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B1 verb #7,500 よく出る 12分で読める

erfrieren

上位7,500

練習する例文メモとヒント erfrieren 30秒で

解説 erfrieren in your Level:

At the A1 level, you only need to know that 'erfrieren' is related to 'kalt' (cold) and 'tot' (dead). You might see it in simple stories about winter or in weather warnings. Remember that 'frieren' means you feel cold, but 'erfrieren' is much more serious. At this stage, you should focus on the present tense: 'Es ist sehr kalt. Ich erfriere!' (I am freezing to death! - used as an exaggeration). Do not worry too much about the past tense yet, but try to remember that it is a very strong word. Think of it as 'Super-Frieren'. If you see it in a book, it usually means something sad happened because of the snow and ice. It is a good word to recognize so you can understand when someone is complaining about the winter weather in a very dramatic way.

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At the A2 level, you should start to recognize the difference between 'frieren' (feeling cold) and 'erfrieren' (dying of cold). You will learn that 'erfrieren' is a verb that describes a result. In your studies of the past tense, you might notice that 'erfrieren' uses 'ist' in the perfect tense: 'Er ist erfroren.' This is because it is a change of state. You can use it to talk about plants in your garden: 'Meine Blumen sind erfroren.' This is a very common sentence in spring. You should also be able to conjugate it in the present tense: ich erfriere, du erfrierst, er erfriert. Even if you don't use it often yourself, you will hear it in weather reports on the radio or TV when the temperature goes below zero degrees Celsius.

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At the B1 level, you are expected to use 'erfrieren' correctly in various contexts. You should understand the role of the prefix 'er-', which indicates a final result or death. You must distinguish it from 'gefrieren' (water turning to ice) and 'einfrieren' (putting food in the freezer). You should be comfortable using the simple past 'erfror' and the present perfect 'ist erfroren'. B1 students should also know that 'erfrieren' can be used hyperbolically in daily life to express extreme discomfort. You might read about it in news articles regarding social issues (homelessness in winter) or historical texts. It is also the level where you learn the noun 'die Erfrierung' (frostbite). You should be able to explain the difference: 'Ich friere' (I feel cold) versus 'Ich bin fast erfroren' (I almost died of cold).

At the B2 level, you should have a nuanced understanding of 'erfrieren'. You can use it in more formal writing, such as reports on climate change or historical essays. You understand that the verb is intransitive and cannot take a direct object. You are also aware of the adjectival use of the past participle, like 'erfrorene Gliedmaßen' (frostbitten limbs). You can distinguish between literal and metaphorical uses. For example, you might describe a person's heart or emotions as 'erfroren' in a literary analysis. You should also be familiar with related terms like 'der Erfrierungstod'. Your vocabulary should include the distinction between 'erfrieren' and 'abfrieren' (where a part of the body is damaged but the person lives). You can discuss the 'Eisheiligen' and the agricultural impact of late frosts using this verb accurately.

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At the C1 level, 'erfrieren' becomes a tool for sophisticated expression. You can use it in literary contexts to describe the atmosphere of a scene or the psychological state of a character. You are familiar with its use in classical German literature (e.g., in the works of Goethe or Heine) and can discuss its symbolic meaning. You understand the etymological connection to other 'er-' verbs that denote a fatal outcome. You can use the verb in complex grammatical structures, such as the passive voice of the state (Zustandspassiv) or in participial constructions ('Die im Winter erfrorenen Pflanzen konnten nicht gerettet werden'). You are also able to use it in professional contexts, such as medicine, law, or environmental science, with complete precision regarding its implications of finality and destruction.

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At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of 'erfrieren' and its stylistic nuances. You can appreciate the word's resonance in German cultural history, from the 'Winterreise' to modern political discourse about energy poverty. You can use the word with subtle irony or deep pathos. You are aware of rare, archaic, or poetic uses of the verb and can distinguish them from modern standard usage. You can discuss the linguistic evolution of the 'er-' prefix and how it functions across the German lexicon. Your use of 'erfrieren' is indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker, whether you are writing a technical medical report on hypothermia, a literary critique, or an evocative piece of creative writing where the cold serves as a central metaphor for human existence.

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練習する例文メモとヒント

erfrieren 30秒で

A strong German verb meaning 'to freeze to death' for living beings or 'to be killed by frost' for plants.
Uses the auxiliary verb 'sein' (e.g., 'ist erfroren') because it represents a definitive change of state from life to death.
Distinguished from 'frieren' (to feel cold) and 'gefrieren' (water turning to ice) by its prefix 'er-', which denotes a fatal result.
Commonly used in news reports, historical contexts, gardening warnings, and occasionally as a dramatic hyperbole in daily speech.

