به زبان خودت یاد بگیر
English العربية Deutsch Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português हिन्दी 中文
B2 noun خنثی 2 دقیقه مطالعه

困苦

Hardship; distress; misery.

kunku /ˈkʊnkʰu/
تمرین کن

Overview

The Chinese word '困苦' (kùn kǔ) encapsulates a profound sense of hardship, distress, and misery. It's a compound word, with '困' (kùn) meaning to be trapped, beleaguered, or in difficulties, and '苦' (kǔ) signifying bitterness, suffering, or hardship. When combined, they powerfully convey a state of profound and prolonged adversity.

'困苦' often describes situations where individuals or groups face severe challenges that impact their basic needs, well-being, and overall quality of life. This can manifest in various forms:

  • Material Hardship: This refers to poverty, lack of resources, hunger, homelessness, or inadequate living conditions. For example, '生活困苦' (shēng huó kùn kǔ) specifically denotes a difficult life or living in poverty.
  • Emotional and Psychological Distress: Beyond physical suffering, '困苦' can also describe deep emotional pain, anxiety, and mental anguish caused by loss, trauma, oppression, or sustained difficult circumstances. The weight of these challenges can be immense.
  • Social and Political Oppression: In broader contexts, '困苦' can refer to the suffering endured by people under oppressive regimes, during times of war, or due to systemic injustices. This kind of hardship affects entire communities.

The word implies a certain degree of sustained difficulty, rather than a fleeting inconvenience. It suggests a situation that is hard to escape from, where one feels constrained and burdened by their circumstances. It carries a strong emotional resonance, evoking sympathy and understanding for those who experience it.

While '困苦' shares semantic space with other words like '困难' (kùn nán - difficulty) or '痛苦' (tòng kǔ - pain), it emphasizes the combined effect of being in a predicament ('困') and experiencing suffering ('苦'). '困难' can be a challenge that can be overcome, while '痛苦' might be a specific instance of pain. '困苦', however, points to a more comprehensive and enduring state of adversity. It's a powerful term used to describe significant and often prolonged human suffering.

مثال‌ها

1

他从小就饱尝困苦。

Life experience

He has tasted much hardship since a child.

2

在困苦的环境中，我们更要坚定信心。

Adversity

In a distressed environment, we should be more resolute in our faith.

3

战争给人民带来了深重的困苦。

War/Conflict

War has brought profound misery to the people.

4

他们一家人生活在困苦之中。

Poverty/Living conditions

Their family lives in hardship.

5

面对困苦，他从未放弃希望。

Resilience

Faced with hardship, he never gave up hope.

ترکیب‌های رایج

生活困苦
备受困苦
摆脱困苦
不畏困苦

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

困苦 در مقابل 艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
'困苦' emphasizes the suffering and hardship experienced, often due to lack of resources or difficult circumstances. '艰苦' emphasizes the arduousness and difficulty of a task or situation, requiring great effort and endurance.
困苦 در مقابل 贫困 (pínkùn)
'困苦' is a broader term encompassing various forms of suffering and hardship, while '贫困' specifically refers to the state of being poor or lacking financial resources.

الگوهای دستوری

过着困苦的生活 (guòzhe kùnkǔ de shēnghuó) - Live a life of hardship 摆脱困苦 (bǎituō kùnkǔ) - Escape from hardship/distress 处于困苦之中 (chǔyú kùnkǔ zhī zhōng) - Be in a state of hardship/distress

نحوه استفاده

نکات کاربردی

'困苦' is a formal and somewhat literary term used to describe severe hardship, distress, or misery. It is typically applied to situations involving significant and prolonged suffering, rather than minor inconveniences. For example, one might describe the '困苦' faced by refugees, or the '困苦' endured by people living in extreme poverty. It can refer to both physical and emotional suffering. While it can be used in everyday conversation, it lends a more serious and somber tone compared to simpler terms for difficulty like '困难' (kùnnán, difficulty) or '辛苦' (xīnkǔ, hard work/toilsome). It is often paired with verbs like '经历' (jīnglì, to experience) or '忍受' (rěnshòu, to endure). For instance, '经历困苦' means 'to experience hardship,' and '忍受困苦' means 'to endure misery.' It is less commonly used to describe personal, fleeting moments of sadness and more for profound, impactful struggles.

اشتباهات رایج

One common mistake is confusing '困苦' (kùn kǔ) with similar-sounding or looking terms. For example, '痛苦' (tòng kǔ) also means pain or suffering, but it often refers to a more intense, sometimes physical, anguish. '困境' (kùn jìng) means a predicament or dilemma, focusing more on a difficult situation rather than the suffering itself. Another mistake can be mispronouncing the tones, as Chinese is a tonal language. '困' is in the 4th tone, and '苦' is in the 3rd tone. Mastering these tones is crucial for clear communication. Additionally, while '困苦' can describe both physical and emotional hardship, it's often used for prolonged or systemic difficulties rather than fleeting discomfort. For instance, one might describe the '困苦' of poverty or war, rather than a minor inconvenience.

نکات

💡

Word Usage

'困苦' (kùn kǔ) describes a state of severe difficulty, suffering, or poverty. It's often used to refer to a prolonged period of hardship or the general condition of being in distress. It can apply to individuals, families, or even a society experiencing significant adversity.
💡

Common Pitfalls

Avoid using '困苦' for minor inconveniences or temporary discomfort. It carries a strong connotation of serious and often prolonged suffering. Also, ensure the context clearly indicates a state of hardship rather than just being busy or tired, for which other words would be more appropriate.
💡

Contextual Examples

1. 他们一家人过着困苦的生活。(Tāmen yījiārén guòzhe kùnkǔ de shēnghuó.) - Their family lives a life of hardship. 2. 战乱让人们饱受困苦。(Zhànluàn ràng rénmen bǎoshòu kùnkǔ.) - War caused people to suffer great distress. 3. 面对困苦，他依然坚强地活下去。(Miànduì kùnkǔ, tā yīrán jiānqiáng de huó xiàqù.) - Faced with hardship, he still lived on strongly.

