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B1 noun #1,000 پرکاربردترین 11 دقیقه مطالعه

～てくる

te kuru رتبه 1,000

At the A1 beginner level, the most important use of ～てくる (te kuru) is to describe simple physical movement. You learn that 'kuru' means 'to come'. When you combine it with the te-form of an action verb, it means doing that action and then coming back, or doing that action while moving toward the speaker. The most common phrase you will learn is '行ってきます' (itte kimasu), which literally translates to 'I will go and come back'. This is the standard greeting used when leaving the house or the office temporarily. Another very common usage at this level is '買ってきます' (katte kimasu), meaning 'I will go buy it and come back'. For example, if you are at a party and need more juice, you can say 'ジュースを買ってきます' (I will go buy juice and come back). You also use it to describe things moving toward you. If a friend is running toward you, you can say '友達が走ってくる' (My friend is running toward me). At this stage, do not worry too much about the complex abstract meanings. Focus entirely on the physical reality of someone or something moving toward your location, or the concept of leaving your current spot to do a quick task and then returning to the exact same spot. This physical anchoring is the foundation for all the more advanced usages you will learn later. Remember to always use the te-form of the verb before adding kuru, and remember that in formal situations, you should conjugate kuru to kimasu.

At the A2 elementary level, your understanding of ～てくる expands beyond simple physical movement to include the beginning of natural phenomena and basic physical sensations. This is where you start using it to describe changes that you are noticing in your immediate environment. The most classic example taught at this level is weather. Instead of just saying 'It is raining', you learn to say '雨が降ってきた' (ame ga futte kita), which means 'It has started to rain' or 'The rain has come'. You use the past tense 'kita' because the change has already happened and you are observing the result. You also begin to use this pattern for your own bodily sensations. When you feel hunger approaching, you say 'お腹が空いてきた' (onaka ga suite kita), meaning 'I am getting hungry'. If you are studying late at night and feel sleepy, you say '眠くなってきた' (nemuku natte kita). This usage is incredibly common in daily Japanese conversation. It shows that a state is emerging or coming to the surface. You are no longer just describing an action; you are describing a process of change that affects you. At this level, it is crucial to practice the conjugation of adjectives into the te-form before adding kuru. For i-adjectives, drop the 'i' and add 'ku natte' (e.g., samui -> samuku natte kuru). For na-adjectives, add 'ni natte' (e.g., shizuka -> shizuka ni natte kuru). This allows you to express a wide variety of changes happening around you.

At the B1 intermediate level, the concept of ～てくる takes a significant leap from physical space into the realm of time. You learn to use this auxiliary verb to describe an action or a state that has been continuing from a point in the past right up to the present moment. This is similar to the present perfect continuous tense in English ('have been doing'). For example, if you want to say 'I have been studying Japanese for three years', you would say '三年くらい日本語を勉強してきた' (sannen kurai nihongo o benkyou shite kita). The use of 'kita' here visualizes the action of studying starting in the past and traveling along the timeline toward your present position. This is a very powerful way to express dedication, habit, or a long-standing situation. You also learn to contrast this heavily with ～ていく (te iku), which means continuing an action from the present into the future. If you say 'これからも日本語を勉強していく' (korekara mo nihongo o benkyou shite iku), it means 'I will continue studying Japanese from now on'. Mastering the difference between the past-to-present 'te kita' and the present-to-future 'te iku' is a major milestone at the B1 level. Additionally, you start seeing this pattern used with more abstract changes, such as '日本の文化がわかってきた' (I have come to understand Japanese culture). It shows a gradual process of realization or skill acquisition that has accumulated over time.

At the B2 upper-intermediate level, your usage of ～てくる becomes much more nuanced and psychological. You move beyond simple physical sensations like hunger and start using it to describe complex emotional states and internal psychological processes. When an emotion suddenly wells up inside you, you use this pattern to express that emergence. For example, '怒りが湧いてきた' (ikari ga waite kita) means 'anger welled up inside me'. Or, if you hear a sad story and tears start to form, you might say '悲しくなってきた' (kanashiku natte kita) or '涙が出てきた' (namida ga dete kita). The auxiliary verb beautifully captures the involuntary nature of these feelings; they 'come' to you without your conscious control. Furthermore, at this level, you encounter more complex verbs and abstract concepts. You might read news articles that say '問題が浮き彫りになってきた' (the problem has become apparent/come to the surface). You also learn to use it with verbs of perception, such as '聞こえてくる' (kikoete kuru - to be heard coming toward you) or '見えてくる' (miete kuru - to come into view). This adds a rich layer of sensory detail to your descriptions. The focus at B2 is on the subtlety of expression. You are no longer just stating facts; you are describing the dynamic flow of emotions, realizations, and sensory inputs as they enter your consciousness. This makes your Japanese sound significantly more native and expressive.

