با وجود این en 30 secondes
- A formal Persian conjunction meaning 'despite this' or 'nevertheless', used to link two contrasting or surprising ideas in a logical sequence.
- Essential for moving beyond basic 'but' (اما) in writing, it adds a layer of sophistication and clarity to Persian sentences and arguments.
- Constructed from 'با' (with), 'وجود' (existence), and 'این' (this), it literally acknowledges the 'existence' of a prior condition before contradicting it.
- Commonly found in news, academic writing, and formal speech, it requires a semicolon or period before it and often a comma after it.
The Persian phrase با وجود این (bā vojud-e in) is a sophisticated yet essential conjunction used to express contrast or concession. In linguistic terms, it functions as an adversative connector, bridging two clauses where the second clause presents information that is surprising or contradictory in light of the first. Literally translated, it means "with the existence of this," but its functional equivalent in English is "despite this," "nevertheless," "nonetheless," or "even so." Understanding this phrase is a gateway to intermediate Persian literacy, as it allows speakers to move beyond simple sentence structures like "but" (اما) into more nuanced argumentative and descriptive prose. It acknowledges a premise while immediately introducing a counter-point, making it indispensable for academic writing, formal speeches, and polite conversation.
- Grammatical Role
- It acts as a transitional adverbial phrase or conjunction, usually placed at the beginning of a new sentence or after a semicolon to contrast with the preceding statement.
- Semantic Weight
- It carries a higher level of formality than the simple 'ولی' (but) and implies a stronger sense of 'despite the circumstances'.
- Etymological Root
- Derived from 'با' (with), 'وجود' (existence/presence), and 'این' (this), rooted in the Arabic 'وجد' (to find/exist).
هوا بسیار سرد بود؛ با وجود این، او تصمیم گرفت پیادهروی کند.
(The weather was very cold; despite this, he decided to go for a walk.)
When we look at the internal structure, 'وجود' (vojūd) refers to the state of being or the presence of a condition. By saying 'با وجود این', you are literally saying 'with the presence of this condition [already mentioned]'. This creates a logical link that forces the listener to hold the first fact in their mind while processing the second, contrasting fact. It is frequently used in news reporting to contrast economic data or in literature to highlight a character's resilience. For example, a character might be exhausted, yet 'با وجود این', they continue their journey. This phrase adds a layer of persistence and complexity to the narrative flow that simpler conjunctions lack.
تلاشهای زیادی انجام شد؛ با وجود این، نتیجه مطلوب به دست نیامد.
In the context of the CEFR A2 level, learners are expected to start connecting sentences with more than just 'and' and 'but'. Using 'با وجود این' demonstrates a grasp of logical connectors. It shows that the learner can acknowledge a situation and then provide a counter-narrative. This is crucial for passing speaking exams where 'cohesion and coherence' are graded. It’s not just about the words; it’s about the logical architecture of the thought. Using this phrase makes your Persian sound more 'adult' and structured. It moves the speaker from a 'list-making' stage of language learning to a 'story-telling' and 'argument-building' stage.
او بیمار بود؛ با وجود این به امتحان آمد.
قیمتها بالا رفته است؛ با وجود این تقاضا کم نشده است.
او ثروتمند است؛ با وجود این زندگی سادهای دارد.
- Synonymity
- Closely related to 'علیرغم این' (despite this) and 'با این وجود' (notwithstanding this).
Using با وجود این requires an understanding of sentence boundaries and logical flow. Unlike simple conjunctions like 'و' (and), which can sit between two words, 'با وجود این' almost always connects two complete thoughts or clauses. It typically appears at the start of the second sentence or immediately following a semicolon. In formal writing, it is often followed by a comma to set off the rest of the sentence. This punctuation helps the reader pause and prepare for the contrasting information that follows. For example: 'او خیلی تمرین کرد. با وجود این، در مسابقه شکست خورد.' (He practiced a lot. Despite this, he lost the race.)
One of the most common structural patterns is [Statement A] + [Semicolon/Period] + [با وجود این] + [Comma] + [Statement B]. Statement B must logically contradict the expectation set by Statement A. If Statement A is 'It was raining' and Statement B is 'I took an umbrella', you would NOT use 'با وجود این' because taking an umbrella is a logical consequence of rain. However, if Statement B is 'I didn't take an umbrella', then 'با وجود این' is the perfect connector. This logical 'surprise' is the core of its usage.