ریشه کلمه

The character '困' (kùn) is a compound ideograph (會意字). Its early forms show a tree (木 mù) enclosed within a square (囗 wéi), which represents a surrounding or enclosure. This imagery directly conveys the original meaning of being 'trapped,' 'besieged,' or 'in difficulty.' Over time, the meaning extended from physical entrapment to more abstract states of difficulty, distress, and exhaustion. For example, in the Analects of Confucius, '困' is used to describe being in a state of perplexity or hardship. The evolution of the character's meaning reflects how a concrete visual representation can broaden to encompass a range of related concepts. The core idea of being constrained or hindered remains consistent throughout its development. When combined with '苦' (kǔ), which means 'bitter' or 'suffering,' '困苦' (kùnkǔ) intensifies the meaning to denote profound 'hardship,' 'distress,' or 'misery.' The '苦' character itself is a phono-semantic compound, with the grass radical (艹) indicating its connection to plants, and '古' (gǔ) providing the phonetic element and also subtly hinting at 'old' or 'long-standing' suffering in some interpretations.

بافت فرهنگی

The term '困苦' (kùnkǔ) in Chinese carries significant cultural weight, often appearing in classical literature, philosophical texts, and historical accounts. It evokes a deep sense of suffering and adversity, not just individually but often collectively. In Chinese culture, enduring '困苦' is sometimes seen as a crucible that forges character and wisdom, aligning with the philosophical concepts of Taoism and Confucianism, which emphasize resilience and moral fortitude in the face of hardship. It's often associated with periods of war, famine, or social upheaval, making it a term that resonates with a long history of collective endurance. The expression can also be used to describe the struggles of marginalized groups or individuals who have faced systemic challenges, highlighting a societal awareness of inequality and suffering.

راهنمای حفظ

The character '困' (kùn) depicts a tree (木) enclosed in a box (囗), symbolizing being trapped or in a difficult situation. The character '苦' (kǔ) represents grass (艹) with a cross underneath, indicating bitterness or suffering. Together, '困苦' paints a picture of being trapped in a bitter, suffering situation, hence hardship or distress.

سوالات متداول

4 سوال
'困苦' (kùn kǔ) is a Chinese word that describes a state of hardship, distress, or misery. It conveys a strong sense of difficulty and suffering, often encompassing both material deprivation and emotional pain. When someone is in a state of '困苦', they are typically facing significant challenges that make their life very difficult to bear. This can involve poverty, lack of resources, severe physical discomfort, or profound emotional anguish due to unfortunate circumstances. The term emphasizes a prolonged and often deep-seated experience of adversity rather than just a fleeting moment of discomfort. It suggests a situation where one struggles to cope with life's burdens and challenges, often feeling overwhelmed and without much relief. It's a powerful term used to describe profound suffering.
'困苦' (kùn kǔ) is often used to describe the general state of someone's life or a period of their life. For example, one might say '他们经历了许多困苦' (tā men jīng lì le xǔ duō kùn kǔ), meaning 'They experienced a lot of hardship.' It can also be used to describe the conditions of a place or a group of people, such as '生活在困苦之中' (shēng huó zài kùn kǔ zhī zhōng), meaning 'living in distress.' The term can be paired with verbs like '忍受' (rěn shòu - to endure), '摆脱' (bǎi tuō - to break free from), or '陷入' (xiàn rù - to fall into) to describe one's interaction with the state of hardship. It's usually associated with a sense of struggle against difficult circumstances, highlighting the burden and suffering involved.
Yes, there are several synonyms for '困苦' (kùn kǔ), each with slightly different nuances. '艰辛' (jiān xīn) also means hardship, but it often emphasizes the arduousness of a task or journey, implying great effort and toil. '苦难' (kǔ nàn) is another strong synonym for suffering or calamity, often carrying a heavier connotation of extreme pain and misfortune, sometimes with a sense of fate or destiny. '贫困' (pín kùn) specifically refers to poverty and destitution, focusing on material lack. While '困苦' encompasses both material and emotional suffering, '艰辛' highlights the difficulty of the process, '苦难' emphasizes severe suffering and misfortune, and '贫困' focuses on financial hardship. '困境' (kùn jìng) means a predicament or difficult situation, which is a broader term.
While '困苦' (kùn kǔ) itself is a strong and expressive word, it's also found in various common phrases and can be part of idiomatic expressions that convey its meaning more vividly. A very common phrase is '困苦潦倒' (kùn kǔ liáo dǎo), which describes being in extreme poverty and distress, often to the point of being down and out. This idiom paints a picture of someone who is not only suffering greatly but also looks shabby and is in a state of despair. Another phrase could be '饱尝困苦' (bǎo cháng kùn kǔ), meaning 'to have fully experienced hardship' or 'to have endured much suffering,' indicating a person who has gone through a great deal of adversity. These phrases emphasize the depth and impact of the hardship.

خودت رو بسنج

fill blank

她出身于________家庭，从小就尝尽了生活的艰辛。

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
fill blank

面对生活中的种种________，他始终保持乐观的心态。

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:
fill blank

在战火纷飞的年代，人民过着________的生活。

درسته! نه دقیقاً. پاسخ صحیح:

امتیاز: /3

محتوای مرتبط

این کلمه در زبان‌های دیگر

苦労 ژاپنی
مفید بود؟

نظرات (0)

برای نظر دادن وارد شوید
هنوز نظری وجود ندارد. اولین نفری باشید که افکار خود را به اشتراک می‌گذارد!