The German verb erfrieren is a powerful and somber term that belongs to a specific class of German verbs beginning with the prefix er-. In the German language, this prefix often denotes the achievement of a result or a transition into a final state, frequently one that is fatal or irreversible. While the base verb frieren simply means to feel cold or for water to turn to ice, erfrieren signifies the ultimate conclusion of that process: death or total destruction due to extreme low temperatures. It is used in two primary contexts: biological death of humans or animals, and the destruction of plant life due to frost. Understanding this word requires an appreciation for the harsh winters that have historically shaped Central European life and literature. When a German speaker uses this word, they are not just talking about being chilly; they are describing a tragedy or a significant agricultural loss.

Biological Death: This refers to humans or animals dying from hypothermia. It is a common term in news reports about mountain climbing accidents or historical accounts of wars.
Botanical Damage: When plants, blossoms, or crops are destroyed by a sudden late frost, they are said to 'erfrieren'. This is a major concern for German winegrowers and farmers.
Metaphorical Stagnation: In literature, it can describe emotions or relationships that have become cold, dead, and unresponsive due to neglect or trauma.

Ohne eine warme Decke würde man in dieser klirrenden Kälte jämmerlich erfrieren.

The word carries a weight of finality. Unlike English, where 'to freeze' can mean both 'to be cold' and 'to die of cold,' German makes a sharp distinction. If you say 'Ich erfriere,' you are technically saying 'I am dying of cold,' though in modern slang, it is often used hyperbolically to mean 'I am extremely cold.' However, in serious discourse, it is reserved for the literal loss of life. Historically, the word appears frequently in the context of the 'Hungerwinter' or the failed military campaigns of Napoleon and the Wehrmacht in Russia, where 'der Erfrierungstod' (death by freezing) claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. This historical baggage makes the word resonate deeply with themes of vulnerability and the overwhelming power of nature.

Die Rosen im Garten sind leider während der Eisheiligen erfroren.

In a modern context, you might encounter this word in social work discussions regarding the homeless population during winter. Cities often establish 'Kältebusse' (cold buses) to prevent people from 'erfrieren' on the streets. This highlights the word's continued relevance in contemporary social issues. Furthermore, the word is used in forensics and medicine to describe the physiological process of freezing. It is a 'strong' verb, meaning it undergoes a vowel change in the past tense (erfrieren - erfror - erfroren), which is a hallmark of older, core Germanic vocabulary. This linguistic stability suggests that the concept has been central to the German-speaking experience for over a millennium.

Der Bergsteiger wurde am Morgen gefunden; er war leider in der Nacht erfroren.

Using erfrieren correctly requires attention to its status as an intransitive verb that denotes a change of state. It does not take a direct object. You cannot 'erfrieren' something else; rather, a subject 'erfriert' (freezes to death) on its own. This is a crucial distinction for English speakers who might want to say 'The cold froze the flowers.' In German, you would say 'Die Blumen sind erfroren' (The flowers froze/died). The focus is entirely on the subject undergoing the transformation. Because it is a strong verb, its forms are: erfrieren (present), erfror (simple past), and ist erfroren (present perfect).

Hyperbolic Use: 'Ich erfriere hier draußen!' – I'm freezing to death out here! (Used when waiting for a bus in winter, though not literally dying).
Botanical Warning: 'Decke die Pflanzen ab, damit sie nicht erfrieren.' – Cover the plants so they don't freeze to death.
Historical Narrative: 'Viele Soldaten erfroren auf dem Rückzug.' – Many soldiers froze to death during the retreat.

Wenn wir das Fenster offen lassen, erfrieren meine Setzlinge bis morgen früh.

When constructing complex sentences, erfrieren often appears with prepositional phrases that explain the circumstances. For example, 'vor Kälte erfrieren' (to freeze to death from cold) is a common tautological emphasis. In the passive-like state of the past participle, 'erfroren' acts as an adjective. You can describe a 'erfrorene Nase' (a frostbitten nose) or 'erfrorene Finger'. While 'erfrieren' usually implies death, when applied to specific body parts, it implies severe frostbite or tissue death. This nuance is important: a person can have 'erfrorene Zehen' (frostbitten toes) without having 'erfroren' (died) themselves. This demonstrates the verb's flexibility in describing both partial and total destruction by cold.

Die Vögel finden kein Futter und erfrieren in den langen Winternächten.

In literary German, the verb can be used to describe the freezing of water in a more dramatic way than the standard 'gefrieren'. If a lake 'erfriert', it suggests a deep, solid, and perhaps final freezing. However, this is rare and mostly found in poetry. In everyday speech, focus on the 'death' or 'destruction' aspect. If you are just feeling very cold, you should use 'frieren'. If you say 'Ich erfriere', make sure the context allows for exaggeration, or people might actually call an ambulance! The distinction between 'frieren' (state of feeling cold) and 'erfrieren' (result of being cold) is one of the most important lessons for B1 learners mastering German prefixes.

Nach dem Lawinenabgang bestand die größte Gefahr darin, dass die Verschütteten erfrieren könnten.

