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B2 noun 11 min de lecture

甚至于

shènzhìyú
Exemples
Explication 甚至于 in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't need to use '甚至于' (shènzhìyú) yet, as it's quite advanced. However, you can think of it as a very strong way to say 'and also' or 'even'. Imagine you are telling a story about being very hungry. You might say, 'I am hungry. I want to eat bread. I even want to eat the table!' That 'even' is like '甚至于'. It adds a big surprise at the end of your sentence. In Chinese, we use it to show that something is very extreme. For example, 'It is very cold, even the water is frozen.' At this level, just remember that when you see this word, something 'extra' or 'extreme' is happening in the sentence. It's like adding an exclamation mark to a specific part of your story to make it more exciting or serious.
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At the A2 level, you are starting to connect sentences. '甚至于' is a conjunction that helps you show a progression. It means 'even to the point that'. You use it when one thing leads to another thing that is even more surprising. For example: 'He is very tired, even to the point that he cannot walk.' In Chinese: '他很累，甚至于不能走路.' You will notice that '甚至于' usually comes after a comma. It's like the word '甚至' (shènzhì), which also means 'even', but '甚至于' sounds a bit more formal and emphasizes the result. If you are describing a person who is very smart, you could say they know many languages, '甚至于' they know ancient languages. It helps you build a bigger picture of how extreme a situation is.
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By B1, you should begin to recognize '甚至于' in reading materials. It is used to emphasize the degree or extent of a situation. It often introduces a clause that shows a surprising consequence. For instance, 'The noise was so loud that even the windows were shaking.' Here, '甚至于' connects the noise to the shaking windows. It's important to distinguish it from '以至于' (yǐzhìyú), which means 'so... that' but focuses more on the result than the surprise. '甚至于' always has that element of 'wow, I didn't expect it to go that far.' You will see it in news stories or books when the author wants to describe a very intense scene. When writing, try using it to replace '甚至' when you want to sound more formal or when you are specifically talking about the extent of a problem.
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At the B2 level, '甚至于' is a key vocabulary item for expressing complex relationships between ideas. It is used to indicate that a situation has escalated to an extreme or unexpected level. Syntactically, it often appears in the second clause of a sentence to provide a climax. You should be able to use it in formal essays and discussions. For example, 'His influence is so great that even the government has to consider his opinion.' It is frequently used with the '连...都/也' structure to add further emphasis. At this level, you should also be aware of its register—it is more formal than '甚至' and is common in written Chinese and professional speeches. It helps you convey a sense of gravitas and precision when describing the severity of a situation or the depth of an emotion.
For C1 learners, '甚至于' is an essential tool for nuanced expression. It allows you to articulate the subtle boundaries where a condition transforms into an extreme consequence. You should use it to create rhythmic balance in your sentences and to signal rhetorical climaxes. In academic or literary contexts, '甚至于' can be used to introduce a hypothetical extreme to test the limits of an argument. It's also useful for describing psychological states where an internal feeling becomes an external action ('He was so anxious that he even began to hallucinate'). You should be able to distinguish it from '乃至' (nǎizhì), which is used for hierarchical lists, and '以致' (yǐzhì), which focuses on negative outcomes. Mastering '甚至于' means knowing exactly when to deploy it for maximum impact without sounding overly dramatic in inappropriate contexts.
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At the C2 level, '甚至于' is used with complete mastery of its rhetorical and stylistic functions. You understand its historical roots where '于' acts as a preposition, and you can use this to your advantage in classical-inflected modern prose. You can use '甚至于' to create sophisticated layers of meaning, perhaps using it to irony or to highlight the absurdity of a situation in a satirical essay. You are comfortable using it in high-level debates to push an opponent's logic to its most extreme (and perhaps flawed) conclusion. Your usage is indistinguishable from a native speaker, knowing that in certain rhythmic structures, the three-syllable '甚至于' provides a necessary weight that the two-syllable '甚至' lacks. You can also identify its use in various dialects or regional variations of formal Mandarin, appreciating the subtle shifts in tone it brings to a text.
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Exemples

The Chinese term 甚至于 (shènzhìyú) is a sophisticated conjunction and adverb that translates most accurately to "even to the extent of," "so much so that," or simply a more emphatic "even." While its shorter counterpart 甚至 (shènzhì) is incredibly common in daily speech, the addition of the character 于 (yú) — which often functions like the English prepositions 'at', 'to', or 'in' — shifts the focus toward the result or the degree of an action. When you use 甚至于, you are not just listing an extreme example; you are describing a progression that has reached a surprising or overwhelming point. It is a tool for escalation, used to bridge the gap between a standard situation and an extraordinary one.