At the C1 advanced level, the application of ～てくる extends into sophisticated literary, academic, and professional discourse. You are expected to understand and utilize this structure in highly abstract contexts where the 'movement' is entirely metaphorical. For instance, in a business meeting discussing market trends, you might hear '新しい技術が普及してきた' (new technology has gradually become widespread up to now). In academic writing, it is used to trace the historical development of a theory or a social phenomenon: 'この概念は古くから議論されてきた' (this concept has been debated since ancient times). The mastery at this level involves recognizing how ～てくる anchors a narrative to a specific temporal viewpoint, usually the author's or the speaker's present reality. You also encounter complex compound verbs where the te-form is less obvious, or where it is used in passive constructions, such as '考えられてきた' (it has been thought that...). Furthermore, C1 learners must navigate the subtle differences between ～てくる and other aspectual markers like ～つつある (tsutsu aru - is in the process of). While ～つつある emphasizes the ongoing nature of a change in a very formal tone, ～てくる emphasizes the accumulation of that change up to the present moment. Your ability to choose the precise grammatical tool to convey the exact temporal nuance of a complex argument is what distinguishes a C1 user. You also become adept at using it in idiomatic expressions and fixed phrases that rely on this underlying spatial-temporal logic.

At the C2 mastery level, your understanding of ～てくる transcends grammar rules and becomes an intuitive grasp of the Japanese egocentric worldview. You recognize that this auxiliary verb is not just a grammatical particle, but a reflection of how the Japanese language spatially and temporally centers the speaker. You can analyze classic literature and modern poetry, understanding exactly why an author chose ～てくる to create a sense of impending reality or to draw the reader into a specific temporal locus. You are capable of manipulating this structure to create subtle rhetorical effects, such as shifting the narrative perspective by changing the anchor point of 'kuru'. For example, in storytelling, you might use it to describe an event from the perspective of a character in the past, effectively pulling the reader into that character's 'present' moment. You also understand the dialectal variations and historical evolution of the te-form plus directional verbs. At this level, you make zero errors regarding the directionality (te-kuru vs te-iku) because the spatial mapping of the language is completely internalized. You can effortlessly explain these concepts to lower-level learners, breaking down the philosophical differences between English tense systems and Japanese aspectual directionality. Your usage is indistinguishable from an educated native speaker, employing it with perfect naturalness in everything from casual banter to highly formal academic treatises, always maintaining the correct subtle alignment of space, time, and perception.

تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

～てくる در ۳۰ ثانیه

Spatial movement toward the speaker.
Action continuing from past to present.
Beginning of a new state or weather.
Emergence of emotions or physical sensations.

The Japanese auxiliary verb construction ～てくる (te kuru) is one of the most fundamental and frequently used grammatical patterns in the Japanese language, serving as a crucial indicator of directionality, temporal progression, and the emergence of states or actions. To truly understand this expression, one must first grasp the egocentric nature of Japanese grammar, where actions and events are often described relative to the speaker's physical location or psychological standpoint. When attached to the te-form of a verb, the verb くる (kuru), which literally means 'to come', loses its independent kanji representation (来る) and is typically written in hiragana to denote its auxiliary function. This pattern fundamentally signifies that an action, event, or state is moving towards the speaker, either in physical space, through the passage of time, or into the speaker's realm of perception. The usage can be broadly categorized into four main domains. The first is physical spatial movement. When someone performs an action and then moves toward the speaker, or when an action involves a trajectory directed at the speaker, ～てくる is employed. For instance, if a dog runs toward you, you would say the dog is running and coming. The second domain is temporal continuation from the past to the present. It describes an action or state that began at some point in the past and has continued up until the current moment of speaking. This is akin to the present perfect continuous tense in English but carries a stronger visual sense of the timeline approaching the speaker's present reality. The third domain is the beginning or emergence of a new state or action. This is particularly common with natural phenomena or physiological changes. When it starts to rain, the rain 'comes' into the speaker's reality. When one gets hungry, the state of hunger 'comes' to the surface. The fourth domain is psychological or emotional emergence, where feelings or thoughts well up from within the speaker.

Spatial Movement: Indicates that a subject performs an action and moves toward the speaker's current location, or the action itself is directed at the speaker.

犬が走ってくる。

Temporal Continuation: Describes an action or state that has been ongoing from a point in the past right up to the present moment, emphasizing the accumulation of time.

ずっと日本語を勉強してきた。

Emergence of State: Used to express that a new state, condition, or natural phenomenon has begun to occur and is becoming noticeable to the speaker.

雨が降ってきた。

お腹が空いてきた。

怒りが湧いてくる。

Understanding these nuances is essential for achieving natural-sounding Japanese, as English often relies on completely different vocabulary or tense structures to convey what Japanese accomplishes simply by adding this directional auxiliary verb. By mastering this single grammatical concept, learners unlock the ability to express complex spatial, temporal, and psychological relationships with elegant simplicity, deeply aligning their expression with native Japanese thought patterns.

