damages 30秒で
- Damages refers to the money paid as compensation for harm or loss.
- It is a legal term and is always used in the plural form.
- Common types include compensatory (for loss) and punitive (for punishment).
- It is distinct from 'damage,' which refers to the physical harm itself.
The term damages refers specifically to a sum of money claimed or awarded in compensation for a loss or an injury. Unlike the singular word 'damage,' which refers to the harm itself, the plural form 'damages' is a technical legal concept. It represents the financial remedy provided by a court to a person who has suffered a legal wrong. This distinction is crucial in both legal and everyday contexts because it shifts the focus from the physical or emotional harm to the economic resolution of that harm.
- Compensatory Damages
- Money intended to restore the plaintiff to the position they were in before the harm occurred. This is the most common form of damages.
- Punitive Damages
- Also known as exemplary damages, these are awarded to punish the defendant for particularly harmful or reckless behavior and to deter others from similar conduct.
- Liquidated Damages
- A specific amount of money agreed upon by parties in a contract to be paid if one party breaches the agreement.
"The court awarded the small business owner over $50,000 in damages after the supplier failed to deliver the essential machinery on time, causing a total loss of production for three weeks."
In a broader sense, damages serve as the backbone of civil litigation. When a person sues another, they are usually seeking 'damages.' This can cover 'special damages' (quantifiable losses like medical bills) and 'general damages' (less tangible losses like pain and suffering). Understanding this word helps you navigate news reports about lawsuits, contract negotiations, and insurance claims.
"The jury decided that the company's negligence was so severe that punitive damages were necessary to prevent future safety violations."
- Nominal Damages
- A small amount of money awarded when a legal right has been violated, but no actual financial loss occurred.
- Consequential Damages
- Damages that do not flow directly from an act, but result from the consequences of the act, such as lost profits.
Using the word damages correctly requires an understanding of its role as a count noun in legal English. While 'damage' (uncountable) describes the destruction of a car, 'damages' (plural) describes the money the insurance company pays you for that car. To use it naturally, pair it with specific verbs like award, seek, claim, pay, or assess.
- Seeking Damages: This is what a lawyer does at the start of a case. "The plaintiff is seeking damages for breach of contract."
- Awarding Damages: This is what a judge or jury does at the end. "The judge awarded damages totaling $1 million."
- Assessing Damages: This is the process of calculating the amount. "The court spent hours assessing the damages caused by the environmental spill."
Formal Usage
"The appellant contends that the trial court erred in its calculation of liquidated damages."
Everyday Usage
"If they don't fix my roof, I'm going to sue them for damages."
When writing, be careful not to confuse 'damages' with 'damage.' If you say 'The damages to the car were extensive,' a lawyer might think you are talking about the money, while a regular person might think you mean the dents. To be safe, use 'damage' for physical harm and 'damages' for money.
You will encounter the word damages most frequently in three main environments: the courtroom, the news, and the business world. In the news, headline-grabbing lawsuits often focus on the amount of damages awarded. For instance, 'Tech Giant Ordered to Pay Billions in Damages' is a common trope in financial journalism.
Common Contexts
- Personal Injury: "She sued the hospital for damages after the surgical error."
- Employment Law: "The employee was awarded damages for wrongful termination."
- Intellectual Property: "The artist claimed damages for copyright infringement."
In business, 'liquidated damages' clauses are standard in construction and service contracts. These clauses specify exactly how much one party owes if they are late. If you work in project management or law, you will hear this term daily. Even in popular culture, legal dramas like Suits or Better Call Saul use the term constantly to describe the stakes of a legal battle.
The most frequent mistake learners make is using 'damages' when they mean 'damage.' This is a classic 'false plural' trap. While 'damage' is the harm, 'damages' is the money. Let's look at how to avoid this and other errors.
Incorrect: "The storm caused a lot of damages to the houses."
Correction: Use 'damage' (uncountable) for physical destruction.
Correct: "The storm caused a lot of damage to the houses."
Incorrect: "The judge awarded a damage of $500."
Correction: 'Damages' is always plural in this sense.
Correct: "The judge awarded damages of $500."
Another mistake is using the wrong verb. You don't 'win' damages in the same way you win a race; you are 'awarded' damages by a court. Similarly, you don't 'give' damages; you 'pay' them.
While damages is a specific legal term, it shares semantic space with several other words related to money and loss. Understanding the nuances between these can elevate your vocabulary.
- Compensation
- A broader term for something given to make up for a loss. It can include money, but also services or time. Damages is the legal form of compensation.
