identify the 'Hi'

Train your ear to catch the 'Hi' at the start of 'Hoshokusha' to distinguish prey from predator.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Think of a 'Hi' (High) risk animal. A 'Hi-hoshokusha' is at High risk of being eaten.

تداعی تصویری

Imagine a rabbit (Prey) wearing a hat with the kanji 被 (Hi) on it, being chased by a lion (Predator).

شبکه واژگان

Nature Biology Death Food Survival Evolution Animal Hunt

چالش

Try to identify three 'Hihoshokusha' in your local park (e.g., worms, small birds, insects) and write a sentence for each.

ریشه کلمه

Sino-Japanese (Kango) origin. The word was constructed using Chinese characters to translate Western biological concepts during the Meiji Restoration (late 19th century).

معنای اصلی: Entity that suffers the act of catching and eating.

Japonic / Sinitic vocabulary.

بافت فرهنگی

Be careful when using predator/prey metaphors for social classes, as it can sound overly Darwinian or insensitive.

In English, 'prey' is often used metaphorically for people. In Japanese, keep 'Hihoshokusha' strictly for animals.

NHK Darwin ga Kita! (Nature show) Attack on Titan (Humanity as prey) The Promised Neverland (Orphans as prey)

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

Science Class

食物連鎖の図
被捕食者の数
捕食の関係
エネルギーの移動

Nature Documentary

決死の逃走
被捕食者の知恵
自然の摂理
過酷な環境

Zoo/Museum

展示パネル
解説文を読む
被捕食者の特徴
剥製

Environmental News

生態系の破壊
被捕食者の激減
外来種の侵入
保護活動

Academic Paper

定量的な分析
被捕食者の応答
相関関係
統計データ

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"「被捕食者」と「捕食者」のバランスが崩れるとどうなると思いますか？ (What do you think happens when the balance between prey and predator is lost?)"

"最近見た動物のドキュメンタリーで、印象的な被捕食者はいましたか？ (Was there an impressive prey animal in a nature documentary you saw recently?)"

"被捕食者が生き残るための戦略で、一番すごいと思うものは何ですか？ (What do you think is the most amazing strategy for prey to survive?)"

"人間は、歴史的に見て被捕食者だった時期があると思いますか？ (Do you think there was a time in history when humans were prey?)"

"日本の生態系で、もっとも重要な被捕食者は何だと思いますか？ (What do you think is the most important prey animal in Japan's ecosystem?)"

موضوعات نگارش

もし自分が小さな被捕食者として生まれたら、どんな防衛手段を持ちたいですか？ (If you were born as a small prey animal, what kind of defense would you want to have?)

「弱肉強食」という言葉について、あなたの意見を書いてください。 (Write your opinion on the phrase 'survival of the fittest' [weak meat strong eat].)

地元の生態系における、捕食者と被捕食者の関係を観察して記述してください。 (Observe and describe the relationship between predators and prey in your local ecosystem.)

環境保護において、被捕食者を守ることの重要性について論じてください。 (Discuss the importance of protecting prey animals in environmental conservation.)

被捕食者の進化が捕食者に与える影響について、想像力を働かせて書いてください。 (Write about the impact of prey evolution on predators, using your imagination.)

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

No, it is strictly biological. Use 'Higaisha' (victim) or 'Target' instead. Calling a person 'Hihoshokusha' implies they are literally being eaten by a wild animal.

They are very similar. 'Hihoshokusha' (被捕食者) emphasizes the 'catching' (捕) and 'eating' (食). 'Hishokusha' (被食者) just emphasizes 'being eaten.' In ecology, 'Hishokusha' is often used for plants being eaten by insects.

It's common in science, school, and documentaries. You won't hear it at a party or a shop.

It has the 'clothing' radical on the left. Think of it as 'wearing' the result of an action. In this case, 'wearing' the state of being eaten.

It is generally considered B2 because it is a specialized academic term that requires a good grasp of kanji and formal register.

For daily life, yes. But if you want to understand NHK news or science books, 'Hihoshokusha' is essential.

Technically, yes, but biologists often prefer 'Hishokusha' (被食者) for plants because they aren't 'caught' (捕) in the way a rabbit is.

Yes, the definition of predation involves the death of the prey. If the animal is just fed upon without dying, it's called 'parasitism' (寄生 - kisei).

The primary antonym is '捕食者' (Hoshokusha), meaning predator.

Sometimes, in survival games or games with ecological systems (like 'Monster Hunter'), to describe the relationship between monsters.

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