Core Function
It introduces an extreme instance or a further consequence that highlights the intensity of the preceding statement.

由于工作太忙，他经常忘记吃饭，甚至于连觉都睡不够。(Because he is so busy with work, he often forgets to eat, even to the extent that he doesn't get enough sleep.)

In the example above, the speaker moves from the common problem of skipping meals to the more severe problem of sleep deprivation. The word 甚至于 acts as the linguistic hinge that signals this escalation. It is particularly prevalent in written Chinese, formal speeches, and literature, where the author wants to paint a vivid picture of extreme circumstances. It is rarely used for simple lists; instead, it thrives in contexts where there is a causal or progressive link between the first part of the sentence and the second.

Nuance vs. 甚至
While often interchangeable, 甚至于 is more formal and emphasizes the 'extent' (the 'to' part of 'even to the point of') more than the simple 'even'.

这里的景色美得让人窒息，甚至于让我忘记了旅途的疲惫。(The scenery here is so breathtakingly beautiful that it even made me forget the exhaustion of the journey.)

Culturally, using 甚至于 demonstrates a higher level of linguistic proficiency. It shows that the speaker understands how to structure complex thoughts and provide specific emphasis on the consequences of a situation. It is commonly found in news reports discussing the severity of a crisis or in novels describing deep emotional states. For an English speaker, it is helpful to think of it as the difference between saying "He was even crying" and "He was so upset that it even reached the point where he started crying."

Register
Formal to Semi-Formal. Used in writing, presentations, and serious discussions.

他当时非常愤怒，甚至于想直接辞职。(He was so angry at the time that he even thought about resigning immediately.)

这篇文章写得非常深刻，甚至于改变了我对这个问题的看法。(This article is written so profoundly that it even changed my view on this issue.)

这种病毒的传染性极强，甚至于在空气中也能传播。(The infectivity of this virus is extremely strong, so much so that it can even spread in the air.)

Mastering 甚至于 requires understanding its placement within the sentence structure. It usually appears after a comma, introducing a second clause that amplifies the first. Unlike the simple 'even' in English, which can float around, 甚至于 acts as a firm anchor for the climax of your sentence. It is frequently paired with other emphatic markers like 连 (lián)...都 (dōu) or 也 (yě) to further stress the point. When you use it, you are effectively saying: 'A is true, and shockingly, it has gone so far that B is also true.'

Common Pattern 1: A, 甚至于 B
This is the most standard usage where B is a more extreme version or a direct result of A.

他不但没道歉，甚至于还把责任推到了别人身上。(Not only did he not apologize, but he even went so far as to push the responsibility onto others.)

In this pattern, 甚至于 is functioning as a conjunction. Notice how it creates a bridge between the lack of apology and the active blame-shifting. Another key usage is when 甚至于 is used to introduce a hypothetical or extreme possibility that the speaker finds noteworthy. In these cases, it functions more like an adverb of degree.

Common Pattern 2: 甚至于...连...都...
This combines 甚至于 with the 'even' structure for maximum emphasis on a specific subject or object.

他太紧张了，甚至于连自己的名字都忘了。(He was so nervous that he even forgot his own name.)

One of the most important things to remember is the difference between 甚至于 and 以至于 (yǐzhìyú). While both can describe a result, 甚至于 focuses on the extreme nature of the result, whereas 以至于 focuses more on the causal link. If you want to highlight that something is 'crazy' or 'unbelievable', 甚至于 is your best choice. If you just want to say 'A happened, so B happened', 以至于 is safer.

Common Pattern 3: A... 甚至于... 还要...
Used when someone is being demanding or when a situation is escalating in requirements.

他已经拿到了奖金，甚至于还要公司报销个人旅游费用。(He already got the bonus, but he even went so far as to want the company to reimburse his personal travel expenses.)

这里的天气非常恶劣，甚至于连最强壮的动物也难以生存。(The weather here is extremely harsh, so much so that even the strongest animals find it hard to survive.)

他对电脑一窍不通，甚至于连开机都不会。(He knows nothing about computers, so much so that he doesn't even know how to turn one on.)