You will encounter erfrieren in several distinct domains of German life. The most common is the evening news (Tagesschau or Heute) during the winter months. News anchors use it to report on the casualties of extreme weather events, particularly in the Alps or during unexpected cold snaps in Eastern Europe. It is a staple of journalistic reporting because it is precise and factual. Another common place is in the garden center or among hobby gardeners. In Germany, gardening is a serious pastime, and the 'Eisheiligen' (the Ice Saints in mid-May) are a period when everyone fears their young plants will erfrieren. You will hear neighbors warning each other: 'Pass auf, deine Tomaten könnten heute Nacht erfrieren!'

News & Media: Reporting on homeless shelters, mountain rescues, and arctic expeditions.
Literature & History: Classic German novels and history books discussing the harsh realities of winter.
Everyday Hyperbole: Friends complaining about a lack of heating in an apartment or a cold office.

In den Nachrichten hieß es, dass letzte Nacht drei Menschen im Schneesturm erfroren sind.

In schools, German children learn about the 'Hungerwinter' of 1946/47, a pivotal and traumatic moment in post-war history where thousands of people erfroren in their own homes due to a lack of coal and food. This historical context gives the word a certain gravity that 'to freeze' in English sometimes lacks. In a more modern, lighter context, you might hear it in the workplace. If the air conditioning is set too low, a colleague might jokingly say, 'Ich erfriere hier noch!' This usage is very common but technically incorrect, as they are not actually dying. It’s a way to emphasize discomfort through extreme language, similar to saying 'I'm starving' when you're just hungry.

Die Winzer haben Angst, dass die jungen Reben durch den Frost erfrieren.

Finally, you will find erfrieren in scientific and medical texts. When discussing 'Erfrierungen' (frostbite), doctors use the noun form, but the verb describes the systemic failure of the body under cold stress. In survival guides or documentaries about the Arctic, the word is used to explain the physiological stages of hypothermia. Whether it's the tragic end of a folk tale or a warning on a seed packet, erfrieren is a word that reminds German speakers of the lethal potential of their environment. It is a word of warning, of mourning, and occasionally, of dramatic complaint.

Macht die Heizung an, sonst erfrieren wir alle in dieser Wohnung!

The most frequent mistake English speakers make with erfrieren is confusing it with the simple verb frieren. In English, 'I am freezing' usually means 'I feel very cold.' If you translate this literally into German as 'Ich erfriere,' you are telling people that you are in the process of dying from the cold. While Germans do use this hyperbolically, a learner might say it in a context where it sounds alarmingly serious or just linguistically 'off.' The correct way to say 'I am cold' is 'Mich friert' or 'Ich friere'. Use erfrieren only when you want to emphasize the fatal result or use extreme exaggeration.

The Auxiliary Verb 'Haben': Mistake: 'Er hat erfroren.' Correct: 'Er ist erfroren.' Always use 'sein' for verbs indicating a change of state or death.
Transitive Confusion: Mistake: 'Der Frost hat die Blumen erfroren.' Correct: 'Die Blumen sind erfroren.' The frost can 'frieren machen' (make freeze), but the verb 'erfrieren' itself is intransitive.
Confusing with 'Gefrieren': 'Gefrieren' is for liquids turning to ice (water to ice). 'Erfrieren' is for living things dying. You cannot say 'Das Wasser ist erfroren.'

Falsch: Ich habe letzte Nacht fast erfroren. Richtig: Ich bin letzte Nacht fast erfroren.

Another subtle mistake is the misapplication of the past participle erfroren. While 'erfroren' can mean 'frozen to death,' it is also used for frostbitten body parts. However, you must be careful with the word 'gefroren' (frozen). 'Gefrorenes Fleisch' is frozen meat (for eating), but 'erfrorenes Fleisch' would imply meat that died of cold, which makes no sense for a steak. Always use 'gefroren' for food or inanimate objects and 'erfroren' for things that were once alive and were killed or damaged by cold. This distinction is vital for maintaining natural-sounding German.

Falsch: Das Wasser ist im See erfroren. Richtig: Das Wasser ist im See gefroren.

Finally, watch out for the conjugation. Because it's a strong verb, many learners try to conjugate it regularly (*erfrierte). This is incorrect. The simple past is erfror. Forgetting the vowel change is a common B1-level error. Practice the sequence erfrieren – erfror – ist erfroren until it becomes second nature. Also, ensure you don't confuse erfrieren with einfrieren. 'Einfrieren' means to put something in the freezer (to preserve it). If you 'erfrieren' your peas, you've killed them; if you 'einfrieren' your peas, you're saving them for dinner!

Falsch: Der Bergsteiger erfrierte im Sturm. Richtig: Der Bergsteiger erfror im Sturm.

German has a rich vocabulary for cold-related concepts, and choosing the right word depends entirely on the outcome and the subject. While erfrieren is the most extreme, several other verbs describe different facets of freezing. Understanding these alternatives will help you navigate winter conversations with precision. The most basic is frieren, which describes the sensation of cold. If you are shivering, you are 'frieren'. If a lake turns to ice, it is gefrieren. If you put leftovers in the freezer, you frierst them ein.

frieren vs. erfrieren: 'Frieren' is the state of being cold. 'Erfrieren' is the result of being so cold that you die or are destroyed.
gefrieren: Specifically for liquids turning into ice. 'Das Wasser gefriert bei null Grad.'
einfrieren: To preserve food or to halt a process (like a bank account). 'Ich friere das Fleisch ein.'
abfrieren: Often used for body parts falling off or being severely damaged by frost. 'Mir ist die Nase fast abgefroren!' (My nose almost fell off from the cold!).

