A2 · 初中級 チャプター 7

Complex Connections and Goals

5 トータルルール
53 例文
6

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Elevate your German by mastering complex sentence structures and goal-oriented phrasing.

  • Connect thoughts using conjunctions that push verbs to the end.
  • Express intentions and goals using infinitive constructions.
  • Integrate separable verbs seamlessly into complex sentence patterns.
Connect your world with confidence and precision.

学べること

Hey language learner! You've nailed the German basics, and now it's time to supercharge your sentences! This chapter is all about connecting your thoughts with more depth and clearly expressing your goals. We'll dive into powerful conjunctions like dass and wenn. You'll master their golden rule: they send the main verb straight to the end of the sentence, making your statements (dass) and conditional phrases (wenn) sound totally native. Imagine saying, 'I know *that* you speak German' or 'If *I have* time, I'll learn German' with perfect flow! Then, we'll unlock the magic of zu + infinitive constructions. These are your secret weapon for talking about plans, hopes, and opinions. Want to say 'I intend *to learn* German' or 'It's important *to practice* a lot'? This is how you do it! And for those moments when you need to explain *why* you're doing something – your purpose – um...zu will be your best friend. Picture yourself saying, 'I'm learning German *in order to* study in Germany.' How cool is that? Finally, we'll get a little clever with zu and separable verbs, understanding where zu fits inside words like anzufangen (to start). It's simpler than it sounds! By the end of this chapter, you won't just be forming sentences; you'll be weaving complex ideas together seamlessly. You'll articulate conditions, express personal goals, and share opinions with a natural fluency that will impress. Your conversations—whether planning a trip or sharing thoughts on a movie—will sound much more sophisticated and confident. Ready to elevate your German? Let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Construct complex sentences using 'dass' and 'wenn' to express thoughts and conditions.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Use 'um...zu' and 'zu' + infinitive to clearly communicate personal goals and plans.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome, dedicated A2 German learner! You've mastered the building blocks of German, and now it's time to elevate your communication. This chapter is your gateway to constructing more sophisticated sentences, allowing you to express complex ideas and articulate your goals with newfound clarity.
We're moving beyond simple statements to connect your thoughts in a way that sounds much more natural and fluent. This is a crucial step in your German grammar journey, pushing you towards greater conversational confidence.
In this guide, we'll demystify powerful conjunctions like dass and wenn, which are essential for forming subordinate clauses and explaining relationships between ideas. You'll learn the verb-kicker rule that makes these conjunctions so distinctive. We'll also dive into the versatility of zu + infinitive constructions, your go-to for expressing intentions, opinions, and possibilities.
These patterns are fundamental for any German language student aiming for precision.
Finally, we’ll explore the specific purpose of um...zu for stating clear objectives and tackle the slightly tricky but logical placement of zu within separable verbs. By the end of this chapter, you won't just be forming sentences; you'll be weaving complex narratives, expressing conditions, and sharing your aspirations with the elegance of a native speaker. Get ready to supercharge your German!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces you to several key structures that will significantly enhance your ability to form complex sentences in A2 German. Let's break down each one.
First up is the German Conjunction 'dass' (Verb-Kicker). Dass means that and introduces a subordinate clause, which always sends the conjugated verb to the very end of the sentence. This is the famous verb-kicker rule!
For example: Ich weiß, dass du Deutsch sprichst. (I know that you speak German.) Notice sprichst is at the end.
Next, we have Using 'wenn' (If & When). Wenn also kicks the verb to the end of its clause. It can mean if (for conditions) or when (for recurring events or future events).
For instance: Wenn ich Zeit habe, lerne ich Deutsch. (If I have time, I learn German.) Or: Wenn es regnet, bleibe ich zu Hause. (When it rains, I stay at home.)
Then, we explore Connecting Actions: The 'zu' + Infinitive Construction. This structure is used when a verb or adjective is followed by another verb in its infinitive form, often expressing an intention, opinion, or necessity. It's like to do in English.
For example: Es ist wichtig, viel Deutsch zu sprechen. (It is important to speak a lot of German.) Or: Ich versuche, jeden Tag zu üben. (I try to practice every day.)
To express purpose, you'll use In Order To: Explaining Your Goals (um...zu). This construction explicitly states *why* someone is doing something. It always follows the pattern um + object (if any) + zu + infinitive, with the infinitive at the end.
For example: Ich lerne Deutsch, um in Deutschland zu studieren. (I am learning German in order to study in Germany.)
Finally, let's look at the German 'zu' Sandwich: Separable Verbs (anzufangen). When a separable verb (like anfangen – to start) is used in a zu + infinitive construction, the zu fits *between* the prefix and the verb stem. So, anfangen becomes anzufangen.
For example: Es ist schwer, früh anzufangen. (It is hard to start early.) This little sandwich rule is crucial for correct pronunciation and grammar. Mastering these rules will significantly boost your German grammar A2 proficiency.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: Ich weiß, dass du sprichst Deutsch.
Correct: Ich weiß, dass du Deutsch sprichst. (I know that you speak German.)
*Explanation:* With conjunctions like dass and wenn, the conjugated verb always moves to the very end of the subordinate clause. Don't forget the verb-kicker!
  1. 1Wrong: Ich lerne Deutsch, zu reisen.
Correct: Ich lerne Deutsch, um zu reisen. (I am learning German in order to travel.)
*Explanation:* When you want to express a *purpose* (in order to), you must use the um...zu construction. Simple zu + infinitive expresses a general intention or necessity, not a specific goal.
  1. 1Wrong: Es ist schwer, aufzustehen früh.
Correct: Es ist schwer, früh aufzustehen. (It is hard to get up early.)
*Explanation:* When a separable verb is used with zu + infinitive, the zu goes *between* the prefix and the verb stem (e.g., aufstehen becomes aufzustehen). Any other elements of the clause (like früh) come before the zu + infinitive part.

