除く en 30 secondes
- Excludes from a group or list.
- Often used as 'except for' (<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark>).
- Common in announcements, sales, and rules.
- Means to remove or leave out.
The Japanese verb 除く (nozoku) is a versatile word that translates to 'to take out,' 'to remove,' 'to exclude,' or 'to leave out.' It signifies the act of separating something from a group, a list, or a general set of items or people. This verb is commonly used in various contexts, from everyday conversations to more formal settings like official documents, announcements, and business communications. Understanding 除く is crucial for comprehending instructions, lists, and discussions where certain elements are intentionally omitted or set aside.
- Core Meaning
- To remove from a set or group; to make an exception.
- Common Scenarios
- Used when creating lists, making exceptions in rules, or describing physical removal of items. For instance, you might exclude a specific item from a delivery order, or a rule might not apply to a particular group of people.
このキャンペーンは、一部の商品を除き、すべて対象となります。
不要な書類はすべて廃棄し、必要なものだけを残しました。
- Usage in Lists
- When creating a list of items, people, or conditions, 除く helps specify what is *not* included. For example, in a guest list, you might exclude certain individuals. In a menu, certain ingredients might be excluded for dietary reasons.
- Rule Exceptions
- It's frequently used to indicate exceptions to general rules or policies. For instance, 'All employees must attend the meeting, excluding those on leave.' This clarifies the scope of the rule.
- Physical Removal
- While less common in everyday speech compared to exclusion, 除く can also refer to the physical act of removing something. For example, removing a stain from clothing or removing a faulty part from a machine.
The verb 除く (nozoku) can be conjugated like any other Japanese verb. Its most common usage is in the te-form (除いて - nozokuite), often used as a conjunctive particle meaning 'except for' or 'excluding.' This form is incredibly useful for making exceptions clear in statements and instructions.
- Basic Conjugation
- As a Group 1 verb (godan verb), 除く conjugates regularly. For example, the past tense is 除いた (nozoita - removed/excluded), and the negative is 除かない (nozokanai - does not remove/exclude).
- Using 除いて (Except For)
- This is the most frequent and useful form for learners. It's placed after the noun or phrase that is being excluded. The structure is typically: [Items/People] + 除いて + [Statement about the remaining items/people].
全員除いて、会議に参加してください。
この割引は、セール品を除いて適用されます。
- As a Verb in a Sentence
- You can use 除く as the main verb of a sentence, although this is less common than the te-form for expressing exclusion. It would describe the action of removing something.
- With Nouns
- You can nominalize the verb using こと or の, or use it with particles like を to indicate what is being removed.
このリストから、氏名が不明な参加者を除いてください。
You'll encounter 除く (nozoku) in a variety of real-world situations, often when clarity and precision are important. Its usage spans from official announcements to everyday logistics, making it a valuable word to recognize.
- Announcements and Notices
- Public transportation, event venues, and shops frequently use 除いて to state conditions or exclusions. For example, 'This pass is valid for all lines, excluding the express train.' or 'Admission is free for children under 3, excluding infants.' These notices aim to prevent confusion.
- Sales and Promotions
- Retailers use 除いて in advertisements to specify which items are part of a sale or promotion. 'All items 20% off, excluding new arrivals and gift certificates.' This helps manage customer expectations.
- Business and Administration
- In business settings, 除く is used in contracts, reports, and official documents to define scope and exceptions. For instance, a report might state, 'The financial results for the subsidiary are included, excluding the overseas branch's performance.' This ensures accuracy and avoids ambiguity.
本日は休業日ですが、オンラインストアは通常通りご利用いただけます。ただし、カスタマーサポートは除きます。
このエリアへの立ち入りは、許可された職員を除き、禁止されています。
- Everyday Conversations
- Even in casual settings, 除いて can be used to make a quick exception. For example, 'I like all kinds of fruit, except for durian.' or 'We can all go to the park, except for Kenji, who has to study.'
- Instruction Manuals
- When assembling furniture or operating machinery, instructions might specify steps that need to be done, excluding certain parts or actions. This ensures that users follow the correct procedure.
While 除く (nozoku) is a useful verb, learners can sometimes misuse it, especially when trying to express exclusion or exceptions. Understanding these common pitfalls can help you use the word more accurately.
- Confusing 除く with 残す (nokosu)
- A common error is to confuse 除く (to remove/exclude) with 残す (nokosu), which means 'to leave behind' or 'to remain.' While they both deal with what is left, their meanings are opposite in terms of action. 除く is about taking something *out*, while 残す is about what *stays*.
- Incorrect Placement of 除いて
- The te-form 除いて should follow the noun or phrase that is being excluded. Placing it incorrectly can lead to confusion. For example, saying 'I like apples except for all fruits' is grammatically incorrect and nonsensical. The correct structure is 'All fruits, except for apples, I like.'