In more advanced usage, you can see it used in complex sentences where multiple factors are being weighed. For instance, 'شرایط اقتصادی سخت است و تورم بالاست؛ با وجود این، مردم هنوز به آینده امیدوارند.' (Economic conditions are hard and inflation is high; despite this, people are still hopeful for the future.) Here, the phrase acts as a pivot point for the entire sentiment of the paragraph. It signals a shift from negative facts to a positive or neutral observation. It is also important to note that 'با وجود این' can be used to emphasize the subject's agency or resilience. When a person does something 'با وجود این', it often implies they are overcoming an obstacle.
Learners should also be aware of its position. While it usually starts the second clause, in very formal or literary Persian, it can occasionally be integrated more deeply into the sentence, though this is rare for A2/B1 learners. Stick to the 'Start of the second clause' rule for maximum clarity. Another tip is to avoid overusing it. If every sentence in your essay starts with 'با وجود این', the writing becomes repetitive. Mix it up with 'اما' (but), 'با این حال' (nevertheless), or 'هرچند' (although) to maintain a natural flow. Finally, remember that 'این' in the phrase refers back to the entirety of the previous statement. It is a demonstrative pronoun acting as a placeholder for the fact just mentioned.
You will encounter با وجود این in a variety of contexts, ranging from the evening news to classical literature. In news broadcasts (IRIB or BBC Persian), journalists use it to contrast government statements with reality or to report on international relations. For example, 'The two countries signed a treaty; despite this, tensions remain high.' In this context, the phrase sounds professional and objective. It is the language of diplomacy and reporting, where nuance is key. If you listen to Persian podcasts or watch documentaries, you will hear it used to transition between different viewpoints or to highlight unexpected findings in history or science.
In the workplace, a manager might use it during a performance review or a meeting. 'The project was delayed; despite this, the quality of the work is excellent.' Here, it serves to balance criticism with praise, making it a vital tool for professional communication. It allows for a 'sandwich' method of feedback where a negative fact is acknowledged but followed by a positive outcome. In academic settings, professors use it during lectures to challenge common assumptions or to introduce exceptions to scientific rules. It is a hallmark of 'educated' speech.
In literature and cinema, 'با وجود این' is used to build character and tension. A protagonist might face insurmountable odds, and the narrator will use this phrase to describe their continued effort. It adds a heroic or tragic quality to the narrative. Even in everyday polite conversation among adults, you will hear it when people discuss life's challenges. 'My car broke down; despite this, I made it to the party on time.' While younger people might use the more colloquial 'با این حال', 'با وجود این' is never out of place and always sounds respectful and clear. It is also very common in editorials and opinion pieces in newspapers like 'Ettela'at' or 'Shargh', where writers argue complex points of view.
One of the most frequent mistakes learners make is using با وجود این when there is no actual contrast. For example, saying 'It was cold; despite this, I wore a coat' is logically incorrect because wearing a coat is the expected response to cold. The phrase requires a 'concessive' relationship—the second part must be unexpected. A correct version would be 'It was cold; despite this, I wore a T-shirt.' Learners often confuse 'logical consequence' with 'logical contrast'. Always ask yourself: Is the second part of my sentence surprising given the first part? If yes, 'با وجود این' is correct.
Another common error is the confusion between 'با وجود این' and 'با وجودِ...' (followed by a noun). 'با وجود این' is a standalone phrase meaning 'despite this'. However, if you want to say 'Despite the rain', you must say 'با وجودِ باران'. You cannot say 'با وجود این باران' to mean 'despite the rain' in the same way; that would mean 'despite this, the rain...'. The 'این' is a pronoun. If you have a specific noun like 'rain' or 'problems', you drop the 'این' and attach the noun directly to 'با وجود' using an Ezafe. Mistaking these two structures is a classic A2-level hurdle.
Punctuation and placement errors are also common. Some learners try to put 'با وجود این' at the very end of a sentence, like the English 'though' (e.g., 'I went, despite this'). In Persian, this sounds very unnatural. It almost always precedes the clause it modifies. Additionally, forgetting the Ezafe sound (the 'e' in vojud-e) when speaking can make the phrase sound disjointed. It should be pronounced as one fluid unit: /bā voju-de in/. Finally, some learners confuse it with 'به وجود آمدن' (to come into existence/to be created). While they share the root 'وجود', they are grammatically and semantically unrelated. 'با وجود این' is a connector; 'به وجود آمدن' is a verb.