You will encounter 甚至于 in environments where precision and emphasis are valued. This includes news broadcasts, academic lectures, business reports, and high-quality literature. It is not the word you would use while buying vegetables at a wet market, but it is exactly what you would use when discussing the impact of a new policy or the plot twist in a complex drama. In Chinese TV shows, you'll hear it during high-stakes emotional scenes—perhaps when a protagonist is describing how far someone has gone to betray them. In news reports, it's used to describe the extent of a natural disaster or economic shift.

News & Media
Used to describe the severity of social issues or the scale of events.

这次旱灾非常严重，甚至于许多河流都干涸了。(This drought is very serious, so much so that many rivers have even dried up.)

In the workplace, 甚至于 is a favorite of managers and analysts. It allows them to highlight risks or benefits that exceed expectations. For example, a project manager might say that a delay is so significant that it 'even to the point of' affecting next year's budget. It adds a level of gravitas to the statement that simple words cannot achieve. In literature, authors use it to delve into the psyche of characters, describing emotions that are so intense they manifest in physical or irrational ways.

Academic Contexts
Used in research papers to discuss extreme data points or unexpected correlations.

这种现象在自然界中非常罕见，甚至于在实验室环境下也难以模拟。(This phenomenon is very rare in nature, so much so that it is even difficult to simulate in a laboratory environment.)

If you are watching historical dramas (Guozhuang), you will hear the characters use it when reporting to the Emperor or discussing political intrigue. It conveys a sense of seriousness and weight. In modern talk shows, guests might use it when telling a particularly crazy anecdote to emphasize just how ridiculous or extreme a situation became. It's a versatile word that, while formal, fits into any situation where you want to say 'and that's not all—it got even more intense!'

他为了赢，甚至于不惜牺牲自己的健康。(In order to win, he even went so far as to sacrifice his own health.)

他在这个领域的影响力很大，甚至于可以决定一个公司的生死。(His influence in this field is so great that he can even determine the life or death of a company.)

这个问题困扰了他很久，甚至于让他夜不能寐。(This problem has troubled him for a long time, so much so that it even made him unable to sleep at night.)

The most frequent mistake learners make with 甚至于 is using it in a simple list where there is no sense of escalation. Because English speakers often translate it as a simple 'even', they might say something like 'I like fruit, even apples.' In Chinese, this would sound very strange if you used 甚至于. You use it when the final item is significantly more surprising or extreme than the others. If there's no shock factor, stick to '也' or '还'.

Mistake 1: Lack of Escalation
Using it for mundane lists without a 'tipping point' feel.

Incorrect: 我喜欢运动，甚至于跑步。(I like sports, even running.) - This is too simple; running is a normal sport.

Another common error is confusing 甚至于 with 以至于. While they are related, they focus on different things. 以至于 is strictly for results (often negative ones), while 甚至于 is for emphasis and degree. If you say 'It rained so hard that the streets flooded,' 以至于 is better. If you say 'It rained so hard that even the subway was flooded (which is rare),' then 甚至于 is the perfect choice because it highlights the extreme nature of the flooding.

Mistake 2: Misplacing the '于'
Learners sometimes treat '于' as a separate word rather than part of the fixed phrase.

Correct: 他的病很重，甚至于不能说话。(His illness is very serious, so much so that he cannot even speak.)

A third mistake is failing to use a comma before 甚至于. In English, 'even' can be integrated into a single clause, but in Chinese, 甚至于 almost always introduces a new clause or a distinct concluding phrase, which usually requires a comma for clarity and rhythm. Without the comma, the sentence can feel cramped and the emphasis is lost. Finally, avoid using it in very casual, short sentences. If you're just chatting with friends about what you ate for lunch, 甚至于 will sound overly dramatic or like you're trying too hard to be formal.

Mistake 3: Over-dramatization
Using this formal word in casual, everyday contexts where '甚至' or '甚至连' would suffice.

Better for casual: 他太忙了，甚至没时间喝水。(He's so busy, he doesn't even have time to drink water.)

Correct: 这里的噪音太大，甚至于面对面说话都听不清。(The noise here is so loud that you can't even hear each other talking face-to-face.)

Correct: 他对工作非常投入，甚至于在节假日也在办公室。(He is so dedicated to his work that he is even in the office on holidays.)

Understanding the family of 'even' and 'result' words in Chinese is crucial for nuance. 甚至于 sits in a cluster with 甚至 (shènzhì), 以至于 (yǐzhìyú), 以致 (yǐzhì), and 乃至 (nǎizhì). Each of these has a specific flavor. 甚至 is the most versatile and can be used as both an adverb and a conjunction. It's the 'go-to' word for most situations. 甚至于 is its more formal, result-oriented sibling. 乃至 is even more formal, often found in legal or classical-style modern Chinese, and is used mostly for lists of increasing importance.