誤: 私はリンゴ除いて、すべての果物が好きです。
正: 私はリンゴ除き、すべての果物が好きです。
- Using 除く when a simpler word suffices
- In very casual speech, sometimes a simpler phrasing might be more natural. For instance, instead of saying 'I will exclude you from the group,' you might just say 'You can't join the group.' However, 除く is often necessary for formal or precise communication.
- Misinterpreting the scope of exclusion
- It's important to be clear about *what* is being excluded. For example, if a rule states 'Employees excluding part-time staff must attend,' it's crucial that the distinction between full-time and part-time staff is well-defined.
While 除く (nozoku) is a common way to express exclusion, several other words and phrases can convey similar meanings, each with slightly different nuances and levels of formality.
- 〜以外 (igai) - Besides; Except For
- This is a very common and versatile alternative, often used similarly to 除いて. It's generally neutral in formality. 〜以外 is a particle that follows a noun or noun phrase.
- Example Comparison:
- セール品を除き、全品２０％オフ。 (Sēruhin o nozoki, zenpin ni-jū-pāsento ofu.) - Excluding sale items, everything is 20% off.
- セール品以外、全品２０％オフ。 (Sēruhin igai, zenpin ni-jū-pāsento ofu.) - Besides sale items, everything is 20% off.
- 〜抜き (nuki) - Without; Minus
- 抜き is often used to indicate something that is not included in a price, a count, or a list. It can feel a bit more direct or like a deduction.
- Example Comparison:
- 税金抜きで１０００円です。 (Zeikin nuki de sen-en desu.) - It's 1000 yen, excluding tax. (This implies the price before tax is 1000 yen).
- 税金は、１０００円の他に別途かかります。 (Zeikin wa, sen-en no hoka ni betto kakarimasu.) - Tax is charged separately in addition to the 1000 yen. (This is a way to express the same idea without using 抜き).
- 〜を除く (nozoku) vs. 〜以外 (igai)
- Both 除く (in its te-form 除いて) and 以外 can mean 'except for.' 除く can sometimes feel slightly more active in the sense of 'removing' or 'making an exception,' whereas 以外 is more about 'besides' or 'other than.' In many cases, they are interchangeable.
- 〜を省く (hadaku) - To omit; To leave out
- This verb means to omit something, often from a text, a list, or a process. It's more about leaving something out intentionally during creation or preparation.
- Example Comparison:
- 説明を省いて、結論だけを述べます。 (Setsumei o habakute, ketsuron dake o nobemashu.) - I will state only the conclusion, omitting the explanation.
- 詳細な説明は除き、要点だけをまとめました。 (Shōsai na setsumei wa nozoki, yōten dake o matomemashita.) - I summarized only the key points, excluding the detailed explanation. (Here, 除く means to leave out from the summary itself).
How Formal Is It?
Le savais-tu ?
The kanji 除 is also used in words like '除去' (jokyo - removal) and '免除' (menjo - exemption). The concept of 'clearing away' or 'removing' is central to its meaning, which directly relates to the verb 除く.
Guide de prononciation
- Pronouncing 'zu' too much like 'zoo'. It's softer, more like the 's' in 'pleasure'.
- Adding an extra vowel sound after 'ku', making it sound like 'koo-oo'.
Niveau de difficulté
The verb itself is straightforward, but understanding its usage in complex sentences with <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark> as a conjunctive particle requires practice. Recognizing its formal counterpart <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>除外する</span> also adds to the complexity.
Accurately placing <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark> after the item being excluded and choosing the correct form (verb vs. conjunctive) is key. Overusing it can make sentences sound too formal.
The te-form <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark> is quite common in spoken Japanese for expressing exceptions, making it relatively easy to use once learned.
Catching <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark> in spoken Japanese is crucial for understanding exceptions in announcements, rules, or explanations.
Quoi apprendre ensuite
Prérequis
Apprends ensuite
Avancé
Grammaire à connaître
Verb Conjugation (Te-form)
To form the te-form of 除く (a godan verb ending in く), change く to いて: 除く → 除いて.
Particles (を - o)
The particle を is often used to mark the object being excluded. For example, セール品を除いて (Sēruhin o nozokuite - excluding sale items).
Conjunctions (Te-form for connecting clauses)
The te-form 除いて can connect clauses, functioning like 'except for... and then...'. For example, 彼は出席したが、彼女は除いて全員だった。(Kare wa shusseki shita ga, kanojo wa nozoite zen'in datta.) - He attended, but it was everyone except her.
Passive Voice
To express 'to be excluded,' the passive form is used: 除かれる (nozokareru). For example, 彼は試合から除かれた。(Kare wa shiai kara nozoka reta.) - He was excluded from the match.
Compound Verbs
The verb 除く can combine with other words to form more formal verbs like 除外する (jogai suru), meaning 'to exclude'.