- Restitution
- Specifically refers to returning something to its rightful owner or returning to the original state. It focuses on the defendant's gain rather than the plaintiff's loss.
- Indemnity
- Security or protection against a loss or other financial burden. Insurance provides indemnity.
- Reparations
- Often used in a historical or political context, referring to money paid by a country defeated in war or for past injustices.
In a legal setting, 'damages' is the most precise word for the money awarded by a court. 'Settlement' is another related term, but it refers to money paid to end a lawsuit *before* a judge makes a final decision.
How Formal Is It?
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難易度
知っておくべき文法
レベル別の例文
He paid damages for the broken fence.
Il a payé des dommages-intérêts pour la clôture cassée.
Notice 'damages' is plural.
The judge said the shop must pay damages.
Le juge a dit que le magasin devait payer des dommages-intérêts.
Used with the verb 'pay'.
She got damages because her car was hit.
Elle a obtenu des dommages-intérêts parce que sa voiture a été percutée.
Informal use of 'got'.
How much are the damages?
À combien s'élèvent les dommages-intérêts ?
Question form.
The damages were fifty dollars.
Les dommages-intérêts étaient de cinquante dollars.
Plural verb 'were'.
They want damages for the mess.
Ils veulent des dommages-intérêts pour le désordre.
Simple sentence structure.
I will not pay damages!
Je ne paierai pas de dommages-intérêts !
Negative future tense.
The court decided the damages today.
Le tribunal a décidé des dommages-intérêts aujourd'hui.
Subject-Verb-Object.
The company paid damages to the customer.
L'entreprise a versé des dommages-intérêts au client.
Indirect object 'to the customer'.
You can ask for damages if you are hurt.
Vous pouvez demander des dommages-intérêts si vous êtes blessé.
Modal verb 'can ask for'.
The damages were very high in this case.
Les dommages-intérêts étaient très élevés dans cette affaire.
Adjective 'high' modifying damages.
He is suing for damages after the accident.
Il poursuit en justice pour des dommages-intérêts après l'accident.
Present continuous 'is suing'.
The lawyer explained the damages to us.
L'avocat nous a expliqué les dommages-intérêts.
Past tense 'explained'.
Does the price include damages?
Le prix inclut-il les dommages-intérêts ?
Interrogative with 'does'.
The damages paid for the new roof.
Les dommages-intérêts ont payé pour le nouveau toit.
Damages as the subject.
They agreed on the damages quickly.
Ils se sont mis d'accord rapidement sur les dommages-intérêts.
Prepositional phrase 'on the damages'.
The court awarded damages to the victim of the fraud.
Le tribunal a accordé des dommages-intérêts à la victime de la fraude.
Formal verb 'awarded'.
She decided to sue for damages because of the injury.
Elle a décidé de poursuivre en dommages-intérêts à cause de la blessure.
Infinitive 'to sue'.
The total damages amounted to several thousand pounds.
Le montant total des dommages-intérêts s'élevait à plusieurs milliers de livres.
Phrasal verb 'amounted to'.
The contract includes a clause for liquidated damages.
Le contrat comprend une clause de dommages-intérêts libératoires.
Specific term 'liquidated damages'.
They are claiming damages for loss of earnings.
Ils réclament des dommages-intérêts pour perte de revenus.
Gerund phrase 'loss of earnings'.
The judge reduced the damages after the appeal.
Le juge a réduit les dommages-intérêts après l'appel.
Past tense 'reduced'.
He was forced to pay damages for libel.
Il a été contraint de payer des dommages-intérêts pour diffamation.
Passive voice 'was forced'.
Seeking damages is often a long process.
Demander des dommages-intérêts est souvent un long processus.
Gerund as subject.
The jury awarded punitive damages to deter future negligence.
Le jury a accordé des dommages-intérêts punitifs pour décourager toute négligence future.
Specific term 'punitive damages'.
The defendant was ordered to pay compensatory damages.
Le défendeur a été condamné à payer des dommages-intérêts compensatoires.
Passive 'was ordered to pay'.
The plaintiff's claim for damages was dismissed by the court.
La demande de dommages-intérêts du demandeur a été rejetée par le tribunal.
Possessive 'plaintiff's claim'.
Insurance policies often cover damages for accidental harm.
Les polices d'assurance couvrent souvent les dommages-intérêts pour préjudice accidentel.
General statement about insurance.
The calculation of damages proved to be quite complex.
Le calcul des dommages-intérêts s'est avéré assez complexe.