Es ist ein Unterschied, ob man nur friert oder ob man tatsächlich erfriert.

For plants, another alternative is eingehen (to perish/wither), though this is more general and not specific to cold. If a plant dies specifically from frost, erfrieren is the most accurate term. In a medical context, you might hear Unterkühlung (hypothermia). While erfrieren is the verb for the act of dying, an Unterkühlung sterben is the more formal, medical way to express 'to die of hypothermia'. In slang, you might hear sich den Arsch abfrieren (to freeze one's butt off), which is a vulgar way of saying you are extremely cold, but it uses the 'ab-' prefix instead of 'er-', emphasizing the (metaphorical) loss of a body part rather than death.

Im Gefrierfach gefrieren die Eiswürfel, aber im Garten erfrieren die Blumen.

In summary, choose erfrieren when the result is total destruction or death. Choose frieren for the sensation. Choose gefrieren for ice formation. Choose einfrieren for preservation. And choose abfrieren for severe but non-lethal damage to extremities. Mastering these distinctions will make your German sound much more sophisticated and precise, especially during the long, dark months of a German winter. The 'er-' prefix is your key: it turns the simple act of feeling cold into a definitive, and often tragic, conclusion.

Wenn die Heizung ausfällt, werden wir nicht nur frieren, sondern am Ende vielleicht sogar erfrieren.

How Formal Is It?

豆知識

The 'er-' prefix is a 'deadly' prefix in German. It often transforms a neutral action into a fatal one: 'trinken' (to drink) -> 'ertrinken' (to drown); 'schießen' (to shoot) -> 'erschießen' (to shoot dead).

発音ガイド

UK /ɛɐ̯ˈfʁiːʁən/

US /ɛrˈfrieren/

The stress is on the second syllable: er-FRIE-ren.

韻が合う語

verlieren probieren studieren marschieren regieren servieren trainieren polieren

よくある間違い

Stressing the first syllable (ER-frieren).
Pronouncing the 'ie' as a short 'i'.
Over-enunciating the final 'n'.
Mixing up the 'r' sounds.
Pronouncing the 'er-' as 'ur-' like in English 'urgent'.

難易度

読解 3/5

Easy to recognize in context, but must be distinguished from related verbs.

ライティング 4/5

Requires knowledge of strong verb conjugation and the correct auxiliary verb 'sein'.

スピーキング 3/5

Commonly used hyperbolically, but pronunciation of the 'er-' prefix can be tricky.

リスニング 3/5

Clear pronunciation usually makes it easy to hear in news or weather reports.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

kalt frieren der Frost das Eis sterben

次に学ぶ

ertrinken erwürgen erstickten die Erfrierung unterkühlt

上級

nekrotisieren Gefrierpunkt Zelltod Kryotechnik Permafrost

知っておくべき文法

Strong Verb Conjugation (e-o-o)

erfrieren -> erfror -> ist erfroren

Auxiliary Verb 'sein' for Change of State

Er ist (nicht hat) erfroren.

Prefix 'er-' for Lethal Outcomes

ertrinken, erschießen, erhängen, erfrieren

Intransitive Verbs

Die Blumen erfrieren (No direct object allowed).

Participle II as Adjective

Die erfrorenen Pflanzen (The frozen plants).

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レベル別の例文

Ich erfriere hier draußen!

I'm freezing to death out here!

Present tense, used hyperbolically.

Die Blumen erfrieren im Winter.

The flowers freeze to death in winter.

Simple subject-verb construction.

Es ist so kalt, wir erfrieren!

It's so cold, we're freezing to death!

First person plural present.

Der Hund darf nicht erfrieren.

The dog must not freeze to death.

Modal verb 'dürfen' + infinitive.

Ohne Mantel erfriert man schnell.

Without a coat, one freezes to death quickly.

Use of impersonal 'man'.

Hilfe, ich erfriere!

Help, I'm freezing to death!

Exclamatory use.

Die Vögel erfrieren ohne Futter.

The birds freeze to death without food.

Prepositional phrase 'ohne Futter'.

Erfrieren die Tomaten heute Nacht?

Will the tomatoes freeze to death tonight?

Question form.

Gestern ist meine Rose erfroren.

Yesterday my rose froze to death.

Present perfect with 'ist'.

In der Nacht sind viele Tiere erfroren.

In the night, many animals froze to death.

Plural subject with 'sind'.

Wir sind fast erfroren, als die Heizung kaputt war.

We almost froze to death when the heating was broken.

Use of 'fast' (almost).

Erfror der Mann im Wald?

Did the man freeze to death in the forest?