Exemples par niveau
この箱に、おもちゃを入れないでください。
Please do not put toys in this box.
This is a basic imperative form, implying exclusion.
みんなで遊ぼう。君はいいよ。
Let's all play. You are excluded.
Implies exclusion from the group activity.
この果物は、食べられません。
This fruit cannot be eaten.
Implies this specific item is excluded from being eaten.
この部屋には、犬を連れていかないでください。
Please do not bring dogs into this room.
A rule excluding dogs from a certain area.
このリストから、あなたの名前を消してください。
Please erase your name from this list.
Physical removal from a list.
このクーポンは、一部の商品には使えません。
This coupon cannot be used for some items.
Specifies items excluded from coupon use.
今日のパーティーには、彼を呼ばないで。
Don't invite him to today's party.
Excluding someone from an invitation.
このドアは、鍵がかかっています。開けないでください。
This door is locked. Please do not open it.
Implies exclusion from entering.
この割引は、一部のブランドを除き、すべての商品に適用されます。
This discount applies to all products, excluding some brands.
Using the te-form to specify exclusions in a promotion.
会議には、部長を除き、全員参加してください。
Everyone, except for the department manager, please attend the meeting.
Using 除き to make a specific exception to attendance.
このチケットは、指定された日以外は使えません。
This ticket cannot be used on days other than the specified date.
Similar to 以外, implying exclusion of other dates.
このクラスでは、初心者を除いて、経験者のみを受け入れます。
In this class, we accept only experienced people, excluding beginners.
Excluding a specific group from a class.
このメールリストから、退会したい人を削除します。
I will remove people who want to unsubscribe from this email list.
Physical removal from a list.
この地域は、特別な許可がない限り、立ち入り禁止です。
Entry into this area is prohibited unless you have special permission.
Implies exclusion of those without permission.
この料理には、玉ねぎは入っていません。
Onions are not included in this dish.
Excluding an ingredient from a dish.
このサービスは、一部の地域を除き、全国で利用可能です。
This service is available nationwide, excluding some regions.
Specifying geographical exclusions for a service.
このイベントは、関係者を除き、一般の方の参加はできません。
Participation in this event is not allowed for the general public, excluding related parties.
Formal exclusion from an event.
すべての生徒に宿題が出されましたが、病気で休んでいる生徒は除かれました。
Homework was assigned to all students, but students who were absent due to illness were excluded.
Passive voice usage of 'to be excluded'.
この保険プランは、既存の疾患を除き、幅広い病気に対応しています。
This insurance plan covers a wide range of illnesses, excluding pre-existing conditions.
Specifying exclusions in insurance terms.
このリストには、特定の手続きを経たものだけが含まれており、それ以外は除かれています。
This list includes only those that have gone through specific procedures; others are excluded.
Exclusion based on procedural completion.
彼は、チームの規則を破ったため、試合から除外されました。
He was excluded from the match for breaking the team's rules.
Being removed from a competition due to rule violation.
このソフトウェアは、古いオペレーティングシステムを除き、すべてのバージョンで動作します。
This software runs on all versions, excluding older operating systems.
Technical exclusion based on system compatibility.
この地域への無許可の立ち入りは、緊急車両を除き、固く禁じられています。
Unauthorized entry into this area is strictly forbidden, excluding emergency vehicles.
Exclusion with a specific exception for emergency services.
すべての応募書類をチェックしましたが、不備のあるものは除外しました。
I checked all application documents, but excluded those with deficiencies.
Excluding incomplete applications.
この研究では、特定の人口統計学的特徴を持つ被験者を除外した。
In this study, subjects with specific demographic characteristics were excluded.
Formal exclusion in research methodology.
その法案は、一部の条項を除き、可決されました。
The bill was passed, excluding certain clauses.
Exclusion of specific parts of a law or bill.
この価格には、諸経費は含まれておりません。別途計算されます。
This price does not include miscellaneous expenses; they will be calculated separately.
Expressing exclusion of certain costs.
彼は、以前の職務経験を除いて、すべての要件を満たしていました。
He met all the requirements, except for previous work experience.
Exclusion of a specific qualification.
このシステムは、ユーザーの誤操作によるデータ消失を防ぐため、一部の操作を制限しています。
This system restricts some operations to prevent data loss due to user error.
Exclusion of certain actions to prevent errors.
この報告書は、機密情報を含むため、一部の内容は除外して公開されます。
This report will be published with some content excluded, as it contains confidential information.
Exclusion of sensitive information for public release.
その請願は、規定の様式に沿っていないため、審議から除外された。
The petition was excluded from deliberation because it did not follow the prescribed format.
Exclusion from consideration due to format issues.
この大学のプログラムは、特定の専門分野を除き、幅広い学問分野を網羅しています。
This university's program covers a wide range of academic fields, excluding certain specialized areas.
Exclusion of niche fields from a general program.