Persian has several ways to express contrast, and choosing the right one depends on the level of formality and the specific nuance you want to convey. The most direct synonym is با این حال (bā in hāl). This literally means 'with this state/condition' and is used almost identically to 'با وجود این'. However, 'با این حال' is slightly more common in spoken Persian and feels a bit less heavy. If you are chatting with a friend, 'با این حال' is often the better choice. If you are writing a formal essay, 'با وجود این' is superior.
Another close relative is علیرغم این (ala-raghm-e in). This is very formal and carries a sense of 'in spite of'. It is often used in legal or highly academic contexts. While 'با وجود این' is like 'despite this', 'علیرغم این' is more like 'notwithstanding this'. Then there is با این وجود (bā in vojud). This is a simple variation of our target phrase, just swapping the word order of 'این' and 'وجود'. Both are correct, but 'با وجود این' is generally more frequent in contemporary Iranian Persian.
For simpler contrasts, we have اما (amā) and ولی (vali), both meaning 'but'. These are much broader and don't carry the specific 'despite' nuance. You can use 'اما' for any contrast, but you use 'با وجود این' specifically when the contrast is surprising. There is also هرچند (harchand) and با اینکه (bā inke), which mean 'although'. These are used to start the *first* clause (e.g., 'Although it was raining...'), whereas 'با وجود این' starts the *second* clause (e.g., 'It was raining; despite this...'). Understanding this structural difference is key to mastering Persian syntax.
How Formal Is It?
Niveau de difficulté
Grammaire à connaître
Ezafe construction
Compound prepositions
Sentence connectors
Adversative clauses
Formal vs Informal register
Exemples par niveau
هوا سرد است. با وجود این، من بیرون میروم.
The weather is cold. Despite this, I am going out.
Simple sentence connection.
او خسته بود. با وجود این، درس خواند.
He was tired. Despite this, he studied.
Contrast between physical state and action.
غذا تند بود. با وجود این، او همه را خورد.
The food was spicy. Despite this, he ate it all.
Concession.
پول ندارم. با وجود این، خوشحالم.
I don't have money. Despite this, I am happy.
Abstract contrast.
ساعت دیر است. با وجود این، او نیامد.
It is late. Despite this, he didn't come.
Expectation vs Reality.
او مریض است. با وجود این، کار میکند.
He is sick. Despite this, he is working.
Standard usage.
کتاب سخت بود. با وجود این، آن را خواندم.
The book was hard. Despite this, I read it.
Effort vs Difficulty.
راه دور بود. با وجود این، پیاده رفتیم.
The way was far. Despite this, we walked.
Distance contrast.
تیم ما خوب بازی کرد؛ با وجود این، بازی را باختیم.
Our team played well; despite this, we lost the game.
Use of semicolon before the conjunction.
او در تهران زندگی میکند؛ با وجود این، فارسی بلد نیست.
He lives in Tehran; despite this, he doesn't know Persian.
Highlighting a paradox.
امتحان خیلی سخت بود؛ با وجود این، همه قبول شدند.
The exam was very hard; despite this, everyone passed.
Unexpected outcome.
او ثروتمند است؛ با وجود این، ماشین ندارد.
He is rich; despite this, he doesn't have a car.
Social expectation contrast.
او قول داده بود بیاید؛ با وجود این، نیامد.
He had promised to come; despite this, he didn't come.
Past perfect context.
این رستوران گران است؛ با وجود این، همیشه شلوغ است.
This restaurant is expensive; despite this, it is always crowded.
Economic contrast.
او پیر است؛ با وجود این، هر روز ورزش میکند.
He is old; despite this, he exercises every day.
Age vs Activity.
من او را بخشیدم؛ با وجود این، دیگر به او اعتماد ندارم.
I forgave him; despite this, I don't trust him anymore.
Emotional nuance.
دولت وعدههای زیادی داد؛ با وجود این، مشکلات اقتصادی حل نشد.
The government made many promises; despite this, economic problems were not solved.
Formal/Political context.
او در خانوادهای فقیر بزرگ شد؛ با وجود این، به موفقیتهای بزرگی رسید.
He grew up in a poor family; despite this, he achieved great success.
Narrative arc.
تحقیقات نشان میدهد که این دارو موثر است؛ با وجود این، عوارض جانبی دارد.
Research shows this medicine is effective; despite this, it has side effects.