Constructing sentences with the auxiliary verb ～てくる requires a solid understanding of Japanese verb conjugation, specifically the te-form. The fundamental rule is straightforward: take any verb, conjugate it into its te-form, and append the auxiliary verb くる (kuru). However, the complexity arises not from the mechanical conjugation, but from understanding how the tense of くる affects the overall meaning of the sentence, and how negative forms are constructed. When くる is used in its non-past form (てくる), it generally indicates an action that is currently moving toward the speaker, an action that the speaker will go do and then return, or a state that is just beginning to emerge and will continue into the future. For example, '買ってくる' (katte kuru) means 'I will go buy it and come back'. When conjugated into the past tense (てきた), it signifies that an action or state has continued from the past up to the present moment, or that a change has already begun and is now noticeable. For example, '寒くなってきた' (samuku natte kita) means 'It has become cold' or 'It started getting cold'.

Non-Past Tense (てくる): Used for future actions involving returning, ongoing physical movement toward the speaker, or changes that are expected to continue emerging.

ちょっとコンビニに行ってくる。

Past Tense (てきた): Used for actions that have continued up to now, or changes that have already started and are currently observable.

最近、日本語がわかってきた。

Negative Form (てこない): Conjugate the auxiliary verb くる into its negative form こない. This indicates that the expected movement or change is not happening.

待っているのに、彼が来てこない。

遠くから音が聞こえてくる。

問題が難しくなってきました。

Furthermore, it is crucial to distinguish between the physical action of going and returning versus the continuous aspect. When a speaker says '電話をかけてくる' (denwa o kakete kuru), it means someone is calling them (the action of calling is directed at the speaker). If the speaker says '電話をかけていく' (denwa o kakete iku), the speaker is calling someone else before moving on. The mastery of these sentence structures requires practice in visualizing the spatial and temporal relationships between the subject, the action, and the speaker's perspective. It is not merely a grammatical rule to memorize, but a fundamental shift in how one conceptualizes the flow of events in the Japanese language.

The expression ～てくる is ubiquitous in everyday Japanese life, permeating casual conversations, professional environments, media broadcasts, and literary works. Because it describes fundamental concepts like changes in state, physical movement, and the passage of time, it is nearly impossible to engage with the Japanese language without encountering it frequently. One of the most common everyday contexts is discussing the weather. Japanese people rarely say simply 'It is raining' when the rain has just started; instead, they say '雨が降ってきた' (ame ga futte kita), emphasizing the emergence of the rain into their reality. Similarly, discussions about physical sensations rely heavily on this pattern. When someone begins to feel hungry, tired, or sleepy, they will almost always use ～てくる. For example, 'お腹が空いてきた' (onaka ga suite kita) for getting hungry, or '眠くなってきた' (nemuku natte kita) for getting sleepy. In the workplace or at home, it is the standard way to announce that one is leaving temporarily to perform an action and will return. The phrase '行ってきます' (itte kimasu), said when leaving the house, is literally 'I will go and come back', utilizing this exact grammatical structure.

Weather and Environment: Used extensively to describe sudden changes in weather, such as rain starting, wind blowing, or the temperature dropping.

急に風が吹いてきた。

Physical Sensations: The most natural way to express that you are beginning to feel a certain physical state, such as hunger, thirst, or fatigue.

喉が渇いてきた。

Errands and Tasks: Used when announcing that you will perform a quick task and return to your current location, such as buying a drink or making a copy.

資料をコピーしてきます。

なんだか楽しくなってきた。

物価が上がってきている。

Beyond these daily interactions, ～てくる is essential in storytelling and recounting experiences. When a narrator describes a memory or a historical event that has relevance to the present day, they will use this structure to bridge the gap between the past and the present. It creates a sense of continuity and immediacy, drawing the listener into the timeline of the narrative. Recognizing these common contexts will significantly improve your listening comprehension and help you sound much more like a native speaker when expressing your own experiences and observations.

Despite its frequency, ～てくる is a source of significant confusion for many English-speaking learners of Japanese, primarily because English lacks a direct equivalent for this spatial-temporal auxiliary system. The most prevalent mistake is confusing ～てくる with its counterpart, ～ていく (te iku). While ～てくる indicates movement or change toward the speaker or up to the present moment, ～ていく indicates movement away from the speaker or change continuing into the future. Using the wrong auxiliary completely reverses the intended directionality. For example, if you want to say 'I will continue studying Japanese from now on', saying '日本語を勉強してきた' is incorrect because it means 'I have studied Japanese up to now'. The correct phrase is '日本語を勉強していく'. Another common error involves using ～てくる when the speaker is not the anchor point of the action. Because ～てくる is inherently egocentric, it sounds unnatural to use it for actions entirely disconnected from the speaker's perspective or location.

Confusing Direction: Using te-kuru instead of te-iku when describing an action moving away from the speaker or a state continuing into the future.

❌ これからも頑張ってくる。 (Incorrect for future continuation)

Incorrect Kanji Usage: Writing the auxiliary verb in kanji (て来る) instead of hiragana (てくる). While readable, it is stylistically incorrect in modern Japanese writing.

