Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'subsequently' and 'thereafter' to link events chronologically in formal writing, replacing basic words like 'then' or 'after that'.
- Use 'subsequently' for events following another in a series. Example: 'He resigned and subsequently left the country.'
- Use 'thereafter' to mean 'from that time forward'. Example: 'The policy changed; thereafter, profits rose.'
- Place 'subsequently' before the verb or at the start of a clause with a comma.
Overview
subsequently や thereafter といった副詞が不可欠なツールとなります。これらはどちらも「後に」起こる出来事を示す言葉ですが、そのニュアンスの違いを理解し、適切に使い分けることで、単なる結果や継続だけでなく、より複雑な因果関係や、ある時点から続く状態を精密に表現することが可能になります。subsequently と thereafter を正確かつ効果的に使用できるよう、詳細に解説していきます。Subsequently と thereafter は、どちらも順序を示す副詞（adverbs of sequence）ですが、その意味するところには重要な違いがあります。この違いを理解することが、高度な英語でこれらの副詞を正しく使いこなすための基本となります。SubsequentlySubsequently を使う場合、後に続く出来事が、前の出来事の直接的な結果である、自然な成り行きである、あるいは論理的な次のステップであることを示唆することが多いです。つまり、二つの出来事の間の結びつきがより強く、しばしば原因と結果の関係を示唆します。The initial proposal failed to secure adequate funding; subsequently, the project was shelved indefinitely.
The software patch was deployed to the production environment. Subsequently, users reported a significant reduction in system latency.
The research team observed an anomalous reading. Subsequently, they initiated a thorough review of their experimental methodology.
ThereafterThereafter は、直接的な結果よりも、むしろ継続性や持続性に焦点を当てます。特定の時点から始まる時間的なパターンの変化を示し、それが持続することを示唆します。She joined the firm as a junior associate in 2018; thereafter, her career trajectory accelerated rapidly.
The new policy came into effect on January 1st. Thereafter, all employees were required to use the updated expense reporting system.
The university banned the use of generative AI in submissions. Thereafter, all essays required a signed originality declaration.
subsequently を使用します。一方、出来事Bが出来事Aと同時または直後に始まり、その後継続する場合、またはその時点から繰り返し起こる場合は thereafter を使用します。Subsequently | Thereafter |Subsequently と thereafter はどちらも副詞であり、時制、数、性などによって形が変わることはありません（invariant）。フォーマルな英文において、これらの副詞を文や節の中にどのように配置するかは、明確さと文体的な効果にとって重要です。The experimental data was inconclusive. Subsequently, the research team decided to re-evaluate their hypothesis.
subsequently。文頭の副詞句としてコンマで区切られています。The company launched its new product line; thereafter, it observed a significant increase in market share.
thereafter。コンマで区切られています。The initial investment yielded positive returns, and subsequently, the board approved further capital allocation.
and の後に続く節の頭での subsequently。コンマで区切られています。The project was subsequently delayed due to unforeseen technical challenges.
delayed の直前に subsequently が置かれています。He had thereafter maintained a strict regimen of daily exercise.
had の後に thereafter が置かれています。All newly hired employees will thereafter undergo a mandatory week-long orientation program.
will の後に thereafter が置かれています。subsequently や thereafter を使用することは文法的には可能ですが、フォーマルさに欠け、曖昧さを生じさせる可能性があります。ほとんどの学術的または専門的な文脈では、明確さと効果を高めるために、文頭または節中の位置を使用することが推奨されます。- *あまり一般的ではないが、可能：*
The funds were released, and the team completed the purchase subsequently.