Real Conversations

A

A

Ich habe gehört, dass du einen neuen Job hast! (I heard that you have a new job!)
B

B

Ja, ich bin glücklich, dort anzufangen. (Yes, I am happy to start there.)
A

A

Was machst du, um Deutsch zu lernen? (What do you do in order to learn German?)
B

B

Wenn ich Zeit habe, lese ich Bücher oder schaue Filme auf Deutsch an. (If I have time, I read books or watch movies in German.)
A

A

Es ist wichtig, viel zu üben, um fließend zu werden. (It is important to practice a lot in order to become fluent.)
B

B

Da stimme ich dir zu. Ich versuche, jeden Tag neue Wörter zu lernen. (I agree with you. I try to learn new words every day.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I know when to use dass instead of was (what) in German sentences?

Dass introduces a subordinate clause stating a fact or information, like that. Was introduces a question or refers to what as a pronoun. For example, Ich weiß, dass er kommt. (I know that he is coming.) vs. Ich weiß nicht, was er macht. (I don't know what he is doing.)

Q

What's the main difference between um...zu and just zu + infinitive?

Um...zu specifically expresses a *purpose* or *goal* (in order to). Simple zu + infinitive is used after certain verbs or adjectives to express a general intention, necessity, or opinion, without the explicit in order to meaning.

Q

Can wenn also mean if only in German?

While wenn primarily means if or when, in certain contexts, often with a subjunctive verb, it can convey a sense of if only or a wish, like Wenn ich doch nur mehr Zeit hätte! (If only I had more time!). However, for A2 German grammar, focus on its conditional and temporal uses first.

Q

How do I handle separable verbs with zu when there's an object?

The zu still goes between the prefix and the verb stem, and the object typically comes before the zu + infinitive construction. For example: Ich habe vor, dich anzurufen. (I intend to call you.)

Cultural Context

These complex sentence structures are the backbone of natural German conversation and writing. Native speakers use dass and wenn constantly to link ideas, explain causes, and set conditions, making their speech precise and nuanced. The zu + infinitive and um...zu constructions are equally ubiquitous for expressing intentions, opinions, and motivations.
Mastering them isn't just about grammar; it's about sounding authentic and participating in more sophisticated discussions, whether you're planning a weekend trip or debating a topic. They are fundamental for expressing yourself beyond basic needs and truly engaging with the language.

重要な例文 (8)

1

Ich denke, dass {der|m} Film gut ist.

その映画は良いと私は思う。

ドイツ語の接続詞 'dass' (動詞キッカー)
2

Es ist wichtig, dass du dein {das|n} Passwort änderst.

