Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'subsequently' and 'thereafter' to link events chronologically in formal writing, replacing basic words like 'then' or 'after that'.
- Use 'subsequently' for events following another in a series. Example: 'He resigned and subsequently left the country.'
- Use 'thereafter' to mean 'from that time forward'. Example: 'The policy changed; thereafter, profits rose.'
- Place 'subsequently' before the verb or at the start of a clause with a comma.
Overview
subsequently와 thereafter는 한국어로는 흔히 '그 후에', '그 다음에' 정도로 번역되곤 합니다. 하지만 원어민의 직관에서 이 두 단어는 단순한 시간적 순서를 넘어, 사건 사이의 인과관계(causality)나 지속성(continuity)에 대한 미묘한 정보를 담고 있습니다. 많은 한국인 학습자들이 then이나 after that에 의존하는 경향이 있지만, 이들은 구어체적인 느낌이 강해 전문적인 뉘앙스를 풍기기에는 부족함이 있습니다.subsequently와 thereafter와 어떻게 매칭되는지, 그리고 한국인 학습자들이 흔히 범하는 실수는 무엇인지 심도 있게 분석해 보겠습니다. 이 과정을 통해 여러분의 영어가 한층 더 권위 있고 세련되게 변모할 것입니다.subsequently와 thereafter는 모두 '이전 사건 이후에 일어난 일'을 나타내는 부사적 연결어입니다. 하지만 그 속을 들여다보면 강조하는 지점이 확연히 다릅니다. 한국어의 조사나 어미 변화와 비교해 보면 이해가 빠를 것입니다.subsequently는 단순히 시간적으로 뒤에 온다는 의미를 넘어, 앞선 사건의 직접적인 결과이거나 논리적인 다음 단계임을 암시할 때가 많습니다. 한국어의 '-고 나서 바로', '그에 따라'와 비슷한 뉘앙스를 가집니다. 즉, 사건 A와 사건 B 사이의 연결고리가 매우 끈끈할 때 사용합니다.The company faced a massive deficit; subsequently, it declared bankruptcy.(회사는 막대한 적자에 직면했고, 그 결과/그 뒤이어 파산을 선언했습니다.)- 여기서 파산은 적자라는 사건의 직접적인 결과물입니다. 이럴 때
subsequently가 가장 적절합니다.
thereafter는 특정 시점을 기준으로 그 상태가 지속되거나 반복되는 양상에 초점을 맞춥니다. 한국어의 '그 이후로(는)', '그 뒤로부터는'에 해당합니다. 어떤 사건이 발생한 '시점'을 마커(marker)로 찍고, 그 이후의 긴 시간적 범위를 포괄할 때 사용합니다.The law was enacted in 2010; thereafter, all factories had to install filters.(그 법은 2010년에 제정되었습니다. 그 이후로(쭉), 모든 공장은 필터를 설치해야 했습니다.)- 법이 제정된 '시점' 이후로 지속되는 의무 사항을 설명하고 있습니다.
The contract was signed. Subsequently, the initial payment was wired.(계약이 체결되었습니다. 그 뒤이어, 계약금이 송금되었습니다.)The CEO resigned in May. Thereafter, the board met weekly.(CEO는 5월에 사임했습니다. 그 이후로, 이사회는 매주 소집되었습니다.)
The data was subsequently analyzed by the research team.(데이터는 그 뒤이어 연구팀에 의해 분석되었습니다.)He has thereafter remained silent on the matter.(그는 그 이후로 그 문제에 대해 침묵을 지켜왔습니다.)
The merger was approved; subsequently, the stock price soared.(합병이 승인되었습니다. 그 결과, 주가가 급등했습니다.)
Subsequently, S + V... | 필수 |...; thereafter, S + V... | 필수 |S + subsequently + V... | 불필요 |S + will + thereafter + V... | 불필요 |The samples were treated with acid. Subsequently, they were placed in a centrifuge.(시료는 산 처리가 되었습니다. 그 뒤이어, 원심분리기에 넣어졌습니다.)- 실험의 단계적 순서를 명확히 보여줍니다.