...and subsequently, the team completed the purchase. です。Subsequently の例 | Thereafter の例 | 句読点のガイドライン |The report was submitted. Subsequently, the committee reviewed its findings. | The policy was enacted. Thereafter, compliance became mandatory. | コンマ (Subsequently, ... または Thereafter, ...) |The board subsequently approved the motion. | He thereafter adopted a more cautious approach. | コンマなし |The funds had subsequently been transferred. | The system will thereafter require biometric authentication. | コンマなし |The purchase was completed subsequently. (推奨されにくい) | The requirement remained in place thereafter. (推奨されにくい) | 通常コンマなし |Subsequently と thereafter を適切に使い分けることは、高度な英語能力の証となります。これらの副詞は、主に精密さ、フォーマルさ、そして順序関係や因果関係を明確に表現する必要がある文脈で用いられます。- プロセスを詳述する場合：
The cell culture was incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. Subsequently, microscopic analysis revealed significant cellular proliferation.
- 歴史的因果関係を説明する場合：
The economic downturn of the 1930s led to widespread social unrest. Subsequently, many governments implemented drastic fiscal reforms.
- 知的系譜をたどる場合：
Descartes published *Discourse on the Method* in 1637; thereafter, rationalism gained significant traction in philosophical thought.
subsequently と thereafter が頻繁に用いられます。- プロジェクトレポートにて：
The software update was successfully deployed last quarter. Subsequently, customer support calls related to this module decreased by 18%.
- 法律契約にて：
Payment is due on the 1st of each month. Thereafter, a late penalty of 5% will be applied to the outstanding balance.
- ポリシー文書にて：
Employees are required to complete mandatory cybersecurity training annually. Thereafter, access to sensitive company data will be granted.
Subsequently と thereafter の選択は、法的な影響を及ぼす可能性があります。- 裁判所の判決にて：
The defendant was found guilty on all counts. Subsequently, the judge imposed the maximum allowable sentence.
- 法律にて：
Upon the registration of a new company, the applicant must file an annual return. Thereafter, such returns must be filed by March 31st each year.
then, next, after that のような単純な時間的接続詞に頼りすぎると、フォーマルな文章が洗練されていない印象を与える可能性があります。Subsequently と thereafter は、語彙の洗練度を高め、より学術的または専門的なトーンに寄与するエレガントな代替手段を提供します。また、then が時折持ちうる曖昧さ（例：then は「それから」という意味だけでなく、「当時の」「その時の」という意味も持ちうる）を排除するのに役立ちます。subsequently と thereafter を使用する際に犯しやすい間違いは、主に日本語の言語構造や思考様式が英語に影響を与えることから生じます。ここでは、特に注意すべき点をいくつか挙げます。Subsequently を使うべきところで Thereafter を使用するthereafter を使ってしまうことがあります。- 間違いの例:
The company faced a financial crisis. Thereafter, it filed for bankruptcy.
Subsequently を使う方がより適切です。- 正しい例:
The company faced a financial crisis. Subsequently, it filed for bankruptcy.
subsequently は、この「後」に「直接的なつながり」や「必然性」というニュアンスを付加します。このニュアンスの欠落が、thereafter のような単なる時間的後続を示す言葉を選ばせてしまう原因となります。Thereafter を使うべきところで Subsequently を使用するsubsequently を使ってしまうケースも見られます。- 間違いの例:
He decided to quit smoking. Subsequently, he felt healthier.
- 正しい例:
He decided to quit smoking. Thereafter, he felt healthier.
Subsequently が持つ「次のステップ」というニュアンスが、単に「時間的に後」という意味合いで広く捉えられてしまうことがあります。しかし、thereafter が持つ「ある時点から継続する」というニュアンスを理解していないと、この間違いにつながります。日本語で「禁煙した。健康になった。」とシンプルに言える場合、英語ではその関係性をより正確に表現する必要があるのです。- 間違いの例:
The project was, subsequently delayed.
subsequently が動詞 delayed の直前に来ている場合、通常コンマは不要です。- 間違いの例:
The meeting ended. Subsequently it was decided...