Simple past (Präteritum) question.

Die kleinen Pflanzen sind leider erfroren.

The small plants unfortunately froze to death.

Adverb 'leider' added.

Zieh dich warm an, damit du nicht erfrierst.

Dress warmly so that you don't freeze to death.

Conjunction 'damit' with subordinate clause.

Ist der See erfroren? Nein, er ist nur gefroren.

Did the lake freeze to death? No, it's just frozen (ice).

Distinguishing 'erfrieren' from 'gefrieren'.

In Sibirien erfrieren jedes Jahr Menschen.

In Siberia, people freeze to death every year.

Present tense for habitual action.

Trotz der Warnungen erfror der Wanderer im Gebirge.

Despite the warnings, the hiker froze to death in the mountains.

Simple past with 'trotz' + genitive.

Wenn die Temperatur weiter sinkt, werden die Reben erfrieren.

If the temperature drops further, the vines will freeze to death.

Future tense with 'werden'.

Er hatte Angst, in der einsamen Hütte zu erfrieren.

He was afraid of freezing to death in the lonely cabin.

Infinitive with 'zu'.

Viele Obdachlose riskieren es, im Winter zu erfrieren.

Many homeless people risk freezing to death in winter.

Verb 'riskieren' with infinitive.

Die Ernte ist wegen des plötzlichen Frosts komplett erfroren.

The harvest has completely frozen to death because of the sudden frost.

Present perfect with 'wegen' + genitive.

Man fand ihn erfroren unter einer Schneedecke.

He was found frozen to death under a blanket of snow.

Participle used as an object complement.

Ohne Rettung wäre das Kind in der Kälte erfroren.

Without rescue, the child would have frozen to death in the cold.

Konjunktiv II (conditional).

Die Nachricht, dass er erfroren war, schockierte alle.

The news that he had frozen to death shocked everyone.

Past perfect in a 'dass' clause.

Die Obstbauern befürchten, dass die Blüten durch den Spätfrost erfrieren könnten.

The fruit farmers fear that the blossoms could freeze to death due to late frost.

Subordinate clause with modal 'könnten'.

Während des Rückzugs der Armee erfroren tausende Soldaten jämmerlich.

During the army's retreat, thousands of soldiers froze to death miserably.

Simple past with descriptive adverb.

Es ist eine Tragödie, dass im 21. Jahrhundert immer noch Menschen erfrieren.

It is a tragedy that people are still freezing to death in the 21st century.

Abstract subject 'Es ist eine Tragödie'.

Die erfrorenen Finger mussten im Krankenhaus behandelt werden.

The frostbitten fingers had to be treated in the hospital.

Adjectival use of the participle.

Manche Pflanzen erfrieren bereits bei Temperaturen knapp unter dem Gefrierpunkt.

Some plants already freeze to death at temperatures just below freezing.

Preposition 'bei' + dative.

Die Angst vor dem Erfrieren trieb die Abenteurer zur Eile an.

The fear of freezing to death spurred the adventurers to hurry.

Nominalized verb 'das Erfrieren'.

Er war so unterkühlt, dass er beinahe erfroren wäre.

He was so hypothermic that he almost would have frozen to death.

Consecutive clause with Konjunktiv II.

Die Vögel sind in der extremen Kältewelle massenhaft erfroren.

The birds froze to death in massive numbers during the extreme cold wave.

Adverbial 'massenhaft'.

In der literarischen Romantik symbolisiert das Erfrieren oft die emotionale Isolation.

In literary Romanticism, freezing to death often symbolizes emotional isolation.

Academic context, nominalization.

Die biologischen Prozesse beim Erfrieren sind komplex und führen zum Zelltod.

The biological processes during freezing to death are complex and lead to cell death.

Scientific register.

Sollten die Schutzmaßnahmen versagen, würde der gesamte Bestand erfrieren.

Should the protective measures fail, the entire stock would freeze to death.

Inverted conditional clause with 'sollten'.

Das Denkmal erinnert an jene, die in den Kriegswintern erfroren sind.

The monument commemorates those who froze to death in the war winters.

Relative clause with 'jene, die'.

Metaphorisch gesehen kann eine Beziehung an mangelnder Wärme erfrieren.

Metaphorically speaking, a relationship can freeze to death from a lack of warmth.

Metaphorical usage.

Die Obdachlosenhilfe versucht zu verhindern, dass Bedürftige den Kältetod sterben oder erfrieren.

The homeless relief effort tries to prevent those in need from dying of cold or freezing to death.

Use of 'Bedürftige' as a noun.

Unbehandelt führen schwere Erfrierungen unweigerlich zum Verlust der Gliedmaßen.

Untreated, severe frostbite inevitably leads to the loss of limbs.

Noun form 'Erfrierungen' in plural.

Man darf die Pflanzen erst nach draußen stellen, wenn keine Gefahr mehr besteht, dass sie erfrieren.

One should only put the plants outside when there is no longer a danger of them freezing to death.

Complex multi-clause sentence.