その企業は、財務諸表から一時的な損益項目をすべて除外して、実質的な収益力を評価した。
The company evaluated its core profitability by excluding all temporary profit and loss items from its financial statements.
Sophisticated financial analysis involving exclusion of specific items.
この芸術作品は、伝統的な表現形式を意図的に除外し、新たな視覚言語を模索している。
This artwork intentionally excludes traditional forms of expression, exploring a new visual language.
Artistic exclusion of conventional elements.
裁判官は、証拠能力の低い証言をすべて除外するよう命じた。
The judge ordered all testimony with low evidentiary value to be excluded.
Legal exclusion of evidence.
このアルゴリズムは、ノイズとして扱われる可能性のあるデータポイントを除外するように設計されている。
This algorithm is designed to exclude data points that could be treated as noise.
Exclusion of irrelevant data in algorithms.
その政治家は、国民の大多数の意見を除外し、少数派の利益を優先する政策を推進した。
The politician promoted policies that prioritized the interests of a minority, excluding the opinions of the majority of the populace.
Exclusion of majority opinions in policy-making.
この歴史的文書は、当時の社会通念では異端とみなされた思想を除き、広く受け入れられていた見解を反映している。
This historical document reflects views widely accepted at the time, excluding ideas considered heretical by contemporary social norms.
Exclusion of dissenting ideas in historical texts.
環境アセスメントにおいて、地域住民の懸念事項は、専門家の意見を除き、すべて考慮されるべきである。
In the environmental assessment, all concerns of local residents should be considered, excluding the opinions of experts.
Prioritizing certain opinions over others in an assessment.
この文学批評では、作者の意図を推測する試みは、作品自体の分析を除き、すべて排除されている。
In this literary criticism, all attempts to infer the author's intentions are excluded, except for the analysis of the work itself.
Methodological exclusion in academic analysis.
その哲学者は、経験主義の枠組みから、形而上学的な推論をすべて除外することによって、認識論の新たな地平を切り開いた。
The philosopher opened new horizons in epistemology by excluding all metaphysical reasoning from the framework of empiricism.
Philosophical exclusion of concepts.
この経済モデルは、外部ショックの影響を分析するために、内生的な変動要因を意図的に除外している。
This economic model intentionally excludes endogenous variables to analyze the impact of external shocks.
Advanced modeling technique involving exclusion of variables.
法廷では、陪審員に不当な影響を与える可能性のある証拠は、たとえそれが真実であっても、厳格に除外される。
Evidence that could unfairly influence the jury is strictly excluded in court, even if it is truthful.
Strict legal exclusion based on potential prejudice.
その文学作品は、読者の感情に訴えかけるあらゆる要素を意図的に除外することで、純粋な知的な探求を試みている。
The literary work attempts a purely intellectual exploration by intentionally excluding all elements that appeal to the reader's emotions.
Artistic exclusion of emotional appeals for intellectual focus.
この統計分析においては、測定誤差の範囲内にあると判断されたデータポイントは、すべて除外の対象となった。
In this statistical analysis, all data points determined to be within the range of measurement error were subject to exclusion.
Exclusion of data points based on statistical tolerance.
その宗教的教義は、世俗的な知識のほとんどすべてを除外し、神聖な啓示のみを真実の源泉とみなした。
The religious doctrine excluded almost all secular knowledge, considering only divine revelation as the source of truth.
Exclusion of secular knowledge in a religious context.
この進化論的アプローチでは、個々の遺伝子の突然変異ではなく、集団遺伝学的な変化に焦点を当てるため、微細な遺伝子レベルの変動は除外される。
In this evolutionary approach, fine-grained genetic variations are excluded because the focus is on population-level genetic changes rather than individual gene mutations.
Exclusion of specific levels of detail in scientific models.
その政治体制は、反対意見をすべて排除し、単一のイデオロギーのみを公認した。
The political system excluded all dissenting opinions and recognized only a single ideology.
Total exclusion of political dissent.
Collocations courantes
Phrases Courantes
— Except for; excluding.
この割引は、セール品除いて、すべてに適用されます。 (Kono waribiki wa, sēruhin nozokuite, subete ni tekiyō shimasu.) - This discount applies to everything, except for sale items.
— To exclude; to eliminate.
彼は、規則違反のため、チームから除外されました。 (Kare wa, kisoku ihan no tame, chīmu kara jogai saremashita.) - He was excluded from the team due to breaking the rules.
— To remove from a list.
不要な項目をリストから除いてください。 (Fuyō na kōmoku o risuto kara nozoite kudasai.) - Please remove the unnecessary items from the list.
— To exclude from the scope/target.
このキャンペーンは、新規顧客のみを対象とし、既存顧客は除外されます。 (Kono kyanpēn wa, shinki kokyaku nomi o taishō toshi, kizon kokyaku wa jogai saremasu.) - This campaign targets only new customers; existing customers are excluded.