❌ 雨が降って来た。 (Should be hiragana)

Third-Party Disconnect: Using te-kuru for an action between two third parties that has no bearing on or movement toward the speaker.

❌ 彼は彼女に手紙を送ってきた。 (Incorrect if the speaker is not involved)

⭕ これからも頑張っていく。

⭕ 彼は怒っているようだ。

A further subtlety that trips up learners is the tense of the emergence usage. When saying 'It started to rain', English uses the past tense 'started'. In Japanese, you must use the past tense of the auxiliary: '降ってきた' (futte kita). Using the non-past '降ってくる' (futte kuru) would mean 'It is going to rain (and come toward me)', which is a prediction rather than an observation of a newly emerged state. Paying close attention to the speaker's physical and temporal location relative to the action is the key to avoiding these common pitfalls and mastering this essential grammatical structure.

To fully appreciate the specific nuance of ～てくる, it is highly beneficial to compare it with other auxiliary verbs and grammatical structures that express similar concepts of change, movement, or continuation. The most direct counterpart, as previously mentioned, is ～ていく (te iku). While ～てくる represents a centripetal force (moving toward the speaker's space or present time), ～ていく represents a centrifugal force (moving away from the speaker's space or into the future). Understanding this dichotomy is fundamental to Japanese spatial and temporal expression. Another similar structure is ～になる (ni naru) or ～くなる (ku naru), which simply means 'to become'. While '寒くなる' (samuku naru) means 'it becomes cold', '寒くなってきた' (samuku natte kita) adds the nuance that the coldness is actively emerging and the speaker is currently feeling the progression of this change. It is more dynamic and subjective.

～ていく (te iku): The exact opposite of te-kuru. Indicates movement away from the speaker or a state continuing from the present into the future.

鳥が飛んでいった。 (The bird flew away.)

～になる / ～くなる (ni naru / ku naru): Expresses a simple change of state without the strong sense of temporal progression or emergence toward the speaker.

夜になる。 (It becomes night.)

～はじめる (hajimeru): Explicitly means 'to start doing something'. It is more objective than te-kuru, which implies a subjective realization of the start.

雨が降りはじめた。 (It started to rain - objective fact.)

彼が走りはじめた。

忘れてしまった。 (I completely forgot it.)

Additionally, the verb 出す (dasu), when attached to the stem of a verb (e.g., 降り出す - furidasu), also means 'to suddenly start'. The difference is that ～出す implies a sudden, abrupt beginning, whereas ～てくる often implies a gradual emergence or a change that the speaker is just now noticing. For example, '泣き出す' (nakidasu) means to burst into tears suddenly, while '泣けてくる' (nakete kuru) means tears are welling up gradually due to an emotional response. Choosing the correct alternative depends entirely on the specific nuance of suddenness, directionality, and subjectivity that the speaker wishes to convey. Mastering these subtle distinctions is a hallmark of advanced Japanese proficiency.

چقدر رسمی است؟

رسمی

خنثی

غیر رسمی

Child friendly

عامیانه

نکته جالب

Because 'kuru' means 'to come', Japanese people naturally visualize time as something that moves toward them from the past, unlike English speakers who often visualize themselves moving forward through time into the future. This is why 'te kita' (came) is used for past-to-present actions.

راهنمای تلفظ

UK /te kɯɾɯ/

US /te kɯɾɯ/

te-KU-ru (Pitch accent usually attaches to the preceding verb, but 'kuru' itself is typically flat or drops on 'ru' depending on the preceding word's accent).

هم‌قافیه با

ねむる (nemuru) めぐる (meguru) すわる (suwaru) おわる (owaru) かわる (kawaru) わかる (wakaru) さわる (sawaru) まわる (mawaru)

خطاهای رایج

Pronouncing 'ru' with a hard English 'r' sound.
Putting too much stress on 'te', making it sound disjointed from the verb.
Failing to devoice the 'u' in 'ku' in rapid speech.
Confusing the pitch accent with the independent verb 'kuru' (to come), which has a different accent pattern when used as an auxiliary.
Not blending the te-form and kuru smoothly together.

سطح دشواری

خواندن 3/5

Easy to read because it is usually written in hiragana, but understanding the temporal nuance in complex sentences requires practice.

نوشتن 4/5

Requires remembering to use hiragana instead of kanji, and correctly conjugating the preceding verb into the te-form.

صحبت کردن 5/5

Very difficult for beginners to use spontaneously because it requires a shift in how one conceptualizes space and time.

گوش دادن 4/5

Often spoken quickly and blended with the verb (e.g., 'futtekita' sounds like one word), making it hard to catch for untrained ears.

بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟

پیش‌نیازها

て形 (Te-form conjugation) くる (The verb 'to come') いく (The verb 'to go') なる (The verb 'to become') adjectives (i and na)

بعداً یاد بگیرید

～ていく (te iku - moving away/future continuation) ～てしまう (te shimau - completion/regret) ～てみる (te miru - to try doing) ～ておく (te oku - to do in advance) ～はじめる (hajimeru - to start)

پیشرفته

～つつある (tsutsu aru - in the process of) ～がちだ (gachi da - tend to) ～ざるを得ない (zaru o enai - cannot help but)

گرامر لازم

Te-form of Verbs

食べる -> 食べて -> 食べてくる

Te-form of i-Adjectives (ku natte)

寒い -> 寒くなって -> 寒くなってくる

Te-form of na-Adjectives (ni natte)

静か -> 静かになって -> 静かになってくる

Contrast with Te-iku

歩いてくる (walk toward me) vs 歩いていく (walk away)

Polite Conjugation of Auxiliary Verbs

てくる -> てきます / てきた -> てきました

مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

トイレに行ってきます。

I will go to the bathroom and come back.

Verb te-form (行って) + きます (polite form of くる).

ジュースを買ってきます。

I will go buy some juice and come back.

Indicates leaving the current location to perform an action and returning.

犬が走ってきました。

A dog came running.

Describes physical movement directed toward the speaker.

友達が歩いてくる。

A friend is walking towards me.

Casual form, physical movement toward the speaker.

ちょっと待ってて、取ってくる。

Wait a minute, I'll go get it.

Very common daily phrase for fetching an item.

バスが来ました。あ、乗ってきます。

The bus has arrived. Ah, I will get on it (and go).

Sometimes used to mean doing an action before moving on, though less common than returning.

ボールが飛んできた。

A ball came flying.

Shows the trajectory of an object toward the speaker.

お母さんが呼んでくる。

Mom is coming to call me.

Action performed while moving toward the speaker.

雨が降ってきました。

It has started to rain.

Past tense indicates the emergence of a new state (weather).

お腹が空いてきました。

I am getting hungry.

Used for the emergence of physical sensations.

だんだん寒くなってきました。

It has gradually become cold.

Adjective + natte + kita shows a gradual change in state.

空が暗くなってきた。

The sky is getting dark.

Visual change becoming apparent to the speaker.

少し眠くなってきました。

I'm getting a little sleepy.

Internal physical state changing.

風が強くなってきたね。

The wind is getting stronger, isn't it?

Observation of a changing environmental condition.

人がたくさん集まってきた。

A lot of people have started to gather.

Action resulting in a state change visible to the speaker.

春になって、暖かくなってきた。

Spring has come, and it has gotten warmer.

Combining a season change with a temperature change.

三年間、日本語を勉強してきました。

I have been studying Japanese for three years.

Indicates continuation of an action from the past up to the present.

この町はずっと変わらずにやってきた。

This town has continued on without changing.

Expresses a state maintained over a long period up to now.

最近、彼の言っていることがわかってきた。

Recently, I have come to understand what he is saying.

Gradual realization or acquisition of understanding.

子供がだんだん大きくなってきた。

The child has gradually grown bigger.

Observation of a long-term physical change.

今まで頑張ってきたから、大丈夫です。

Because I have worked hard up to now, I will be fine.

Using the accumulated past effort as a reason.

日本の生活にも慣れてきました。

I have grown accustomed to life in Japan.

The process of habituation completing up to the present.

遠くから太鼓の音が聞こえてくる。

The sound of drums can be heard coming from afar.

Sensory input traveling toward the speaker.

山の上から綺麗な景色が見えてきた。

A beautiful view came into sight from the top of the mountain.

Visual information emerging as the speaker moves.

彼の態度を見ていると、怒りが湧いてくる。

Looking at his attitude, anger wells up inside me.

Psychological emergence; emotions coming to the surface.

昔の写真を整理していたら、涙が出てきた。

While organizing old photos, tears started to come out.

Involuntary physical reaction to an emotional stimulus.

この問題の深刻さが浮き彫りになってきた。

The seriousness of this problem has come to the forefront.

Abstract concept becoming apparent or clear.

伝統的な技術が失われつつある現状が見えてきた。

The current situation where traditional techniques are being lost has become visible.

Realization of a complex societal trend.

色々な経験を通して、自信がついてきた。

Through various experiences, I have gained confidence.

Gradual acquisition of an internal psychological state.

最初は嫌いだったが、だんだん好きになってきた。

I hated it at first, but I have gradually come to like it.

A complete shift in emotional state over time.

新しいアイデアが次々と浮かんでくる。

New ideas are coming to mind one after another.

Thoughts emerging spontaneously into consciousness.

社会のシステムが少しずつ変わってきた。

The social system has been changing little by little.

Describing macro-level changes up to the present.

この概念は、古くから多くの学者によって議論されてきた。

This concept has been debated by many scholars since ancient times.

Academic usage; passive voice combined with continuous past-to-present.

環境問題に対する意識が、ようやく社会全体に浸透してきた。

Awareness of environmental issues has finally permeated throughout society.

Describes a slow, widespread abstract change reaching a critical point.