Das Grauen des Russlandfeldzuges manifestierte sich im massenhaften Erfrieren der Soldaten.

The horror of the Russian campaign manifested itself in the mass freezing to death of the soldiers.

High-level historical analysis.

In Heines Lyrik wird das Erfrieren des Herzens als Motiv für unerfüllte Liebe verwandt.

In Heine's poetry, the freezing of the heart is used as a motif for unrequited love.

Literary analysis, passive voice with 'verwandt'.

Die physiologische Agonie des Erfrierens wird oft von einer trügerischen Wärmeempfindung begleitet.

The physiological agony of freezing to death is often accompanied by a deceptive sensation of warmth.

Technical medical description.

Trotz modernster Ausrüstung bleibt das Risiko, bei Extremexpeditionen zu erfrieren, latent präsent.

Despite modern equipment, the risk of freezing to death on extreme expeditions remains latently present.

Sophisticated adverbial use.

Die bittere Ironie lag darin, dass er nur wenige Meter vor der rettenden Hütte erfror.

The bitter irony lay in the fact that he froze to death only a few meters from the saving cabin.

Narrative irony.

Es bedarf konsequenter sozialpolitischer Maßnahmen, um das Erfrieren auf unseren Straßen zu eliminieren.

Consistent socio-political measures are required to eliminate freezing to death on our streets.

Formal political rhetoric.

Die empfindlichen Orchideen erfroren binnen weniger Stunden, nachdem die Heizung im Gewächshaus ausgefallen war.

The sensitive orchids froze to death within a few hours after the heating in the greenhouse failed.

Use of 'binnen' + genitive.

Wer die Kälte der Einsamkeit nicht kennt, kann das Grauen des Erfrierens nicht ermessen.

He who does not know the cold of loneliness cannot gauge the horror of freezing to death.

Philosophical relative clause.

よく使う組み合わせ

jämmerlich erfrieren

fast erfrieren

im Gebirge erfrieren

über Nacht erfrieren

vor Kälte erfrieren

beinahe erfrieren

im Schlaf erfrieren

durch Frost erfrieren

massenhaft erfrieren

lebendig erfrieren

よく使うフレーズ

Ich erfriere noch!

— I'm going to freeze to death! (Used hyperbolically when cold).

Mach das Fenster zu, ich erfriere noch!

Lass mich nicht erfrieren.

— Don't let me freeze to death (often used figuratively for needing help).

Bitte lass mich rein, lass mich nicht draußen erfrieren.

Erfrorene Gliedmaßen

— Frostbitten limbs.

Er hatte erfrorene Zehen nach der Wanderung.

Zum Erfrieren kalt

— Cold enough to freeze to death.

Draußen ist es zum Erfrieren kalt.

Eher erfriert die Hölle

— When hell freezes over (rare, usually 'eher friert die Hölle zu').

Eher erfriert die Hölle, als dass ich ihm vergebe.

Fast erfroren sein

— To have nearly frozen to death.

Wir waren nach der Panne fast erfroren.

Die Blumen sind alle erfroren

— All the flowers died from the frost.

Nach der kalten Nacht sind die Blumen alle erfroren.

Erfrorene Erde

— Frozen earth (usually 'gefroren', but 'erfroren' implies dead soil).

Auf der erfrorenen Erde wuchs nichts mehr.

Vorm Erfrieren retten

— To save from freezing to death.

Die Bergwacht konnte ihn vorm Erfrieren retten.

Gefahr des Erfrierens

— Danger of freezing to death.

Es besteht die Gefahr des Erfrierens bei diesen Temperaturen.

よく混同される語

erfrieren vs frieren

Frieren is to feel cold; erfrieren is to die from cold.

erfrieren vs gefrieren

Gefrieren is for water turning to ice; erfrieren is for living things dying.

erfrieren vs einfrieren

Einfrieren is to intentionally freeze food or processes; erfrieren is accidental death.

慣用句と表現

"Ein erfrorenes Lächeln"

— A frozen or forced smile that lacks warmth.

Sie begrüßte ihn mit einem erfrorenen Lächeln.

literary

"Das Herz ist erfroren"

— To be emotionally numb or incapable of love.

Nach all dem Leid war sein Herz völlig erfroren.

poetic

"Sich den Arsch abfrieren"

— To freeze one's butt off (uses 'abfrieren' but related).

Ich habe mir an der Bushaltestelle den Arsch abgefroren.

slang

"In der Kälte stehen gelassen werden"

— To be left out in the cold (metaphorically).

Die Firma hat ihre Mitarbeiter in der Kälte stehen gelassen.

neutral

"Die Hölle friert zu"

— When hell freezes over.

Bevor ich das tue, friert die Hölle zu.

informal

"Kalt wie ein Fisch"

— To be very cold/emotionless.

Er ist kalt wie ein Fisch.

informal

"Jemanden eiskalt erwischen"

— To catch someone completely off guard.