甚至 (shènzhì)
The common version. Used in almost any context to mean 'even'.

他甚至不知道这件事。(He doesn't even know about this.)

Then we have the result-focused pair: 以至于 and 以致. 以至于 is generally neutral or negative and describes a result that has reached a certain stage. 以致 is almost exclusively used for negative results or consequences (like 'so... that it resulted in a disaster'). 甚至于 is different because it focuses on the degree of the result being extreme, not just the fact that it happened. It's about the surprise value.

乃至 (nǎizhì)
Very formal. Used to connect nouns or phrases in an ascending order of importance.

全中国，乃至全世界。(All of China, and even the whole world.)

If you want to say 'to the point of,' you might also consider 到了...的地步 (dàole...de dìbù). This is a more descriptive way to say the same thing. For example, 'He was tired to the point of collapse' could be '他累到了要倒下的地步.' 甚至于 is more efficient and functions better as a conjunction to link two complete thoughts. In summary, use 甚至 for general 'even', 甚至于 for 'even to the extent that' (formal/emphatic), and 以至于 for 'so... that' (causal).

到了...的地步 (dàole...de dìbù)
A phrasal alternative emphasizing the stage or state reached.

他们的矛盾已经闹到了要离婚的地步。(Their conflict has reached the point of divorce.)

这个计划非常周密，甚至于连每一个细节都考虑到了。(This plan is very thorough, so much so that even every detail has been considered.)

他很害羞，甚至于不敢抬头看人。(He is very shy, so much so that he doesn't even dare to look up at people.)

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Exemples par niveau

1

他很饿，甚至于想吃三个汉堡。

He is very hungry, even to the point of wanting to eat three hamburgers.

Simple use of 甚至于 to show an extreme desire.

2

天气很冷，甚至于水都结冰了。

The weather is very cold, so much so that even the water has frozen.

Using 甚至于 to describe a natural result of cold weather.

3

他太累了，甚至于想在地上睡觉。

He is so tired that he even wants to sleep on the floor.

Emphasis on the degree of tiredness.

4

这个苹果很大，甚至于比我的脸还大。

This apple is very big, even bigger than my face.

Comparison using 甚至于 for exaggeration.

5

他很喜欢猫，甚至于养了十只猫。

He likes cats very much, even to the extent of keeping ten cats.

Showing the extent of a hobby.

6

这本书很有趣，甚至于我忘了睡觉。

This book is very interesting, so much so that I forgot to sleep.

Describing the effect of an interesting book.

7

他跑得很快，甚至于我看不清他。

He runs so fast that I can't even see him clearly.

Describing extreme speed.

8

这里的菜很辣，甚至于我哭了。

The food here is very spicy, so much so that I cried.

Describing the reaction to spicy food.

1

他的中文很好，甚至于会写诗。

His Chinese is very good, even to the point that he can write poetry.

Using 甚至于 to show a high level of skill.

2

他太忙了，甚至于没有时间给我打电话。

He is so busy that he doesn't even have time to call me.

Showing how being busy affects communication.

3

这个电影太感人了，甚至于所有人都哭了。

This movie was so touching that even everyone cried.

Describing a collective emotional reaction.

4

他很聪明，甚至于能解决这个难题。

He is very smart, even to the extent of being able to solve this difficult problem.

Emphasis on intelligence.

5

天太黑了，甚至于看不见路。

It's so dark that you can't even see the road.

Describing an extreme environmental condition.

6

他非常生气，甚至于不想说话。

He is very angry, so much so that he doesn't want to talk.

Describing the result of anger.

7

这个地方很偏僻，甚至于没有手机信号。

This place is very remote, even to the extent of having no cell phone signal.

Describing a remote location.

8

他很努力，甚至于每天只睡四个小时。

He works very hard, even to the point of only sleeping four hours a day.

Showing the extent of hard work.

1

那个消息太突然了，甚至于让他愣住了好几分钟。

That news was so sudden that it even made him dazed for several minutes.

Using 甚至于 to describe a psychological reaction.

2

由于连日大雨，甚至于低洼地区的房屋都被淹没了。

Due to days of heavy rain, even houses in low-lying areas were submerged.

Describing the extent of a natural disaster.

3

他对那段往事记忆深刻，甚至于能想起每个细节。

He has a deep memory of that past, even to the point of remembering every detail.