— To exclude from consideration.
その提案は、実現不可能として除外されました。 (Sono teian wa, jitsugen fukanō to shite jogai saremashita.) - That proposal was excluded from consideration as it was impossible to implement.
— To exclude from a range/scope.
この地図は、未開発地域を除き、すべての地域を網羅しています。 (Kono chizu wa, mikaihatsu chiiki o nozoki, subete no chiiki o mōra shite imasu.) - This map covers all areas, excluding undeveloped regions.
— Usually, excluding...
通常、週末を除く、平日は営業しています。 (Tsūjō, shūmatsu o nozoki, heijitsu wa eigyō shite imasu.) - We are open on weekdays, usually excluding weekends.
— To exclude for a reason.
資格要件を満たさない候補者は、選考から除外されます。 (Shikaku yōken o mitasanai kōhosha wa, senkō kara jogai saremasu.) - Candidates who do not meet the qualification requirements will be excluded from the selection process.
— To invalidate; to make void (related to exclusion).
このチケットは、指定された日以外は無効となります。 (Kono chiketto wa, shitei sareta hi igai wa mukō to narimasu.) - This ticket will be void except on the specified date. (Here, 'void' implies exclusion from validity).
— Not applicable; excluded.
このプロモーションは、一部の商品に適用外です。 (Kono puromōshon wa, ichibu no shōhin ni tekiyōgai desu.) - This promotion is not applicable to some products.
Souvent confondu avec
除く means to remove or exclude, while 残す means to leave behind or remain. They are opposite in meaning. For example, 'I removed the item' (除いた) vs. 'I left the item' (残した).
除く is about excluding from a set or group. 省く is more about omitting something, often from a text, explanation, or process, like leaving out details.
除いて and 以外 are often interchangeable and both mean 'except for.' 以外 is a particle, while 除いて is the te-form of a verb.
Expressions idiomatiques
— To draw a line; to set oneself apart; to distinguish oneself. While not directly meaning 'exclude,' it implies creating a clear boundary or separation, similar to how 除く separates items.
その作家は、既存の文学の枠から一線を画し、新しいスタイルを確立した。
Formal— To not be in one's thoughts; to disregard; to not take into account. This idiom implies that something is effectively excluded from one's consideration or attention.
彼は、反対意見を眼中にないかのように、自分の意見を押し通した。
Neutral— Outside the mosquito net; left out; excluded from the loop. This idiom directly describes the state of being excluded from a group or discussion.
彼は、重要な会議に呼ばれず、蚊帳の外に置かれてしまった。
Informal/Neutral— Water's edge operation; a strategy to stop something (like illegal entry or goods) at the border. This involves excluding unwanted elements at a specific boundary.
麻薬の密輸を防ぐため、厳重な水際作戦が展開された。
Formal/News— Without exception; universally. This phrase emphasizes that nothing is excluded.
この規則は、例外なく、すべての人に適用されます。
Neutral— To cut with one stroke; to make a decisive judgment; to reject completely. This implies a decisive exclusion or rejection.
彼は、その提案を一刀両断に却下した。
Formal— To not be in one's thoughts; to disregard; to not take into account. This idiom implies that something is effectively excluded from one's consideration or attention.
彼は、反対意見を眼中にないかのように、自分の意見を押し通した。
Neutral— To not be concerned with; to have no knowledge of; to disclaim responsibility. This implies excluding oneself from involvement or responsibility.
その件については、私は関知しない。
Formal— To exclude, eliminate, remove. This is a direct synonym and often used in more formal contexts than 除く.
社会から差別を排除することは、我々の義務である。
Formal— To omit, leave out. Often used for information or steps.
説明を省いて、結論だけを伝えました。
NeutralFacile à confondre
Both <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark> and <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>省く</span> deal with 'leaving out'.
<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark> refers to removing something from a defined set or group, creating an exception. <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>省く</span> refers to omitting something, often from a text, explanation, or process, like leaving out details or steps. For example, you would <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark> a specific person from a guest list, but you would <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>省いて</span> unnecessary details from a report.
報告書から詳細を<span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>省き</span>、結論だけを述べました。(Hōkokusho kara shōsai o habakumi, ketsuron dake o nobemashita.) - I omitted the details from the report and stated only the conclusion. / この割引は、一部の商品<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark>、すべてに適用されます。(Kono waribiki wa, ichibu no shōhin nozokuite, subete ni tekiyō shimasu.) - This discount applies to all products, excluding some items.
Both verbs relate to what remains or is handled in terms of quantity or inclusion.
<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark> means to remove or exclude something from a group or set. <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>残す</span> means to leave something behind, to keep something, or for something to remain. They are essentially antonyms in many contexts. For example, if you <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark> an item from a cart, you are taking it out. If you <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>残す</span> an item in the cart, it stays there.