Die Frage hat mich eiskalt erwischt.

informal

"Das Blut in den Adern gefrieren lassen"

— To make someone's blood run cold.

Der Schrei ließ mir das Blut in den Adern gefrieren.

literary

"Eiszeit herrscht"

— There is a very frosty atmosphere (between people).

Zwischen den beiden herrscht momentan Eiszeit.

neutral

"Auf dünnem Eis gehen"

— To walk on thin ice.

Du gehst mit deinen Bemerkungen auf dünnem Eis.

neutral

間違えやすい

erfrieren vs gefrieren

Both relate to ice and cold.

Gefrieren is the physical process of liquid becoming solid. Erfrieren is the biological process of death by cold.

Das Wasser gefriert, aber der Fisch erfriert.

erfrieren vs abfrieren

Both involve damage from cold.

Abfrieren usually refers to specific parts (ears, toes) being damaged or metaphorically lost. Erfrieren is the whole organism dying.

Mir ist die Nase abgefroren, aber ich bin nicht erfroren.

erfrieren vs frieren

Root word is the same.

Frieren is a state/sensation. Erfrieren is a result/outcome.

Ich friere seit Stunden, hoffentlich erfriere ich nicht.

erfrieren vs einfrieren

Prefixes can be confusing.

Einfrieren is transitive (you freeze something). Erfrieren is intransitive (something freezes itself to death).

Ich friere die Pizza ein. (Correct) Ich erfriere die Pizza. (Wrong)

erfrieren vs kaltstellen

Relates to cold.

Kaltstellen means to put something in the fridge or metaphorically to sideline someone.

Ich stelle das Bier kalt.

文型パターン

Ich erfriere!

Ich erfriere hier!

Etwas ist erfroren.

Die Rose ist erfroren.

Ohne X würde man erfrieren.

Ohne Jacke würde man erfrieren.

Jemand erfror in/bei X.

Er erfror im Schneesturm.

Es besteht die Gefahr, dass X erfriert.

Es besteht die Gefahr, dass die Ernte erfriert.

Das Erfrieren von X verhindern.

Wir müssen das Erfrieren der Setzlinge verhindern.

An den Folgen des Erfrierens sterben.

Er starb an den Folgen des Erfrierens.

Metaphorisch an X erfrieren.

Die Seele kann an Einsamkeit erfrieren.

語族

名詞

die Erfrierung (frostbite)

der Erfrierungstod (death by freezing)

das Erfrieren (the act of freezing to death)

動詞

frieren (to feel cold)

gefrieren (to turn to ice)

einfrieren (to freeze food)

abfrieren (to freeze off)

形容詞

erfroren (frozen to death/frostbitten)

frierend (shivering/feeling cold)

使い方

frequency

High during winter months; low during summer.

よくある間違い

Using 'haben' as auxiliary. → Er ist erfroren.
Verbs of dying and change of state always take 'sein'.
Confusing 'erfrieren' with 'frieren'. → Ich friere (I am cold).
Learners often say 'Ich erfriere' when they are just chilly.
Saying 'Das Wasser ist erfroren'. → Das Wasser ist gefroren.
'Erfrieren' is only for biological entities.
Using it transitively: 'Der Frost erfriert die Blumen'. → Die Blumen erfrieren durch den Frost.
'Erfrieren' cannot take a direct object in modern German.
Regularizing the past tense: 'erfrierte'. → erfror
It is a strong verb and must follow the i-o-o pattern.

ヒント

Remember the Auxiliary

Always pair 'erfrieren' with 'sein' in the past. Think of it like 'sterben' (to die) or 'gehen' (to go) – it's a movement from one state to another.

Gardening Context

If you move to Germany and have a garden, this word will be very important in April and May. Watch the weather app for 'Frostgefahr'!

Hyperbole Alert

Don't be shocked if someone says 'Ich erfriere' in a 15-degree room. It just means they want the window closed.

Mountain Safety

In the Alps, signs might warn of 'Erfrierungsgefahr'. Take them seriously; they mean literal death, not just discomfort.

ER = End Result

Associate the 'er-' prefix with 'Ende'. It's the end of the life because of the cold.

The 'ie' Rule

Like 'frieren', 'erfrieren' is spelled with 'ie'. In the past tense 'erfror', the 'ie' disappears. Don't write 'erfriere' in the past!

Vs. Ertrinken

Group it with 'ertrinken' (drown). Both start with 'er-', both involve nature, and both are fatal.

Tone Matters

Use a serious tone for news and a slightly exaggerated tone for personal complaints to match native speaker habits.

Suffix Check

Listen for 'erfroren' vs 'gefroren' in supermarkets. 'Gefroren' is what you want for your peas; 'erfroren' peas are ruined.

Prefix Logic

The prefix 'er-' is one of the most productive in German. Learning its 'resultative' meaning now will help you with hundreds of other verbs.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of the 'er-' as 'End Result'. Frieren is just being cold, but 'erfrieren' is the 'End Result' of being cold: death.

視覚的連想

Imagine a tiny flower in a garden covered in a thick layer of ice, looking brown and dead. That flower has 'erfroren'.