The company expanded into the European market in 2015. Thereafter, its global revenue doubled.(회사는 2015년에 유럽 시장으로 확장했습니다. 그 이후로, 글로벌 매출이 두 배로 늘었습니다.)- 특정 시점 이후의 지속적인 성장을 강조합니다.
The tenant shall pay the deposit upon signing. Thereafter, monthly rent is due on the 1st.(임차인은 서명 시 보증금을 지불해야 합니다. 그 이후로는, 매달 1일에 월세를 지불해야 합니다.)thereafter를 통해 월세 지불이라는 반복적 의무의 시작점을 명시합니다.
then, next, after that이 너무 반복되어 글이 단조로워 보일 때, subsequently를 사용하여 문장의 품격을 높일 수 있습니다.thereafter 사용하기subsequently를 써야 하는데, 단순히 '그 후에'라는 뜻만 생각하고 thereafter를 쓰는 경우입니다.- Wrong:
I finished the report and thereafter I went home. - Right:
I finished the report and subsequently went home. - Why? 집에 가는 것은 그 시점부터 계속되는 상태가 아니라 일회성 동작입니다. 따라서
subsequently가 맞습니다.
- Awkward:
Let's grab coffee and subsequently go to the PC bang. - Natural:
Let's grab coffee and then go to the PC bang. - Tip:
subsequently와thereafter는 '격식'의 옷을 입은 단어임을 잊지 마세요.
- Error:
Subsequently the project was cancelled. - Correction:
Subsequently, the project was cancelled.
Subsequently vs Consequentlysubsequently는 '시간적 순서'가 바탕에 깔려 있고, consequently는 오로지 '원인과 결과'에만 집중합니다. 사건이 시간 순으로 일어났음을 보여주고 싶다면 subsequently가 더 안전한 선택입니다.subsequently와 afterward는 완전히 똑같은가요?subsequently가 훨씬 더 격식 있는(formal) 표현입니다. 학술 논문에서는 subsequently를, 일반적인 비즈니스 이메일에서는 afterward를 쓰는 것이 자연스럽습니다.thereafter 대신 from then on을 써도 되나요?from then on은 좀 더 중립적이고 구어에서도 쓰일 수 있는 표현인 반면, thereafter는 격식을 갖춘 글쓰기에 특화된 단어입니다.subsequently를 문장 끝에 써도 되나요?subsequently와 thereafter로 정교하게 나뉩니다. 이 차이를 이해하고 적재적소에 사용하는 것만으로도 여러분의 영어는 원어민 전문가의 향기를 풍기게 될 것입니다. 오늘 배운 내용을 바탕으로, 여러분이 작성 중인 영문 에세이나 보고서의 then을 이 단어들로 한 번 교체해 보세요. 문장의 무게감이 달라지는 것을 느끼실 겁니다!Sentence Position and Function
| Position | Word | Function | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Initial
|
Subsequently,
|
Connects two sentences
|
Subsequently, the plan changed.
|
|
Medial
|
...subsequently...
|
Modifies the verb directly
|
He was subsequently fired.
|
|
Final
|
...thereafter.
|
Indicates a continuing state
|
They lived there thereafter.
|
|
Post-Semicolon
|
; thereafter,
|
Links independent clauses
|
He left; thereafter, all was quiet.
|
|
Pre-Verb
|
subsequently [verb]
|
Shows immediate sequence
|
She subsequently realized her error.
|
Meanings
Formal adverbs used to indicate that one event happens after another in time or sequence.
Sequential Action
Used to describe an action that follows another as part of a logical or chronological chain.
“The data was collected and subsequently analyzed by the research team.”
“He was injured in the first half and subsequently replaced.”
Continuous State Following an Event
Used with 'thereafter' to describe a state or habit that began after a specific point in time and continued.
“They married in 1950 and lived in London thereafter.”
“The contract was terminated; thereafter, no further payments were made.”