不要な書類は<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除き</mark>、必要なものだけ<span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>残しました</span>。(Fuyō na shorui wa nozoki, hitsuyō na mono dake nokoshimashita.) - I excluded the unnecessary documents and left only the necessary ones.
Both <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark> and <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>以外</span> are used to express 'except for'.
<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark> is the te-form of the verb <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark>, implying an active removal or exclusion. <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>以外</span> is a particle that means 'besides' or 'other than,' often indicating a broader category from which something is separate. In many everyday contexts, they are interchangeable, but <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark> can sometimes feel more like making a specific exception.
彼<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark>、全員参加しました。(Kare nozokuite, zen'in sankashimashita.) - Everyone participated except for him. / 彼<span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>以外</span>は全員参加しました。(Kare igai wa zen'in sankashimashita.) - Everyone participated besides him.
Both verbs mean 'to exclude' or 'to eliminate'.
<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark> is a general verb for excluding or removing. <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>排除する</span> is a more formal and often stronger term, implying a more forceful removal, elimination, or banishment. It's commonly used in contexts like removing discrimination, eliminating threats, or expelling someone from a group or system.
差別を<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除き</mark>たい。(Sabetsu o nozokitai.) - I want to exclude discrimination (in a general sense). / 社会から差別を<span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>排除する</span>。(Shakai kara sabetsu o haijo suru.) - To eliminate discrimination from society (a more forceful, systemic action).
Both can involve removal or making something disappear.
<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark> means to exclude something from a group or list. <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>落とす</span> has many meanings, including 'to drop,' 'to fall,' 'to lose,' or 'to omit/leave out' in a more casual sense, like omitting a word from a sentence or dropping a character from a story. For example, you <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark> a name from a list, but you might <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>落として</span> a word in a sentence by mistake.
リストから彼の名前を<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark>ください。(Risuto kara kare no namae o nozoite kudasai.) - Please remove his name from the list. / 話しているときに、単語を<span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>落として</span>しまった。(Hanashite iru toki ni, tango o otoshite shimatta.) - I dropped a word while speaking.
Structures de phrases
Noun + は + Noun + を + 除いて + Verb
このクラスは、初心者<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark>、経験者のみです。
Noun + を + 除いて + Noun + は + Verb
セール品<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark>、すべて購入可能です。
Sentence A, Noun + を + 除く + Verb (Noun phrase is excluded from Sentence A's action)
明日は休業ですが、オンラインストアは<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除き</mark>、通常通り営業します。
Subject + は + Noun + を + 除外する
彼は、規則違反でチームから<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>された。
Noun + を + 除く + Clause
この地域は、特別保護区として<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除き</mark>、開発が進められています。
Noun Phrase 1 + を + 除き、Noun Phrase 2 + は + Verb
この報告書は、機密情報<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除き</mark>、一般公開されます。
Noun + は + Noun + を + 除外 + Verb
その分析は、ノイズと判断されたデータポイントを<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除外</mark>して行われた。
Clause + が、Noun + を + 除いて + Verb
すべての参加者は招待されたが、彼<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark>、誰も来なかった。
Famille de mots
Noms
Verbes
Apparenté
Comment l'utiliser
High (especially <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark>)
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Using <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark> when <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>残す</span> is needed.
→
Distinguish between taking out (除く) and leaving in (残す).
A common error is confusing <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark> (to exclude/remove) with <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>残す</span> (to leave behind/remain). For example, if you want to say 'I left some food on the plate,' you use <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>残しました</span> (nokoshimashita). If you meant to say 'I removed the plate,' you would use <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除きました</mark> (nozokimashita), though other verbs might be more natural for physical removal. Always consider if the action is about taking away or leaving behind.
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Incorrect placement of <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark>.
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Place <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark> after the item or group being excluded.
The te-form <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark> functions like 'except for.' It should follow the noun or phrase that is being excluded. A mistake would be saying 'I like all fruits <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>except for</mark> apples' by placing <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark> before 'all fruits.' The correct structure is 'All fruits, <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>except for</mark> apples, I like.' In Japanese: 'すべての果物、リンゴ<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark>、好きです。(Subete no kudamono, ringo nozoite, suki desu.)' or more naturally, 'リンゴ<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark>、すべての果物が好きです。(Ringo nozoite, subete no kudamono ga suki desu.)'
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Confusing <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark> with <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>省く</span>.
→
Understand the nuance: <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark> is for excluding from a set, <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>省く</span> is for omitting details.
<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark> means to remove something from a group or list, creating an exception. <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>省く</span> means to omit something, often details from a text or steps from a process. For instance, you <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark> a specific person from a meeting invitation, but you <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>省いて</span> redundant explanations in a report. Using them interchangeably can lead to unnatural phrasing.
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Using <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark> in very casual speech where simpler phrasing exists.