Word Web

Kälte Winter Tod Frost Eis Blumen Berge Schnee

チャレンジ

Try to use 'erfrieren' in a sentence about your garden and 'frieren' in a sentence about your office. Notice the difference in seriousness!

語源

Derived from the Middle High German 'ervrieren', which comes from Old High German 'irfriosan'. The prefix 'er-' (Old High German 'ir-') signifies the completion of an action or a transition into a final state. The root 'frieren' comes from the Proto-Germanic '*freusan'.

元の意味： To freeze completely or to the point of death.

Germanic

文化的な背景

Be careful using this word hyperbolically around people who have experienced real trauma with cold or homelessness, as it is a very literal term for death.

English speakers often use 'freeze' for everything. In German, you must be more specific. 'Erfrieren' is a high-stakes word.

Napoleon's retreat from Russia (historical accounts of 'erfrieren'). Franz Schubert's 'Winterreise' (themes of cold and death). Hans Christian Andersen's 'The Little Match Girl' (Das kleine Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern - she erfriert at the end).

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

Gardening

Die Pflanzen abdecken
Frostempfindliche Blumen
Die Eisheiligen abwarten
Erfrierungen an den Blättern

Mountain Rescue

Einen Lawinenabgang überleben
Schwere Unterkühlung
Vorm Erfrieren retten
Die Kälte nicht unterschätzen

History

Der harte Winter
Soldaten im Feldzug
Keine warme Kleidung
Massenhaftes Sterben

Daily Life (Hyperbole)

Eisige Kälte
Die Heizung ist ausgefallen
Sich warm einpacken
Zittern vor Kälte

Social Issues

Obdachlose im Winter
Notschlafstellen
Kältehilfe
Den Kältetod verhindern

会話のきっかけ

"Hast du gehört? Letzte Nacht sind im Gebirge zwei Wanderer erfroren."

"Glaubst du, meine Geranien werden heute Nacht auf dem Balkon erfrieren?"

"Warst du schon mal so kalt, dass du dachtest, du würdest erfrieren?"

"Wie schützen die Bauern hier ihre Weinreben vor dem Erfrieren?"

"In welchen Filmen ist am Ende jemand auf tragische Weise erfroren?"

日記のテーマ

Beschreibe einen Moment, in dem du draußen warst und fast erfroren bist. Wie hat sich das angefühlt?

Warum ist das Wort 'erfrieren' in der deutschen Geschichte so präsent? Recherchiere den Hungerwinter 1946.

Stell dir vor, du bist ein Gärtner. Wie bereitest du deinen Garten vor, damit nichts erfriert?

Schreibe eine kurze Geschichte über einen Bergsteiger, der gegen das Erfrieren kämpft.

Was kann eine Stadt tun, damit im Winter kein Mensch auf der Straße erfrieren muss?

よくある質問

10 問

Nein, 'erfrieren' wird fast ausschließlich für Lebewesen (Menschen, Tiere) und Pflanzen verwendet. Für Wasser benutzt man 'gefrieren', für Essen 'einfrieren' und für Motoren 'einfrieren' oder 'kaputtgehen durch Frost'.

Nein, im Alltag ist es oft eine Hyperbel (Übertreibung). Wenn ein Deutscher sagt 'Ich erfriere!', meint er meistens nur, dass ihm sehr kalt ist. In ernsten Situationen (z.B. Bergrettung) ist es aber wörtlich zu verstehen.

'Erfroren' bedeutet durch Kälte gestorben oder geschädigt (belebt). 'Gefroren' bedeutet zu Eis geworden (unbelebt). Eine 'erfrorene Nase' ist medizinisch geschädigt, 'gefrorenes Wasser' ist einfach Eis.

Man benutzt immer 'sein'. Beispiel: 'Er ist erfroren.' Das liegt daran, dass 'erfrieren' eine Zustandsänderung (vom Leben zum Tod) beschreibt.

Es gibt zwei: 'Das Erfrieren' (der Vorgang) und 'die Erfrierung' (die medizinische Verletzung, z.B. an den Fingern).

Nein, eine Heizung kann 'einfrieren' (wenn das Wasser in den Rohren gefriert), aber sie kann nicht 'erfrieren', da sie nicht lebt.

Ja, es ist ein starkes Verb. Die Stammformen sind: erfrieren, erfror, ist erfroren. Der Vokal wechselt von ie zu o.

Das ist eine Periode im Mai (11.-15. Mai), in der es oft noch einmal Frost gibt. Gärtner warten diese Tage ab, damit ihre Pflanzen nicht erfrieren.

Das ist eine Metapher. Es bedeutet, dass jemand keine Emotionen mehr zeigen kann oder innerlich kalt geworden ist.

Nein, da es ein intransitives Verb ist, das eine Zustandsänderung beschreibt, gibt es kein Vorgangspassiv. Man kann aber das Zustandspassiv-ähnliche Adjektiv 'erfroren' nutzen.

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