Describing the vividness of memory.

4

这场比赛非常激烈，甚至于好几名队员都受伤了。

The game was very intense, so much so that several players were injured.

Describing the intensity of a competition.

5

他的生活非常简朴，甚至于连一件新衣服都不舍得买。

His life is very simple, even to the extent that he is reluctant to buy a single new piece of clothing.

Describing a frugal lifestyle.

6

这种草药非常罕见，甚至于在深山里也很难找到。

This herb is very rare, so much so that it is hard to find even in the deep mountains.

Emphasis on rarity.

7

他工作非常认真，甚至于连周末都在加班。

He is very serious about his work, even to the point of working overtime on weekends.

Showing dedication.

8

这篇文章的影响力很大，甚至于引起了国际关注。

The influence of this article is very great, so much so that it has even attracted international attention.

Describing broad impact.

1

他当时的情绪非常激动，甚至于说出了一些伤人的话。

His emotions were so agitated at the time that he even said some hurtful things.

Describing an emotional outburst and its consequences.

2

这项技术非常先进，甚至于可以模拟人类的思维过程。

This technology is so advanced that it can even simulate human thought processes.

Describing technological capability.

3

由于经济危机，甚至于一些大公司也面临破产的危险。

Due to the economic crisis, even some large companies are facing the risk of bankruptcy.

Describing economic impact on major entities.

4

他的演讲非常有感染力，甚至于让台下的听众流下了眼泪。

His speech was very infectious, so much so that it made the audience shed tears.

Describing the power of a speech.

5

这种现象在历史上非常少见，甚至于专家们也无法解释其原因。

This phenomenon is very rare in history, so much so that even experts cannot explain its cause.

Emphasis on historical rarity and complexity.

6

他为了完成这个项目，甚至于牺牲了和家人团聚的时间。

In order to complete this project, he even went so far as to sacrifice time with his family.

Describing a significant personal sacrifice.

7

这里的交通非常拥堵，甚至于走路都比开车快。

The traffic here is so congested that even walking is faster than driving.

Ironical use of 甚至于 for emphasis.

8

他对艺术的热爱近乎疯狂，甚至于变卖了家产去买画。

His love for art is almost crazy, even to the extent of selling his family property to buy paintings.

Describing extreme passion.

1

他的理论在当时极具争议，甚至于遭到了学术界的集体抵制。

His theory was extremely controversial at the time, so much so that it even faced a collective boycott from the academic community.

Describing a high degree of professional conflict.

2

这种药物的副作用非常严重，甚至于会导致永久性的神经损伤。

The side effects of this drug are very serious, even to the extent of causing permanent nerve damage.

Describing severe medical consequences.

3

他的文字功底极其深厚，甚至于能将最平淡的景色描写得引人入胜。

His writing skills are extremely profound, so much so that he can even describe the most mundane scenery in a fascinating way.

Describing exceptional literary skill.

4

随着全球气候变暖，甚至于南北极的冰川也在加速融化。

With global warming, even the glaciers at the North and South Poles are melting at an accelerated rate.

Describing a global environmental trend.

5

他那种不屈不挠的精神，甚至于连他的对手都感到由衷的敬佩。

His indomitable spirit is such that even his opponents feel heartfelt admiration.

Describing character impact on others.

6

这个古镇保留得非常完整，甚至于连几百年前的石板路都清晰可见。

This ancient town is preserved so perfectly that even the stone roads from hundreds of years ago are clearly visible.

Describing historical preservation.

7

他的贪婪程度令人乍舌，甚至于想把公款据为己有。

The degree of his greed is staggering, even to the point of wanting to embezzle public funds.

Describing moral depravity.

8

在极度缺水的情况下，甚至于连仙人掌也难以维持生命。

In cases of extreme water shortage, even cacti find it difficult to sustain life.

Describing extreme biological limits.

1

这种极权统治压抑了所有的创造力，甚至于连人们的梦境都受到了监控。

This totalitarian rule suppressed all creativity, so much so that even people's dreams were monitored.

Describing extreme political suppression (literary/hyperbolic).

2

他的孤独感是如此深重，甚至于他开始与自己的影子对话。

His sense of loneliness was so profound that he even began to converse with his own shadow.

Describing a deep psychological state.

3

这篇文章的逻辑存在致命的漏洞，甚至于推导出了完全相反的结论。

The logic of this article has fatal flaws, even to the extent of deriving completely opposite conclusions.

Describing analytical failure.

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