Logical Consequence
Occasionally implies that the second event happened because of the first, though the primary meaning is temporal.
“The market crashed, and subsequently, many investors lost their savings.”
“The error was discovered, and the software was subsequently patched.”
Reference Table
| 부사 | 의미 | 사용 사례 | 예시 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Subsequently
|
직접적인 결과로; 다른 어떤 것 뒤에
|
인과 관계, 논리적 진행
|
The merger occurred, and `subsequently`, profits rose.
|
|
Thereafter
|
그 시점 또는 그 지점부터 계속해서
|
시간적 기준점 설정, 일반적인 연속
|
She moved abroad; `thereafter`, her visits were rare.
|
|
Subsequently
|
순서나 시간상 뒤따라
|
보고서에서 절차적 단계 상세 설명
|
The experiment concluded. `Subsequently`, data was analyzed.
|
|
Thereafter
|
그 시간 이후에
|
법적 조건, 장기적인 패턴
|
Deposit due now, `thereafter` monthly payments.
|
|
Subsequently
|
결과적으로, 때가 되면
|
행동의 결과 설명
|
He neglected his studies and `subsequently` failed the exam.
|
|
Thereafter
|
그때부터 쭉
|
역사적 기간, 개인의 삶의 변화
|
They married in '98; `thereafter`, built a family.
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
The board met in the morning and subsequently issued a statement. (Corporate communication)
The board met this morning and then gave a statement. (Corporate communication)
The board had a meeting and later they said something. (Corporate communication)
The big bosses met up and then dropped a message. (Corporate communication)
격식 있는 순서: Subsequently & Thereafter
Subsequently
- 직접적인 결과 Result of preceding event
- 논리적인 다음 단계 What follows naturally
- 예시 Policy announced, subsequently morale improved.
Thereafter
- 그 시점부터 계속해서 Continuing from a specific time
- 시간적 기준점 Establishes a starting time for duration
- 예시 Moved in 2020, thereafter visited rarely.
공통점
- 격식 있는 어조 Used in academic, business, legal
- 부사 Modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs
- 구두점 Often followed by comma if starting clause
Subsequently vs. Thereafter: 뉘앙스
Subsequently 또는 Thereafter 선택하기
직접적인 결과나 즉각적인 논리적 다음 단계를 묘사하고 있나요?
특정 시점부터 지속적으로 또는 반복적으로 일어나는 일을 묘사하고 있나요?
어디에서 찾을 수 있을까요?
학술
- • 연구 논문
- • 학위 논문
- • 학술 기사
- • 강의 노트
비즈니스
- • 보고서
- • 제안서
- • 계약서
- • 정책 문서
법률
- • 소송 서류
- • 합의서
- • 법규
- • 판결문
격식 있는 서술
- • 역사 기록
- • 전기
- • 기술 매뉴얼
- • 공식 통신문
수준별 예문
He ate lunch and then he slept.
He ate lunch and subsequently he slept.
I saw him. After that, I went home.
I saw him. Subsequently, I went home.
She was happy after that day.
She was happy thereafter.
The rain stopped. Then the sun came out.
The rain stopped. Subsequently, the sun came out.
The meeting ended, and subsequently, we left.
The meeting ended, and afterwards, we left.
He moved to Paris and lived there thereafter.
He moved to Paris and lived there from then on.
The shop closed; subsequently, a new one opened.
The shop closed; later, a new one opened.
They finished the project and were subsequently promoted.
They finished the project and were later promoted.
The suspect was arrested and subsequently charged with theft.
The suspect was arrested and later charged with theft.
The law was changed in 2010; thereafter, taxes were lower.
The law was changed in 2010; after that, taxes were lower.
He lost his job and subsequently struggled to pay rent.
He lost his job and as a result/later struggled to pay rent.
The treaty was signed, and peace prevailed thereafter.
The treaty was signed, and peace lasted from that point on.
The initial findings were promising; subsequently, a larger study was commissioned.
The first results were good; later, a bigger study was started.
The CEO resigned, and the company's stock price subsequently plummeted.