Scientific/Objective contrast.
او سالها در آلمان زندگی کرد؛ با وجود این، هنوز فرهنگ ایرانی را حفظ کرده است.
He lived in Germany for years; despite this, he has still preserved Iranian culture.
Cultural identity.
باران شدیدی میبارید؛ با وجود این، مسابقه فوتبال لغو نشد.
It was raining heavily; despite this, the football match was not cancelled.
Formal reporting style.
او اشتباه خود را پذیرفت؛ با وجود این، رئیس او را اخراج کرد.
He admitted his mistake; despite this, the boss fired him.
Cause and unexpected effect.
تکنولوژی زندگی را آسان کرده است؛ با وجود این، استرس مردم بیشتر شده است.
Technology has made life easier; despite this, people's stress has increased.
Societal observation.
او تمام شب را بیدار بود؛ با وجود این، در جلسه بسیار هوشیار به نظر میرسید.
He was awake all night; despite this, he seemed very alert in the meeting.
Physical state vs appearance.
بسیاری از منتقدان فیلم را نپسندیدند؛ با وجود این، در گیشه فروش بسیار خوبی داشت.
Many critics didn't like the film; despite this, it had very good box office sales.
Professional/Media context.
او به شدت مجروح شده بود؛ با وجود این، توانست خود را به جاده برساند.
He was severely injured; despite this, he managed to reach the road.
Dramatic narrative.
شواهد کافی علیه او وجود نداشت؛ با وجود این، دادگاه او را محکوم کرد.
There wasn't enough evidence against him; despite this, the court convicted him.
Legal/Formal context.
قیمت مسکن به شدت افزایش یافته است؛ با وجود این، تقاضا برای خرید خانه همچنان بالاست.
Housing prices have increased sharply; despite this, the demand for buying houses remains high.
Economic analysis.
او میدانست که این کار خطرناک است؛ با وجود این، ریسک آن را پذیرفت.
He knew this task was dangerous; despite this, he accepted the risk.
Psychological contrast.
توافقنامه صلح امضا شد؛ با وجود این، درگیریهای پراکنده در مرز ادامه دارد.
The peace agreement was signed; despite this, sporadic clashes continue at the border.
Political nuance.
او از خانوادهای مذهبی بود؛ با وجود این، دیدگاههای بسیار لیبرالی داشت.
He was from a religious family; despite this, he had very liberal views.
Sociological contrast.
نویسنده در فقر مطلق درگذشت؛ با وجود این، آثارش پس از مرگ به شهرت جهانی رسید.
The author died in absolute poverty; despite this, his works achieved global fame after his death.
Historical/Literary context.
نظریه او از نظر منطقی منسجم به نظر میرسد؛ با وجود این، با دادههای تجربی همخوانی ندارد.
His theory seems logically coherent; despite this, it does not align with empirical data.
Academic/Scientific discourse.
رشد اقتصادی در سال گذشته مثبت بود؛ با وجود این، شکاف طبقاتی عمیقتر شده است.
Economic growth was positive last year; despite this, the class gap has deepened.
Macroeconomic analysis.
او به تمام جزئیات قرارداد اعتراض کرد؛ با وجود این، در نهایت آن را امضا نمود.
He objected to all the details of the contract; despite this, he eventually signed it.
Formal/Legalistic.
فلسفه او بر پایه عقلگرایی است؛ با وجود این، رگههایی از عرفان در آن دیده میشود.
His philosophy is based on rationalism; despite this, traces of mysticism are seen in it.
Philosophical analysis.
تحریمها فشار زیادی بر مردم وارد کرده است؛ با وجود این، اراده سیاسی دولت تغییر نکرده است.
Sanctions have put much pressure on the people; despite this, the government's political will hasn't changed.
Geopolitical commentary.
او در اوج قدرت بود؛ با وجود این، همواره از تنهایی رنج میبرد.
He was at the height of power; despite this, he always suffered from loneliness.
Literary/Psychological.
زبان فارسی در طول قرنها تغییرات زیادی کرده است؛ با وجود این، هویت اصلی خود را حفظ نموده است.
The Persian language has changed much over centuries; despite this, it has preserved its core identity.
Linguistic/Historical.
پیشرفتهای پزشکی خیرهکننده بوده است؛ با وجود این، هنوز درمان قطعی برای بسیاری از بیماریها وجود ندارد.