Subsequently の後にはコンマが必要です。Subsequently や thereafter は非常にフォーマルな単語です。日常会話でこれらを使うと、不自然に聞こえたり、相手に「堅苦しい人」という印象を与えたりする可能性があります。例えば、友人とのLINEで「昨日、映画を見に行った。Subsequently、とても感動した。」と送ると、少し奇妙に感じられるでしょう。このフォーマルさの度合いを誤解すると、不適切な場面で使ってしまうことがあります。Subsequently と thereafter は、順序や時間経過を示す他の表現と混同されることがあります。ここでは、それらの類似点と相違点を比較し、理解を深めます。Then との比較Then は最も一般的で汎用性の高い順序を示す副詞ですが、subsequently や thereafter に比べてフォーマルさに欠け、意味合いも曖昧になりがちです。Subsequently | Thereafter | Then |The experiment failed; subsequently, we changed the method. | He retired in 2020; thereafter, he traveled extensively. | First, mix the flour. Then, add the eggs. He was tired, then he went to bed. |Afterward(s) との比較Afterward(s) は subsequently と似ていますが、より一般的で、直接的な結果や論理的つながりを必ずしも示唆しません。単に「後で」という時間的な事実を述べます。Subsequently | Afterward(s) |The initial diagnosis was incorrect; subsequently, a new treatment was prescribed. | We had dinner. Afterwards, we watched a movie. |Following (前置詞/分詞) との比較Following は前置詞として使われ、特定の出来事や時点の「後に」続くものを導入します。これは副詞とは異なり、文の構造が異なります。Subsequently (副詞) | Following (前置詞) | |The market reacted negatively. Subsequently, the stock price fell. | Following the market's negative reaction, the stock price fell. |Subsequently | その結果、その後（直接的） | The storm caused damage. Subsequently, the government declared a state of emergency. | 嵐は被害をもたらした。その結果、政府は非常事態を宣言した。 | 原因と結果、直接的な流れを強調 |Thereafter | それ以来、それ以降（継続） | He moved to Tokyo in 2010. Thereafter, he worked as a teacher. | 彼は2010年に東京に引っ越した。それ以来、彼は教師として働いた。 | ある時点からの継続的な状態・行動 |Then | それから、次に | First, boil water. Then, add the pasta. | まず、お湯を沸かす。次に、パスタを入れる。 | 単純な順序、汎用的 |Afterward(s) | その後 | Let's go for a walk. We can get coffee afterwards. | 散歩に行こう。その後、コーヒーを飲もう。 | 時間的な後続、カジュアル |Subsequently と thereafter は、どちらも「後で」という意味ですが、どう使い分ければ良いですか？subsequently が前の出来事の「直接的な結果」や「論理的な次のステップ」であることを示唆するのに対し、thereafter は「ある特定の時点から始まり、継続する」状態や行動を示す点です。例えば、薬を飲んだ「結果」として気分が良くなったなら subsequently、薬を飲み始めた「その時点から」気分が良くなり続けたなら thereafter と考えます。then, after that, later などを使う方が自然です。TPOを意識することが重要です。Subsequently と thereafter は、文のどの位置に置くのが最も一般的ですか？Subsequently, ... や Thereafter, ...)。文中に置く場合は、主動詞の直前や助動詞の後（例: was subsequently delayed）に来ることが多く、この場合はコンマを打ちません。文末に置くことも可能ですが、フォーマルさや明確さがやや低下する傾向があります。subsequently と thereafter の両方に訳し分けられます。前の出来事が後の出来事の原因や直接の結果であれば subsequently、前の出来事があった時点から後の状態が継続するなら thereafter が適しています。もし因果関係が薄く、単に時間的な順序だけを述べたいのであれば、よりカジュアルな then や after that を使うことも多いです。日本語の表現は、英語ほど厳密な区別をしないため、文脈判断がより重要になります。Sentence Position and Function
| Position | Word | Function | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Initial
|
Subsequently,
|
Connects two sentences
|
Subsequently, the plan changed.
|
|
Medial
|
...subsequently...
|
Modifies the verb directly
|
He was subsequently fired.
|
|
Final
|
...thereafter.
|
Indicates a continuing state
|
They lived there thereafter.
|
|
Post-Semicolon
|
; thereafter,
|
Links independent clauses
|
He left; thereafter, all was quiet.
|
|
Pre-Verb
|
subsequently [verb]
|
Shows immediate sequence
|
She subsequently realized her error.
|
Meanings
Formal adverbs used to indicate that one event happens after another in time or sequence.