Noun phrase 'calculation of damages'.
She was awarded substantial damages for her pain and suffering.
Elle a reçu des dommages-intérêts substantiels pour sa douleur et sa souffrance.
Collocation 'pain and suffering'.
The company is facing a massive claim for damages.
L'entreprise fait face à une demande massive de dommages-intérêts.
Present continuous 'is facing'.
The judge assessed the damages at $1.2 million.
Le juge a évalué les dommages-intérêts à 1,2 million de dollars.
Verb 'assessed' used for valuation.
The court must balance the need for compensatory and exemplary damages.
Le tribunal doit équilibrer le besoin de dommages-intérêts compensatoires et exemplaires.
Formal legal terminology.
The appellant argued that the damages were disproportionate to the loss.
L'appelant a soutenu que les dommages-intérêts étaient disproportionnés par rapport à la perte.
Adjective 'disproportionate'.
Mitigating damages is a key responsibility of the injured party.
L'atténuation des dommages est une responsabilité clé de la partie lésée.
Gerund phrase 'Mitigating damages'.
The judgment included a provision for consequential damages.
Le jugement comprenait une disposition pour les dommages indirects.
Term 'consequential damages'.
Nominal damages were awarded to acknowledge the breach of rights.
Des dommages-intérêts symboliques ont été accordés pour reconnaître la violation des droits.
Term 'nominal damages'.
The jury's decision on damages was overturned on appeal.
La décision du jury sur les dommages-intérêts a été annulée en appel.
Passive voice 'was overturned'.
The statutory limit on damages prevented a higher award.
Le plafond légal des dommages-intérêts a empêché une indemnisation plus élevée.
Compound noun 'statutory limit'.
The plaintiff sought damages for the infringement of their patent.
Le demandeur a réclamé des dommages-intérêts pour la violation de son brevet.
Formal 'infringement of patent'.
The court's jurisprudence on punitive damages has evolved significantly.
La jurisprudence de la cour sur les dommages-intérêts punitifs a considérablement évolué.
Academic term 'jurisprudence'.
The quantification of non-pecuniary damages remains a contentious issue.
La quantification des dommages non pécuniaires reste une question litigieuse.
Term 'non-pecuniary damages'.
The award of damages served as a deterrent against corporate malfeasance.
L'octroi de dommages-intérêts a servi de moyen de dissuasion contre les malversations des entreprises.
Abstract noun 'malfeasance'.
Liquidated damages clauses must be a genuine pre-estimate of loss.
Les clauses de dommages-intérêts libératoires doivent constituer une estimation préalable réelle de la perte.
Legal standard 'genuine pre-estimate'.
The interplay between restitution and damages is complex in equity cases.
L'interaction entre la restitution et les dommages-intérêts est complexe dans les affaires d'équité.
Subject 'interplay'.
The court declined to award damages for speculative future losses.
Le tribunal a refusé d'accorder des dommages-intérêts pour des pertes futures spéculatives.
Adjective 'speculative'.
The plaintiff must prove the causal link to recover damages.
Le demandeur doit prouver le lien de causalité pour obtenir des dommages-intérêts.
Legal requirement 'causal link'.
Aggravated damages may be awarded for high-handed conduct.
Des dommages-intérêts aggravés peuvent être accordés pour une conduite cavalière.
Term 'aggravated damages'.
類義語
反対語
よく使う組み合わせ
よく使うフレーズ
sue for damages
action for damages
suit for damages
measure of damages
aggravated damages
nominal damages
exemplary damages
consequential damages
special damages
general damages
よく混同される語
Damage is the harm; damages is the money for the harm.
A fine is paid to the government as punishment; damages are paid to the victim as compensation.
A settlement is an agreement made out of court; damages are awarded by a court.
慣用句と表現
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間違えやすい
文型パターン
使い方
Refers to money awarded by a court.
Often used loosely to mean 'the cost of something' (What's the damage?).
Refers to pre-agreed sums for breaches.
- Using 'damage' when referring to money.
- Using 'a damages' (singular article).
- Saying 'win damages' instead of 'be awarded damages'.
- Confusing damages with fines.
- Forgetting the 's' in a legal context.
ヒント
Plurality
Always use a plural verb with damages. Say 'The damages were high,' not 'The damages was high.'
Collocation
Learn the phrase 'sue for damages.' It is the most common way to use the word in a sentence.
Legal Setting
Use this word when talking about lawsuits, insurance, or contracts to sound more precise.