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Consider simpler alternatives if the context is very informal.
While <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark> is perfectly fine in many casual situations, sometimes a simpler phrase like '〜はダメ' (is not allowed) or '〜はいない' (is not here) might be more natural depending on the specific nuance. However, <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark> is generally safe and widely understood.
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Using <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark> when <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>排除する</span> is more appropriate.
→
Use <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>除外する</span> for formal exclusion or elimination.
<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark> is a general verb. <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>除外する</span> is a more formal and often stronger term for exclusion or elimination, used in legal, business, or academic contexts. For example, stating 'unfair discrimination must be eliminated' uses <span class='text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-400'>排除する</span>, not <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark>.
Astuces
Mastering 除いて
The te-form 除いて is your best friend for expressing 'except for'. Remember it follows the item(s) being excluded. Practice constructing sentences like 'Everything is fine, except for this one thing.' (これ除いて、すべて大丈夫です。 - Kore nozoite, subete daijōbu desu.).
Visualizing Exclusion
Imagine a red circle with a line through it (like a 'no' symbol) placed over the items you want to exclude. This visual can help you remember the core meaning of 除く (to exclude).
Formal vs. Casual
While 除く and 除いて are neutral, the compound verb 除外する is more formal. Use 除外する in business emails, official reports, or legal contexts where precision and formality are required.
Listen for Exceptions
When listening to Japanese, especially public announcements, pay close attention to words like 除いて. They signal important limitations or exceptions to rules, services, or offers.
除く vs. 以外
Both mean 'except for'. 除いて comes from a verb and implies active removal, while 以外 is a particle indicating separation from a category. In many cases, they are interchangeable, but 除いて can feel more specific to the item being acted upon.
Sentence Building
Create sentences describing scenarios where something is excluded. For example: 'The discount applies to all items except for this one.' Try translating this and similar sentences.
Related Kanji
The kanji 除 is key. It means 'to sweep,' 'to clear away,' or 'to remove.' Understanding this root helps connect 除く with other words like 除去 (removal) and 免除 (exemption).
Don't Confuse with 残す
Remember 除く is about taking out, while 残す is about leaving in. They are opposite concepts.
Stress the 'ZU'
The stress in no-zu-ku falls on the second syllable, 'zu'. Practice saying it clearly: no-ZU-ku.
Where to Hear It
Listen for 除いて in store announcements, public transport information, and explanations of rules or sales. It's a very practical word for understanding limitations.
Mémorise-le
Moyen mnémotechnique
Imagine a bouncer at a club saying 'No! Zo! Ku!' to someone trying to enter. The 'No! Zo! Ku!' sounds like nozoku, and the bouncer is clearly excluding the person.
Association visuelle
Picture a red 'X' mark over an item on a list, symbolizing that it has been excluded or removed. The shape of the kanji 除 can also be seen as a broom sweeping something away from a boundary.
Word Web
Défi
Try to describe a scenario where you have to exclude someone from an event, or a situation where certain items are not included in a promotion, using the word 除く in your explanation.
Origine du mot
The verb 除く originates from the kanji 除, which historically referred to sweeping or clearing away. Over time, its meaning evolved to encompass the act of removing or excluding something from a set or group. The verb form 除く is a native Japanese verb construction using this kanji.
Sens originel : To sweep away, to clear.
JaponicContexte culturel
When using 除く to exclude people, it's important to do so politely and clearly, especially in formal settings. The te-form 除いて often softens the exclusion by presenting it as a factual exception rather than a direct prohibition.
In English, we often use 'exclude,' 'except for,' 'omit,' or 'leave out.' The Japanese 除く covers these meanings, with 除いて being the most common equivalent of 'except for.'
Pratique dans la vie réelle
Contextes réels
Announcements at train stations or airports
- 〜を除き、通常通り運行します。
- 一部の区間は運休となります。
- この便は、指定された都市のみに停車します。
Sales and promotions in stores
- 全品〇〇%オフ、一部商品を除く。
- このクーポンは、〇〇円以上のお買い上げでご利用いただけます。
- セール対象外の商品もございます。
Explaining rules or policies
- この規則は、〇〇を除き、全員に適用されます。
- 〇〇の場合を除き、入場は無料です。
- 例外規定についてご説明します。
Describing lists or data
- このリストから、不要な項目を削除してください。
- データ分析において、外れ値を除外しました。
- 対象者リストを作成します。
Everyday conversations about preferences
- 私はほとんどの食べ物が好きですが、〇〇は苦手です。
- みんなで映画を見に行くけど、君だけ都合が悪かったね。
- この本は面白いけど、一部の章はちょっと退屈だった。
Amorces de conversation
"What items are usually excluded from sales in your country?"
"Can you think of a time you were excluded from something? How did it feel?"
"If you were making a rule, what would be a common exception you'd include?"