Sequential Action
Used to describe an action that follows another as part of a logical or chronological chain.
“The data was collected and subsequently analyzed by the research team.”
“He was injured in the first half and subsequently replaced.”
Continuous State Following an Event
Used with 'thereafter' to describe a state or habit that began after a specific point in time and continued.
“They married in 1950 and lived in London thereafter.”
“The contract was terminated; thereafter, no further payments were made.”
Logical Consequence
Occasionally implies that the second event happened because of the first, though the primary meaning is temporal.
“The market crashed, and subsequently, many investors lost their savings.”
“The error was discovered, and the software was subsequently patched.”
Reference Table
| 副詞 | 意味 | 使用場面 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Subsequently
|
直接的な結果として；何かの後に
|
因果関係、論理的な進行
|
The merger occurred, and `subsequently`, profits rose.
|
|
Thereafter
|
その時またはその時点から継続して
|
時間的な基準点の設定、一般的な連続
|
She moved abroad; `thereafter`, her visits were rare.
|
|
Subsequently
|
順序または時間的に続いて
|
報告書での手順の詳細説明
|
The experiment concluded. `Subsequently`, data was analyzed.
|
|
Thereafter
|
その時以降
|
法的条件、長期的なパターン
|
Deposit due now, `thereafter` monthly payments.
|
|
Subsequently
|
結果として、やがて
|
行動の結果の説明
|
He neglected his studies and `subsequently` failed the exam.
|
|
Thereafter
|
それ以降
|
歴史的期間、個人的な人生の変化
|
They married in '98; `thereafter`, built a family.
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
The board met in the morning and subsequently issued a statement. (Corporate communication)
The board met this morning and then gave a statement. (Corporate communication)
The board had a meeting and later they said something. (Corporate communication)
The big bosses met up and then dropped a message. (Corporate communication)
フォーマルな順序：Subsequently & Thereafter
Subsequently
- 直接的な結果 先行する出来事の結果
- 論理的な次のステップ 自然に続くこと
- 例 Policy announced, subsequently morale improved.
Thereafter
- その時点から継続して 特定の時点から続く
- 時間的な基準点 期間の開始時点を設定する
- 例 Moved in 2020, thereafter visited rarely.
共通点
- フォーマルな文体 学術、ビジネス、法律分野で使用
- 副詞 動詞、形容詞、他の副詞を修飾する
- 句読点 節の冒頭に来る場合、しばしばコンマが続く
Subsequently vs. Thereafter: ニュアンス
SubsequentlyまたはThereafterの選び方
直接的な結果や即座の論理的な次のステップを説明していますか？
特定の時点から継続的または繰り返し起こることを説明していますか？
これらが見られる場所
学術
- • 研究論文
- • 博士論文
- • 学術記事
- • 講義ノート
ビジネス
- • 報告書
- • 提案書
- • 契約書
- • 方針文書
法律
- • 弁論趣意書
- • 合意書
- • 法令
- • 判決
フォーマルな記述
- • 歴史的記述
- • 伝記
- • 技術マニュアル
- • 公式文書
レベル別の例文
He ate lunch and then he slept.
He ate lunch and subsequently he slept.
I saw him. After that, I went home.
I saw him. Subsequently, I went home.
She was happy after that day.
She was happy thereafter.
The rain stopped. Then the sun came out.
The rain stopped. Subsequently, the sun came out.
The meeting ended, and subsequently, we left.
The meeting ended, and afterwards, we left.
He moved to Paris and lived there thereafter.
He moved to Paris and lived there from then on.
The shop closed; subsequently, a new one opened.
The shop closed; later, a new one opened.
They finished the project and were subsequently promoted.
They finished the project and were later promoted.
The suspect was arrested and subsequently charged with theft.