Damage vs Damages
If you are talking about a broken phone, say 'damage.' If you are talking about the $200 to fix it, say 'damages.'
Business English
In business, mention 'liquidated damages' when discussing contract penalties for late delivery.
Precision
Instead of saying 'money for the accident,' say 'damages for the injury' in formal writing.
News Clues
When you hear 'damages' on the news, listen for the word 'awarded' right before it.
Natural Flow
Practice saying 'The court awarded damages' until it feels natural.
Visual Aid
Visualize a stack of money with a 'Law' stamp on it to remember 'damages'.
Exam Prep
This word often appears in CEFR B2 and C1 exams in the context of business or law.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Damages = Dollars for Damage.
語源
Middle English
文化的な背景
Damages are usually strictly compensatory.
Very high punitive damages are possible.
Focus is often on apology and restitution rather than large cash damages.
実生活で練習する
実際の使用場面
会話のきっかけ
"Have you ever heard of a lawsuit where the damages were millions of dollars?"
"Do you think punitive damages are a good way to punish companies?"
"In your country, is it common to sue for damages?"
"What would you do if you were awarded a large sum of damages?"
"Should damages for 'pain and suffering' be limited by law?"
日記のテーマ
Write about a time you felt you deserved 'damages' for a mistake someone else made.
Argue for or against the use of punitive damages in environmental cases.
Describe the difference between physical damage and legal damages in your own words.
Imagine you are a judge; how would you calculate damages for a lost family heirloom?
Research a famous court case and summarize the damages awarded.
よくある質問
10 問Yes, when it refers to legal compensation, it is always plural. You never say 'a damage' in this context.
Damage is the physical or emotional harm. Damages is the money paid to compensate for that harm.
Yes, but it usually sounds formal or legal. In slang, 'What's the damage?' means 'How much do I owe?'
These are extra damages awarded to punish the defendant for very bad behavior, not just to cover the loss.
These are damages whose amount is agreed upon in a contract before any breach actually occurs.
Courts look at medical bills, lost wages, repair costs, and sometimes emotional distress.
Yes, if the plaintiff is found partly responsible or if they didn't try to minimize their losses.
Yes, insurance policies often cover the damages their clients are legally required to pay.
A very small amount (like $1) awarded when a right was violated but no real money was lost.
No, damages are a civil law concept. In criminal law, we talk about fines and prison.
自分をテスト 180 問
/ 180 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
While 'damage' describes the harm done to an object or person, 'damages' specifically refers to the financial compensation awarded by a court to rectify that harm.
- Damages refers to the money paid as compensation for harm or loss.
- It is a legal term and is always used in the plural form.
- Common types include compensatory (for loss) and punitive (for punishment).
- It is distinct from 'damage,' which refers to the physical harm itself.
Plurality
Always use a plural verb with damages. Say 'The damages were high,' not 'The damages was high.'
Collocation
Learn the phrase 'sue for damages.' It is the most common way to use the word in a sentence.
Legal Setting
Use this word when talking about lawsuits, insurance, or contracts to sound more precise.
Damage vs Damages
If you are talking about a broken phone, say 'damage.' If you are talking about the $200 to fix it, say 'damages.'
例文
The court told the man to pay damages to his neighbor for the broken window.
関連コンテンツ
この単語を他の言語で
lawの関連語
bail
A1Bail is a sum of money paid to a court so that a person who has been accused of a crime can stay out of jail until their trial starts. If the person shows up for their court date, the money is usually returned.
bankruptcy
A1破産とは、個人や企業が借金を返済できなくなった法的な状態のことです。裁判所が介入し、借金の免除や返済計画の作成を支援します。
burden of proof
A1自分の言ったことが真実だと証明する責任のことです。何かを主張する人は、それを証明しなければなりません。
charge
A1告発または罪状（charge）とは、警察や裁判所による、ある人物が犯罪を犯したという公式な声明のことです。
clause
A1条項とは、契約書や法律などの文書における個々の規定のことです。
compensation
A1補償とは、損失や損害を埋め合わせるために支払われるお金のことです。また、従業員が受け取る給与や手当の総額も意味します。
compliance
A1コンプライアンスとは、規則や法律に従うことです。法令遵守とも呼ばれます。
confidentiality
A1Confidentiality means keeping information secret or private. It is a rule that says you cannot tell other people's secrets to anyone else.
conviction
A1裁判で有罪だと確定すること。または、固い信念という意味もあるよ。
copyright
A1著作権とは、独創的な作品の制作者に、その使用方法を管理する権限を与える法的権利のことです。