Medical advancements have been stunning; despite this, there is still no definitive cure for many diseases.
Scientific critique.
پارادوکس غریبی در رفتار او نهفته است؛ او از یک سو به دموکراسی معتقد است و با وجود این، در عمل مستبدانه رفتار میکند.
A strange paradox lies in his behavior; on one hand, he believes in democracy, and despite this, he acts autocratically in practice.
Complex psychological/political analysis.
متن پیش رو سرشار از ابهامات هرمنوتیکی است؛ با وجود این، میتوان جوهره اصلی اندیشه مؤلف را استخراج کرد.
The text before us is full of hermeneutic ambiguities; despite this, one can extract the core essence of the author's thought.
High-level literary criticism.
ساختار سیاسی این کشور بسیار صلب و انعطافناپذیر است؛ با وجود این، جنبشهای مدنی توانستهاند رخنههایی در آن ایجاد کنند.
The political structure of this country is very rigid and inflexible; despite this, civil movements have managed to create cracks in it.
Political science discourse.
هنرمند در این اثر به دنبال بازنمایی واقعیت نیست؛ با وجود این، پیوندی ناگسستنی با مسائل اجتماعی روز دارد.
The artist in this work is not seeking to represent reality; despite this, it has an unbreakable link with contemporary social issues.
Artistic theory.
جهانبینی او بر پایه بدبینی مطلق استوار است؛ با وجود این، در اشعارش بارقههایی از امید و زیبایی به چشم میخورد.
His worldview is based on absolute pessimism; despite this, sparks of hope and beauty are seen in his poems.
Literary analysis.
نظام سرمایهداری با بحرانهای ساختاری متعددی روبروست؛ با وجود این، توانایی شگفتانگیزی در بازسازی و بقای خود نشان داده است.
The capitalist system faces numerous structural crises; despite this, it has shown an amazing ability to reconstruct and survive.
Economic/Sociological theory.
ترجمه متون کلاسیک همواره با چالشهای معنایی همراه است؛ با وجود این، مترجم توانسته است لحن و فضای اثر را به خوبی منتقل کند.
Translating classical texts is always accompanied by semantic challenges; despite this, the translator has managed to convey the tone and atmosphere of the work well.
Translation studies.
اگرچه تکنولوژی ارتباطات جهان را به دهکدهای کوچک تبدیل کرده است، با وجود این، سوءتفاهمهای فرهنگی میان ملتها عمیقتر شده است.
Although communication technology has turned the world into a small village, despite this, cultural misunderstandings between nations have deepened.
Globalist critique.
Synonymes
Antonymes
Collocations courantes
Phrases Courantes
Souvent confondu avec
Requires a noun immediately after it (e.g., 'Despite the rain'), whereas 'با وجود این' is a standalone connector ('Despite this').
A verb meaning 'to be created' or 'to happen', unrelated to contrast.
'اما' is a general 'but', while 'با وجود این' specifically emphasizes 'despite the aforementioned'.
Expressions idiomatiques
Facile à confondre
Structures de phrases
Comment l'utiliser
It implies a sense of persistence or overcoming.
Very high in written Persian, medium-high in spoken Persian.
Can often be replaced by 'با این حال' without changing the meaning.
- Using it for expected results (e.g., 'It was hot, despite this I drank water').
- Forgetting the Ezafe 'e' sound.
- Placing it at the end of the sentence.
- Confusing it with 'به وجود آمدن' (to be created).
- Using 'این' when a specific noun is already present (e.g., saying 'با وجود این باران' instead of 'با وجود باران').
Astuces
The Semicolon Rule
In formal writing, use a semicolon before 'با وجود این' to connect two independent but related sentences.
Avoid Overuse
Don't use it in every paragraph. Alternate with 'اما', 'با این حال', or 'هرچند' to keep your writing fresh.
Check the Contrast
Make sure the second part of your sentence is actually surprising. If it's expected, don't use this phrase.
The Ezafe Sound
Don't forget the 'e' sound at the end of 'وجود'. It's 'vojude', not 'vojud'.
Noun Version
Remember that if you want to say 'Despite the [Noun]', you use 'با وجودِ [Noun]' without 'این'.
Comma Usage
Always put a comma after 'با وجود این' when it's at the start of a sentence.
Score Higher
Using this phrase in your speaking or writing exams shows you have a good grasp of cohesive devices.