パスワードを変更することが重要です。

ドイツ語の接続詞 'dass' (動詞キッカー)
3

Wenn ich hungrig bin, bestelle ich {die|f} Pizza.

お腹が空いたら、ピザを注文します。

wenn の使い方(もし〜なら・〜の時)
4

Ich sage dir Bescheid, wenn {der|m} Bus kommt.

バスが来たら、教えるね。

wenn の使い方(もし〜なら・〜の時)
5

Ich hoffe, dich bald wiederzusehen.

近いうちにまたお会いできますように。

行動を繋ぐ:ドイツ語の zu + 不定詞構文
6

Es ist toll, in Berlin zu wohnen.

ベルリンに住むのは素晴らしい。

行動を繋ぐ:ドイツ語の zu + 不定詞構文
7

Ich lerne Deutsch, um in Berlin zu arbeiten.

私はベルリンで働くためにドイツ語を勉強しています。

目的を伝える:〜するために (um...zu)
8

Sie geht zum Supermarkt, um {der|m} Kaffee zu kaufen.

彼女はコーヒーを買うためにスーパーに行きます。

目的を伝える:〜するために (um...zu)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

コンマはあなたの友達!

「dass」の前に、心の中で一度「間」を取ってみて。そこにコンマが入るんだよ。2つの文の動詞をしっかり分ける役割があります。「Es ist gut, dass wir hier sind.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の接続詞 'dass' (動詞キッカー)
🎯

動詞・カンマ・動詞の秘密

「Wenn」から文を始める時は、「動詞、カンマ、動詞」のリズムを覚えておくと、とっても自然に聞こえますよ!「Wenn du Zeit hast, können wir das Video schauen.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: wenn の使い方(もし〜なら・〜の時)
🎯

カンマのルール

「zu + 不定詞」の節の前には、必ずカンマをつけましょう。文が長くなっても、これでとても読みやすくなりますよ。
Es ist wichtig, jeden Tag Deutsch zu lernen.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 行動を繋ぐ:ドイツ語の zu + 不定詞構文
⚠️

「カンマ」がとても大切!

ドイツ語では、「um」の前のカンマを忘れてしまうことがよくあります。文をすっきりさせるために、必ずカンマを入れてくださいね。「Ich lerne Deutsch, um in Berlin zu arbeiten.」(私はベルリンで働くためにドイツ語を勉強しています。)
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 目的を伝える:〜するために (um...zu)

重要な語彙 (6)

dass that wenn if/when versuchen to try um...zu in order to anzufangen to start (separable) wichtig important

Real-World Preview

plane

Planning a Language Trip

Review Summary

  • Main clause + dass + [subject + ... + verb at end]
  • Wenn + [subject + ... + verb at end], [verb + subject + ...]
  • zu + verb (infinitive)
  • um + [object] + zu + verb (infinitive)
  • prefix + zu + stem + en

よくある間違い

In a 'dass' clause, the verb must go to the very end of the sentence, not after the subject.

Wrong: Ich weiß, dass ich spreche Deutsch.
正解: Ich weiß, dass ich Deutsch spreche.

The 'zu' must be placed directly before the infinitive verb, not at the start of the phrase.

Wrong: Ich lerne zu vieles lesen.
正解: Ich versuche, viel zu lesen.

You don't need 'zu' after modal verbs like 'wollen'. Only use the 'zu' sandwich with specific infinitive structures.

Wrong: Ich will anzufangen.
正解: Ich will anfangen.

このチャプターのルール (5)

Next Steps

You have done an amazing job! Take a moment to celebrate, then keep up the momentum.