The suspect was arrested and later charged with theft.
The law was changed in 2010; thereafter, taxes were lower.
The law was changed in 2010; after that, taxes were lower.
He lost his job and subsequently struggled to pay rent.
He lost his job and as a result/later struggled to pay rent.
The treaty was signed, and peace prevailed thereafter.
The treaty was signed, and peace lasted from that point on.
The initial findings were promising; subsequently, a larger study was commissioned.
The first results were good; later, a bigger study was started.
The CEO resigned, and the company's stock price subsequently plummeted.
The CEO left, and then the stock price fell quickly.
She graduated in June and was employed by the firm thereafter.
She finished school in June and worked for the company from then on.
The building was damaged by fire and subsequently demolished.
The building was burnt and later torn down.
The defendant was found guilty and subsequently sentenced to ten years in prison.
The person was convicted and later given a ten-year sentence.
The region gained independence in 1960; thereafter, it underwent rapid industrialization.
The area became free in 1960; from that point, it grew industrially.
The manuscript was rejected by several publishers but was subsequently hailed as a masterpiece.
The book was first turned down but later called a great work.
The policy was implemented in January, and all subsequent disputes were handled thereafter by the new committee.
The rule started in January, and later problems were solved by the new group.
The monarch’s health declined rapidly, and the prince was subsequently appointed regent.
The king got sick, and the prince was later made the temporary ruler.
The agreement shall remain in force for five years and shall be renewed annually thereafter.
The deal lasts five years and will be updated every year after that.
The theory was initially dismissed as radical, yet it was subsequently integrated into the core curriculum.
The idea was first seen as too much, but later it became part of standard teaching.
He renounced his citizenship in 1995 and lived as a stateless person thereafter.
He gave up his country in 1995 and had no country from then on.
間違えやすい
Learners think they both mean 'as a result'.
Learners try to pluralize the adverb.
よくある間違い
I eat lunch subsequently I go to work.
I eat lunch and then I go to work.
Subsequently the movie, we ate.
After the movie, we ate.
He was thereafter promoted.
He was subsequently promoted.
The company failed, subsequently, many people lost jobs.
The company failed; subsequently, many people lost jobs.
文型パターン
The ___ was completed, and ___ was subsequently ___.
He moved to ___ in ___ and lived there thereafter.
Real World Usage
The samples were heated and subsequently observed under a microscope.
The tenant shall maintain the garden thereafter.
The suspect fled the scene and was subsequently captured.
I completed my internship and was subsequently offered a full-time role.
He lost the election and retired from public life thereafter.
Please review the attached file; we will subsequently discuss it in the meeting.
文脈が一番大事！
使いすぎは禁物
ニュアンスを忘れないで
世界で通用するプロフェッショナルさ
句読点も重要
Smart Tips
Replace the second 'then' with 'subsequently' to improve the flow and variety of your writing.
Use 'thereafter' to define what happens after a specific milestone or date.
Use 'subsequently' for the next event and 'thereafter' for the long-term result.
If 'subsequently' starts the sentence, use a comma. If it's in the middle, you usually don't need one.
発音
Stress on 'subsequently'
The primary stress is on the first syllable: SUB-se-quent-ly.
Stress on 'thereafter'
The primary stress is on the second syllable: there-AF-ter.
Falling intonation at sentence start
Subsequently, ↘ the results were verified.
Indicates a transition to a new point in a sequence.
暗記しよう
記憶術
SUBsequently is like a SUBway train—one car follows the other in a line. ThereAFTER is like the AFTERmath—the time that stays after the event is gone.
視覚的連想
Imagine a row of dominos falling. Each domino falling is 'subsequently'. Now imagine a clock that starts ticking at the moment the last domino falls and never stops. That continuous ticking is 'thereafter'.
Rhyme
When one thing follows in a sequence, Subsequently shows the consequence. When time flows on from a certain date, Thereafter describes the future state.