Context Clues
When you see this phrase, prepare for a 'but' or a shift in the author's argument.
Polite Disagreement
Use this phrase to disagree politely in a professional setting.
News Marker
Listen for this phrase in Persian news to catch the most important part of the report.
Mémorise-le
Origine du mot
Contexte culturel
Highly appropriate for formal letters, news, and academic papers.
It is a polite way to introduce a counter-argument without being confrontational.
In very casual speech, 'با این حال' is more common, but 'با وجود این' is perfectly understood and used by educated speakers.
Pratique dans la vie réelle
Contextes réels
Amorces de conversation
"هوا امروز خیلی گرمه، با وجود این میخوای بری پیادهروی؟"
"امتحان خیلی سخت بود، با وجود این فکر میکنی قبول میشی؟"
"این فیلم خیلی طولانیه، با وجود این ارزش دیدن داره؟"
"قیمتها خیلی بالا رفته، با وجود این مردم هنوز خرید میکنن، نه؟"
"او خیلی مهربونه، با وجود این چرا هیچکس باهاش دوست نمیشه؟"
Sujets d'écriture
Write about a time you were very tired but, با وجود این, you finished your work.
Describe a difficult situation in your country where, با وجود این, people remain hopeful.
Write a short story about a hero who faces many obstacles and, با وجود این, succeeds.
Discuss a movie you didn't like, but با وجود این, you think others should see it.
Reflect on a personal mistake you made, and how با وجود این, you learned something valuable.
Questions fréquentes
10 questionsYes, it is considered formal and is very common in writing and professional speech.
No, it must come at the beginning of the clause it is introducing.
They are essentially the same. 'با وجود این' is slightly more common in modern Iranian Persian.
Yes, in formal writing, a comma is usually placed after the phrase.
Yes, though 'با این حال' is more common in casual conversation, 'با وجود این' is perfectly fine.
Yes, that is its primary function.
It is a phrase consisting of three separate words.
Yes, if the paragraph is contrasting with the previous one.
The word 'وجود' is Arabic, but the phrase structure is Persian.
It is typically introduced at the A2/B1 level.
Teste-toi 61 questions
/ 61 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
Use 'با وجود این' to sound more professional and precise when expressing a contrast where the second fact is unexpected or surprising given the first fact. It is a hallmark of intermediate and advanced Persian literacy.
- A formal Persian conjunction meaning 'despite this' or 'nevertheless', used to link two contrasting or surprising ideas in a logical sequence.
- Essential for moving beyond basic 'but' (اما) in writing, it adds a layer of sophistication and clarity to Persian sentences and arguments.
- Constructed from 'با' (with), 'وجود' (existence), and 'این' (this), it literally acknowledges the 'existence' of a prior condition before contradicting it.
- Commonly found in news, academic writing, and formal speech, it requires a semicolon or period before it and often a comma after it.
The Semicolon Rule
In formal writing, use a semicolon before 'با وجود این' to connect two independent but related sentences.
Avoid Overuse
Don't use it in every paragraph. Alternate with 'اما', 'با این حال', or 'هرچند' to keep your writing fresh.
Check the Contrast
Make sure the second part of your sentence is actually surprising. If it's expected, don't use this phrase.
The Ezafe Sound
Don't forget the 'e' sound at the end of 'وجود'. It's 'vojude', not 'vojud'.
Contenu associé
Expressions liées
Plus de mots sur general
عادتوار
C1As a matter of habit; habitually.
عادی
A1Le mot 'عادی' signifie normal ou ordinaire. Par exemple: 'C'est une journée normale' (این یک روز عادی است).
عافیت
B2Bien-être; santé et sécurité holistiques. Utilisé souvent comme une bénédiction après un éternuement.
عاجل
B2Urgent; qui exige une attention ou une action immédiate. Par exemple: 'Une guérison urgente' ou 'Une nouvelle urgente'.
عاقبت
C1Le résultat final ou l'aboutissement d'une action. 'عاقبت کار چه شد؟' (Quel a été l'aboutissement de l'affaire ?)
عاقل
A1Sage, sensé. Une personne qui fait preuve de bon jugement.
عالمگیر
C1Universel ou mondial; ce qui s'étend à toute la terre.
عالی
A1Le mot 'Aali' signifie excellent ou superbe en persan.
عام
B1Le mot 'Am' signifie général ou public.
اعم از
B2Y compris; soit... soit... (utilisé pour introduire des options).