Write 5 sentences about your future using 'um...zu'

クイック練習 (10)

正しい文を選びましょう。

文法的に正しい文を選んでください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Wenn ich Hunger habe, esse ich.
「wenn」節の中では動詞は最後に来ます。カンマの後の主節は動詞から始まる(動詞・カンマ・動詞)のがルールです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: wenn の使い方(もし〜なら・〜の時)

分離動詞の構文の間違いを見つけましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

Ich versuche, mein Zimmer zu aufräumen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ich versuche, mein Zimmer aufzuräumen.
「aufräumen」のような分離動詞では、「zu」は前綴りと動詞の間に置かれます:「auf-zu-räumen」。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 行動を繋ぐ:ドイツ語の zu + 不定詞構文

文法的に正しい文を選んでください。

正しい選択肢を選んでください:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ich finde, dass das Wetter schön ist.
「dass」の前のコンマと、動詞「ist」が最後にくることの両方が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の接続詞 'dass' (動詞キッカー)

「einkaufen」の正しい形で空欄を埋めてください。

Ich habe keine Zeit, heute ___. (einkaufen)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: einzukaufen
「einkaufen」のような分離動詞の場合、「zu」は接頭辞「ein-」と語幹「kaufen」の間に入ります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の「zu」サンドイッチ:分離動詞 (anzufangen)

正しい動詞の形を埋めましょう。

Wenn es morgen ______, bleibe ich zu Hause. (regnen)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: regnet
「es」に合わせた動詞の活用形が「wenn」節の最後に置かれる必要がありますね。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: wenn の使い方(もし〜なら・〜の時)

動詞「lernen」を「zu」と一緒に正しい形で埋めましょう。

Es ist wichtig, jeden Tag Deutsch ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: zu lernen
「wichtig」のような形容詞は、「zu + 不定詞」の構文を必要とします。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 行動を繋ぐ:ドイツ語の zu + 不定詞構文

空欄に「um」か「zu」を入れてください。

Ich gehe in die Küche, ___ einen Tee ___ machen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: um / zu
「um...zu」構文では、「um」が節の始まりに来て、「zu」は不定詞の動詞の直前に文末に来ます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 目的を伝える:〜するために (um...zu)

この文の間違いを見つけて修正してください。

Ich versuche, mein Zimmer zu aufräumen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ich versuche, mein Zimmer aufzuräumen.
「zu」は分離動詞「aufräumen」の中に入り、「aufzuräumen」となります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の「zu」サンドイッチ:分離動詞 (anzufangen)

スペルの間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Er sagt, das er keine Zeit hat.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Er sagt, dass er keine Zeit hat.
接続詞の「〜ということ」はドイツ語では常に「s」が二つの「dass」と書きます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の接続詞 'dass' (動詞キッカー)

間違いを見つけて直しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

Wenn ich du sehe, sage ich Hallo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Wenn ich dich sehe, sage ich Hallo.
動詞「sehen」の後なので、「du」は対格の「dich」になる必要があります。そして語順も正しく保ちましょう。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: wenn の使い方(もし〜なら・〜の時)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

「s」が一つしかない「das」は、冠詞(定冠詞)や代名詞(これ、あれ)だよ。一方、「s」が二つある「dass」は、文と文をつなぐ接続詞で、動詞を文の最後に移動させる働きがあるんだ。「Das Buch」(その本)、「Ich weiß, dass du kommst.」(君が来ることを私は知っている)のように使い分けます。
うん、ドイツ語では主文と「dass」で始まる副文の間には、必ずコンマを入れないといけないんだよ。「Ich denke, dass er Recht hat.」(彼が正しいと私は思う)のように、忘れずにね。
はい、使えます!現在や未来の出来事に対して、「もし〜ならば」(条件)と「〜する時に」(時)の両方を「wenn」で表現できます。どちらの意味かは文脈で判断できますよ。「Wenn es regnet, bleibe ich zu Hause.」(もし雨が降ったら、家にいる。)と「Wenn der Bus kommt, sage ich Bescheid.」(バスが来たら、教えるね。)を比べてみてください。
「falls」は文字通り「万一の場合」という意味で、「wenn」よりも不確実性が高い状況で使われます。「もしそうなったらラッキーだね」くらいの軽い気持ちの時に使うと良いでしょう。「Falls er anruft, sag ihm, ich bin draußen.」(もし彼が電話して来たら、外にいると伝えて。)
はい、通常の文では、「zu」とその不定詞は節の最後に置かれます。例えば、「Ich versuche, morgen pünktlich zu sein.」(明日、時間通りに到着しようとします。)のように使われます。
いいえ、主語が異なる場合は、「dass」節を使わなければなりません。「Ich möchte, dass du kommst」(君が来ることを望む)と、「Ich möchte kommen」(私が行きたい)を比較してみてください。