彼の小説を読むと、当時の人々の苦悩が伝わってくる。

When reading his novel, the suffering of the people of that time is conveyed to me.

Emotional or abstract information traveling from a medium to the speaker.

長年の研究の成果が、ここにきて実を結んできた。

The results of many years of research have finally begun to bear fruit at this point.

Idiomatic usage combined with the emergence of a result.

AI技術の発展により、私たちの働き方は根本から覆されてきた。

Due to the development of AI technology, our way of working has been fundamentally overturned.

Describing a profound, ongoing paradigm shift up to the present.

ふと故郷の風景が脳裏に蘇ってくることがある。

There are times when the scenery of my hometown suddenly revives in my mind.

Sudden psychological emergence of a memory.

その事件の背後にある複雑な人間関係が透けて見えてきた。

The complex human relationships behind the incident have begun to show through.

Metaphorical visual emergence of hidden truths.

これまで培ってきた経験を活かし、新たな課題に取り組みたい。

I want to utilize the experience I have cultivated up to now to tackle new challenges.

Formal expression of accumulated past experience used for future action.

人類は有史以来、幾度となく疫病の脅威に晒され、それを乗り越えてきた。

Since the dawn of history, humanity has been exposed to the threat of plagues countless times and has overcome them.

Epic historical narrative anchored to the present human condition.

彼の言葉の端々から、長年抑圧されてきたルサンチマンが滲み出てくる。

From every fragment of his words, the resentment that has been suppressed for many years oozes out.

Highly literary description of psychological leakage.

資本主義の限界が叫ばれる中、新たな経済圏の輪郭がぼんやりと形成されてきた。

Amidst cries of the limits of capitalism, the outlines of a new economic sphere have vaguely begun to form.

Abstract sociological observation of an emerging paradigm.

この伝統芸能は、師から弟子へと口伝のみで脈々と受け継がれてきたのである。

This traditional performing art has been continuously passed down from master to disciple solely through oral transmission.

Emphasizing the unbroken continuity of an action through generations up to now.

自己という存在の不確かさに直面した時、底知れぬ虚無感が押し寄せてくる。

When faced with the uncertainty of one's own existence, a bottomless sense of nihilism comes rushing in.

Philosophical and existential emergence of an overwhelming emotion.

膨大なデータ群の中から、微かな相関関係が浮かび上がってくるのを待つしかない。

We have no choice but to wait for a faint correlation to emerge from the massive cluster of data.

Scientific/analytical context of information emerging into perception.

かつては異端とされた思想が、時代を経て正統なものとして認知されてきた経緯がある。

There is a history wherein thoughts once considered heretical have, over time, come to be recognized as orthodox.

Tracing the evolution of societal perception up to the present.

夕闇が迫るにつれ、街の喧騒が遠のき、代わりに虫の音が存在感を増してくる。

As dusk approaches, the hustle and bustle of the city recedes, and in its place, the sound of insects increases its presence.

Poetic juxtaposition of fading and emerging sensory experiences.

ترکیب‌های رایج

降ってくる

買ってくる

空いてくる

わかってくる

見えてくる

聞こえてくる

生きてくる

湧いてくる

増えてくる

減ってくる

عبارات رایج

行ってきます

ちょっと待ってて、取ってくる

だんだん～てきた

今まで～てきた

急に～てきた

～てくる気がする

～てくれない？

～てきている

～てきたところだ

～てくるかもしれない

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

～てくる vs ～ていく

The most common confusion. Te-kuru is moving toward the speaker or present time; te-iku is moving away or into the future.

～てくる vs ～になる

Ni naru just means 'to become'. Te-kuru adds the nuance of the change emerging into the speaker's awareness or continuing up to now.

～てくる vs ～はじめる

Hajimeru is an objective statement that an action started. Te-kuru is a subjective observation that a state has emerged.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"ピンとくる"

To suddenly understand; to click; to get a flash of intuition. The understanding 'comes' to you.

その話を聞いて、ピンときた。

Informal

"実を結んでくる"

To begin to bear fruit; efforts starting to show results.

長年の努力が実を結んできた。

Formal

"頭にくる"

To get angry. The blood 'comes' to the head.

彼の態度には本当に頭にくる。

Informal

"身にしみてくる"

To feel deeply; to realize keenly. The feeling 'comes' soaking into the body.

親のありがたみが身にしみてきた。

Neutral

"板についてくる"

To become accustomed to a role; to look the part. The skill has 'come' to stick to the board.

彼の演技も板についてきた。

Neutral

"目に見えてくる"

To become obvious; to become visible to the eye.

成果が目に見えてきた。

Neutral

"腑に落ちてくる"

To finally make sense; to be convinced. The logic 'comes' dropping into the stomach.

説明を聞いて、ようやく腑に落ちてきた。

Formal

"波に乗ってくる"

To get into the swing of things; to hit one's stride.

仕事が波に乗ってきた。

Neutral

"本領を発揮してくる"

To start showing one's true ability.