Story
A scientist discovered a new element. Subsequently, she published her findings in a major journal. The world of chemistry was changed forever; thereafter, she was known as the 'Mother of Modern Elements'.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write three sentences about your last job or school project using 'subsequently' at least once and 'thereafter' at least once.
文化メモ
In the UK, 'subsequently' is very common in BBC news reporting to maintain a neutral, authoritative tone.
In contracts, 'thereafter' is a 'term of art' used to avoid repeating dates and to ensure no gaps in time coverage.
Using these words is often a requirement for high-scoring essays in universities in the US, Canada, and Australia.
'Subsequently' comes from the Latin 'subsequent-' meaning 'following close after'. 'Thereafter' is an Old English compound of 'there' and 'after'.
会話のきっかけ
Can you describe a major change in your life and what happened thereafter?
Tell me about a project you finished. What did you subsequently do to celebrate?
In your opinion, if a company fails, what subsequently happens to the local economy?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
The experimental data was gathered, and ___ analyzed by the research team.
Find and fix the mistake:
She founded the startup in 2020, and subsequently, she grew it into a multinational corporation.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'El documento fue redactado, y a partir de entonces, se convirtió en la política oficial.'
Answer starts with: ["T...
Score: /4
練習問題
8 exercisesThe company went public in 2005; its value ___ tripled.
He resigned from the board and was never seen in the office ___.
Find and fix the mistake:
Subsequently the storm, the power went out.
He finished his degree and then moved to London.
Match the following:
Select the correct sentence:
A: When was the error found? B: It was found during the audit and ___ fixed.
'Subsequently' can be used as a preposition followed by a noun.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe funding proposal was accepted, and ___ construction began on the new facility.
She moved to Paris for work, and subsequently, she explored all of Europe.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'El contrato fue rescindido, y a partir de ese momento, ya no tuvo obligaciones.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the scenarios with the correct adverb:
The company relocated to Singapore in 2022, and ___ established its regional headquarters.
The new law was enacted, and thereafter, all citizens must comply with its provisions.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Después de la reunión, la decisión fue comunicada a todos los miembros del equipo.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the adverbs with their function:
Score: /12
よくある質問 (8)
It is rare. Usually, 'subsequently' is placed before the verb or at the start of a clause. 'Thereafter' is much more common at the end of a sentence.
No. 'Subsequently' means 'afterwards' (time). 'Consequently' means 'as a result' (cause).
Always use a comma after it: 'Subsequently, the project was cancelled.'
It depends on the culture. In a law firm or bank, it's fine. In a tech startup, it might sound a bit stiff.
Yes, 'subsequent to' is a formal prepositional phrase. 'Subsequent to the meeting, we had lunch.'
Not necessarily. In legal contracts, it can refer to the future: 'The fee shall be $100 in 2025 and $150 thereafter.'
The opposite is 'heretofore' or 'prior to that', though these are even more formal.
Because science requires a precise description of steps in an experiment, and 'subsequently' provides that without sounding repetitive.
Scaffolded Practice
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Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Posteriormente / A partir de entonces
Spanish often uses 'luego' which is much more common than 'subsequently' is in English.
Par la suite / Ultérieurement
French speakers often over-rely on 'après' when they should use these more formal terms in English.
Anschließend / Danach
German word order (V2) means these adverbs often trigger a verb-subject inversion, which doesn't happen in English.
その後 (Sono go) / 以後 (Igo)
Japanese connectors often appear at the very start of a sentence with a specific particle like 'wa' or 'ni'.
بعد ذلك (Ba'da dhalika) / من ثم (Min thamma)
Arabic often uses 'wa' (and) to link sequences where English would use a more specific adverb.
随后 (Suìhòu) / 此后 (Cǐhòu)
Chinese does not require the same punctuation (semicolons) to link these clauses.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
関連動画
Related Grammar Rules
対立するアイデア: 'Conversely' と 'By Contrast' の使用
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強調と訂正のための「As a Matter of Fact」の使用法
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Conjunctions: And, But, Or, So, Because
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考えを順序立てる：それから、次に、最後に (Then, Next, Finally)
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