"How do you say 'except for' in a casual conversation in Japanese?"
"What are some common phrases used to exclude items from a list in Japanese announcements?"
Sujets d'écriture
Describe a situation where you had to exclude someone or something. Explain your reasoning and how you communicated the exclusion.
Write a short announcement for a fictional event, clearly stating what is included and what is excluded.
Imagine you are creating a new rule for your household. Write down the rule and then list any exceptions using <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark>.
Reflect on a time you felt excluded from a group or activity. How did it impact you?
Write a short dialogue where one person explains a promotion, and the other person asks about exclusions.
Questions fréquentes
10 questionsBoth 除いて (the te-form of 除く) and 以外 mean 'except for' or 'besides'. 除いて is the verb form implying removal or exclusion, while 以外 is a particle indicating something is outside a particular category. For example, 'All items except for books are on sale.' can be said as '本除いて、すべてセールです。(Hon nozoite, subete sēru desu.)' or '本以外、すべてセールです。(Hon igai, subete sēru desu.)'. They are often interchangeable.
Use 除く when you are removing something from a defined group, list, or set, creating an exception. Use 省く when you are omitting details, information, or steps, often from a written text or a process. For example, 'Please exclude this item from the report' (除いてください) versus 'Please omit these unnecessary explanations' (不要な説明を省いてください).
The verb 除く itself is neutral. However, its te-form, 除いて, is commonly used in both neutral and slightly formal contexts for expressing 'except for'. The compound verb 除外する is more formal and is often used in official documents, legal texts, or academic writing.
Yes, although it's less common than its use for conceptual exclusion. 除く can refer to the physical act of removing an object from a place or surface. For example, 'Please remove the stain from the shirt.' (シャツのシミを除いてください - Shatsu no shimi o nozoite kudasai.) However, verbs like 取る (toru - to take) or 外す (hazusu - to detach) might be more frequently used for direct physical removal in many contexts.
The most common and versatile way to say 'except for' is using the te-form of 除く, which is 除いて. Another very common alternative is the particle 以外. For example, 'Everyone came except him' can be '彼除いて、みんな来た。(Kare nozokuite, minna kita.)' or '彼以外、みんな来た。(Kare igai, minna kita.)'
To form the passive voice, you add the passive auxiliary verb れる (reru) to the stem of the verb. For 除く, the stem is 除か (nozoka). So the passive form is 除かれる (nozokareru), meaning 'to be excluded' or 'to be removed'.
While both involve removal, 除く is about excluding something from a group or list, often to create an exception or define scope. 削除する (sakujo suru) specifically means to delete or remove something, often from digital data, text, or a physical item, implying its complete eradication or removal from existence. For example, you 除いて a sale item from a discount, but you 削除する a file from your computer.
Yes, you can. For example, 'I will exclude myself from this task.' (私はこの仕事から除きます - Watashi wa kono shigoto kara nozokimasu.) More commonly, you might say 'I will not participate' or 'I will be absent.' The passive form 除かれる (to be excluded) could also be used if someone else excluded you.
The kanji 除 originally meant 'to sweep away' or 'to clear.' Its meaning extended to 'remove,' 'exclude,' 'exempt,' or 'get rid of.' This historical meaning directly informs the usage of the verb 除く.
You can list multiple items to be excluded, often separated by particles like や (ya) or と (to), followed by 除いて. For example, 'Books and magazines except for are on sale.' (本や雑誌除いて、すべてセールです。 - Hon ya zasshi nozoite, subete sēru desu.).
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Summary
The verb <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除く</mark> (nozoku) is used to signify the act of removing or excluding something or someone from a larger set or group. Its te-form, <mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark> (nozokuite), is particularly common and functions like 'except for' or 'excluding,' making it invaluable for specifying exceptions in statements, rules, and lists.
- Excludes from a group or list.
- Often used as 'except for' (<mark class='bg-orange-200 dark:bg-orange-800 px-0.5 rounded'>除いて</mark>).
- Common in announcements, sales, and rules.
- Means to remove or leave out.
Mastering 除いて
The te-form 除いて is your best friend for expressing 'except for'. Remember it follows the item(s) being excluded. Practice constructing sentences like 'Everything is fine, except for this one thing.' (これ除いて、すべて大丈夫です。 - Kore nozoite, subete daijōbu desu.).
Visualizing Exclusion
Imagine a red circle with a line through it (like a 'no' symbol) placed over the items you want to exclude. This visual can help you remember the core meaning of 除く (to exclude).
Formal vs. Casual
While 除く and 除いて are neutral, the compound verb 除外する is more formal. Use 除外する in business emails, official reports, or legal contexts where precision and formality are required.
Listen for Exceptions
When listening to Japanese, especially public announcements, pay close attention to words like 除いて. They signal important limitations or exceptions to rules, services, or offers.
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絶対的に
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