後半になって、彼が本領を発揮してきた。

Formal

"日の目を見てくる"

To finally see the light of day; to be recognized after a long time.

彼の研究がようやく日の目を見てきた。

Formal

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

～てくる vs 持ってくる (motte kuru)

Learners confuse it with 'motte iku' (to take).

Motte kuru means to bring something TOWARD the speaker's current or future location. Motte iku means to take something AWAY from the current location.

パーティーにワインを持ってくる。(Bring wine to the party.)

～てくる vs 連れてくる (tsurete kuru)

Confused with 'tsurete iku'.

Tsurete kuru is used for bringing a living person or animal toward the speaker. Tsurete iku is taking them away.

妹を連れてくる。(Bring my little sister.)

～てくる vs 降ってくる (futte kuru)

Confused with just 'furu' (to rain).

Furu is the simple verb. Futte kuru emphasizes the start of the rain entering the speaker's reality.

雨が降ってきた。(It started raining.)

～てくる vs 出てくる (dete kuru)

Confused with 'deru' (to exit).

Deru means to exit. Dete kuru means to exit a place and come TOWARD the speaker (to appear/emerge).

ネズミが出てきた。(A mouse appeared.)

～てくる vs 買ってくる (katte kuru)

Confused with 'kau' (to buy).

Kau is just the act of buying. Katte kuru means to go somewhere, buy the item, and return to the original location.

パンを買ってくる。(I'll go buy bread and come back.)

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

[Place] に行ってきます。

コンビニに行ってきます。

[Noun] を買ってきます。

お弁当を買ってきます。

[Weather Noun] が降ってきました。

雪が降ってきました。

[i-Adjective stem] くなってきました。

暑くなってきました。

今まで [Verb te-form] きました。

今まで練習してきました。

だんだん [Verb potential te-form] きました。

だんだん読めるようになってきました。

[Emotion Noun] が湧いてきました。

自信が湧いてきました。

[Abstract Noun] が見えてきました。

解決策が見えてきました。

خانواده کلمه

فعل‌ها

مرتبط

نحوه استفاده

frequency

Extremely High. It is a core structural component of the language.

اشتباهات رایج

これからも日本語を勉強してきた。 → これからも日本語を勉強していく。
Using 'te kita' for a future action is incorrect. 'Te kita' means from the past up to now. For actions continuing into the future ('korekara mo'), you must use 'te iku'.
雨が降って来る。 → 雨が降ってくる。
Writing the auxiliary verb in kanji is stylistically incorrect in modern Japanese. Auxiliary verbs should always be written in hiragana.
寒くてきた。 → 寒くなってきた。
You cannot attach 'te kuru' directly to an adjective. You must first use the verb 'naru' (to become) in its te-form: i-adjective + ku natte kita.
彼がアメリカへ帰ってきた。 → 彼がアメリカへ帰っていった。
If the speaker is in Japan, the person returning to America is moving AWAY from the speaker. Therefore, 'te iku' must be used, not 'te kuru'.
雨が降ってくる。(When noticing rain starting) → 雨が降ってきた。
When you notice a change that has just happened (like rain starting), you must use the past tense 'kita'. The non-past 'kuru' means it is going to rain in the future.

نکات

Hiragana Rule

Always write auxiliary verbs in hiragana. It is 'てくる', not 'て来る'. This helps distinguish the grammatical function from the physical verb 'to come'.

Daily Greetings

Memorize '行ってきます' (Itte kimasu) as a set phrase. It is the perfect example of the 'go and return' usage of this grammar point.

Subjective Perspective

Remember that Japanese is an egocentric language. Use 'てくる' when things happen TO you or move TOWARD you. If it doesn't affect you, don't use it.

Weather Changes

Never just say '雨が降る' when it starts raining. Native speakers almost exclusively say '雨が降ってきた' to express the sudden change.

Kuru vs Iku

Draw a timeline. Past to Present = てくる. Present to Future = ていく. Getting this right is crucial for B1 level proficiency.

Sound Blending

In fast speech, 'te kita' sounds like 'tekta'. Train your ears to catch this blended sound, especially at the end of sentences.

Emotional Swings

Use '～てきた' to describe your feelings. 'イライラしてきた' (I'm getting irritated) sounds much more natural than just 'イライラしている'.

Business Context

In the office, say 'コピーしてきます' (I'll go make copies and come back). It shows you are performing a task for the group and returning.

Adjective Conjugation

Don't forget the 'naru' when using adjectives. It's '寒くなってくる', not '寒くてくる'. The state must 'become' before it can 'come'.

The Magnet Metaphor

Visualize yourself holding a magnet. 'てくる' pulls actions, time, and weather toward you. 'ていく' pushes them away.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Imagine you are standing still. 'Te' is an action you do. 'Kuru' is a boomerang COMING back to you. Whatever action happens, it boomerangs back to your present space and time.

تداعی تصویری

Draw a stick figure of yourself. Draw an arrow pointing FROM the past, or FROM a distance, directly AT your stick figure. Label the arrow 'te kuru'.

شبکه واژگان

te kuru Movement (hashitte kuru) Weather (futte kita) Time (benkyou shite kita) Emotion (waite kita) Errands (katte kuru) Sensation (suite kita) Opposite (te iku)

چالش

For one whole day, every time you notice a change in your body (getting hungry, tired, cold) or the weather, say the Japanese phrase using '~te kita' out loud.

ریشه کلمه

The construction ～てくる originates from Old Japanese, combining the conjunctive particle て (te) with the verb 来 (ku, modern kuru). Originally, it strictly meant the physical action of doing something and then physically coming. Over centuries, as the Japanese language developed its complex system of aspectual markers, the physical meaning of 'coming' was metaphorically extended to time and psychological states. This process, known as grammaticalization, is common in many languages, but the specific spatial-temporal mapping of Japanese makes this auxiliary particularly unique.

معنای اصلی: To perform an action and physically travel to the speaker's location.

Japonic -> Japanese -> Modern Japanese Auxiliary Verbs

بافت فرهنگی

No specific cultural sensitivity issues, but using it incorrectly (e.g., using te-kuru for someone else's private emotions without observation markers) can sound presumptuous or unnatural.

English speakers often struggle with this because English uses different tenses (present perfect) or different verbs ('start', 'become') to express what Japanese does with a single spatial metaphor.

The famous novel 'Kaze no Uta o Kike' (Hear the Wind Sing) by Haruki Murakami uses this pattern extensively to describe the emergence of memories. The classic anime line 'Nanka wakuwaku shite kita zo!' (I'm getting excited!) used by Goku in Dragon Ball. The standard daily greeting 'Itte kimasu' (I will go and come back).

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

Leaving the house or office.

行ってきます
買ってくる
ちょっと見てくる
聞いてくる

Talking about the weather.

雨が降ってきた
風が吹いてきた
寒くなってきた
暗くなってきた

Expressing physical needs.

お腹が空いてきた
喉が渇いてきた
眠くなってきた
疲れてきた

Discussing language learning progress.

わかってきた
慣れてきた
話せるようになってきた
勉強してきた

Describing emotional reactions.

楽しくなってきた
悲しくなってきた
怒りが湧いてきた
泣けてきた

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"最近、急に寒くなってきましたね。風邪など引いていませんか？"

"日本語の勉強、ずっと頑張ってきましたか？"

"お腹が空いてきませんか？何か食べに行きましょう。"

"この町の雰囲気、だんだん変わってきましたよね。"

"雨が降ってきそうですね。傘を持っていますか？"

موضوعات نگارش

Write about a skill you have been practicing for a long time using ～てきた.

Describe how the weather changed today using ～てきた.

Write about a time when you suddenly felt a strong emotion using ～てきた.

List three things you will 'go and do' tomorrow using ～てくる.

Describe how your understanding of Japanese culture has changed using わかってきた.

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

It literally translates to 'I will go and come back'. It is a reassurance to the people staying behind that the person leaving intends to return safely. It uses the te-form of 'iku' (to go) plus 'kimasu' (polite form of kuru, to come).

You should always write it in hiragana (てくる). In Japanese orthography, when a verb is used as an auxiliary (attached to another verb to add grammatical meaning), it loses its original kanji. Writing 'て来る' is considered incorrect in formal writing.

'寒くなる' simply states the fact: 'It becomes cold'. '寒くなってくる' adds a sense of progression and personal observation: 'It is starting to get cold (and I feel it)'. The latter is much more common in daily conversation when noticing weather changes.

Yes, but only if the action involves moving toward you or returning to you. For example, '明日、本を持ってくる' (I will bring the book tomorrow). However, for a continuous action starting now and going into the future, you must use 'ていく' (te iku), not 'てくる'.

Because the change (the start of the rain) has already occurred by the time you notice it and speak. You are observing a state that has already emerged into your reality. If you say '降ってくる', it means 'It is going to rain (soon)'.

You conjugate the auxiliary verb 'kuru' into its negative form, 'konai'. So, 'てくる' becomes 'てこない'. For example, '待っているのに、彼が来ない' (Even though I'm waiting, he isn't coming).

Yes, but you must change the adjective into its adverbial form and add the verb 'naru' (to become) in its te-form. For i-adjectives: ~ku natte kuru. For na-adjectives: ~ni natte kuru.

Yes, absolutely. However, you must conjugate it politely. You would use 'てきます' or 'てきました'. In extremely formal situations (Keigo), you might use the humble form 'てまいります' (te mairimasu).

It means 'I have come to understand' or 'It is starting to make sense'. It shows a gradual process of comprehension that has accumulated up to the present moment. It is much more natural than just saying 'わかった' (I understood) if the learning process took time.

Yes, if their action is directed at you. '彼が電話をかけてきた' (He called me). However, you cannot use it for their internal emotions unless you are observing their physical changes, because you are not inside their mind.