The CEO left, and then the stock price fell quickly.
She graduated in June and was employed by the firm thereafter.
She finished school in June and worked for the company from then on.
The building was damaged by fire and subsequently demolished.
The building was burnt and later torn down.
The defendant was found guilty and subsequently sentenced to ten years in prison.
The person was convicted and later given a ten-year sentence.
The region gained independence in 1960; thereafter, it underwent rapid industrialization.
The area became free in 1960; from that point, it grew industrially.
The manuscript was rejected by several publishers but was subsequently hailed as a masterpiece.
The book was first turned down but later called a great work.
The policy was implemented in January, and all subsequent disputes were handled thereafter by the new committee.
The rule started in January, and later problems were solved by the new group.
The monarch’s health declined rapidly, and the prince was subsequently appointed regent.
The king got sick, and the prince was later made the temporary ruler.
The agreement shall remain in force for five years and shall be renewed annually thereafter.
The deal lasts five years and will be updated every year after that.
The theory was initially dismissed as radical, yet it was subsequently integrated into the core curriculum.
The idea was first seen as too much, but later it became part of standard teaching.
He renounced his citizenship in 1995 and lived as a stateless person thereafter.
He gave up his country in 1995 and had no country from then on.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners think they both mean 'as a result'.
Learners try to pluralize the adverb.
자주 하는 실수
I eat lunch subsequently I go to work.
I eat lunch and then I go to work.
Subsequently the movie, we ate.
After the movie, we ate.
He was thereafter promoted.
He was subsequently promoted.
The company failed, subsequently, many people lost jobs.
The company failed; subsequently, many people lost jobs.
문장 패턴
The ___ was completed, and ___ was subsequently ___.
He moved to ___ in ___ and lived there thereafter.
Real World Usage
The samples were heated and subsequently observed under a microscope.
The tenant shall maintain the garden thereafter.
The suspect fled the scene and was subsequently captured.
I completed my internship and was subsequently offered a full-time role.
He lost the election and retired from public life thereafter.
Please review the attached file; we will subsequently discuss it in the meeting.
맥락이 중요해요!
과용하지 마세요
Vary your transitional phrases to maintain natural flow.
뉘앙스를 기억하세요
Subsequently implies a direct consequence or logical next step. Thereafter indicates something happening *from that point forward*.
글로벌 전문성
Mastering these formal connectors can significantly enhance how your communication is perceived.
구두점도 중요해요
When subsequently or thereafter start a new clause, they are almost always followed by a comma.
Smart Tips
Replace the second 'then' with 'subsequently' to improve the flow and variety of your writing.
Use 'thereafter' to define what happens after a specific milestone or date.
Use 'subsequently' for the next event and 'thereafter' for the long-term result.
If 'subsequently' starts the sentence, use a comma. If it's in the middle, you usually don't need one.
발음
Stress on 'subsequently'
The primary stress is on the first syllable: SUB-se-quent-ly.
Stress on 'thereafter'
The primary stress is on the second syllable: there-AF-ter.
Falling intonation at sentence start
Subsequently, ↘ the results were verified.
Indicates a transition to a new point in a sequence.
암기하기
기억법
SUBsequently is like a SUBway train—one car follows the other in a line. ThereAFTER is like the AFTERmath—the time that stays after the event is gone.
시각적 연상
Imagine a row of dominos falling. Each domino falling is 'subsequently'. Now imagine a clock that starts ticking at the moment the last domino falls and never stops. That continuous ticking is 'thereafter'.
Rhyme
When one thing follows in a sequence, Subsequently shows the consequence. When time flows on from a certain date, Thereafter describes the future state.
Story
A scientist discovered a new element. Subsequently, she published her findings in a major journal. The world of chemistry was changed forever; thereafter, she was known as the 'Mother of Modern Elements'.
Word Web
챌린지
Write three sentences about your last job or school project using 'subsequently' at least once and 'thereafter' at least once.
문화 노트
In the UK, 'subsequently' is very common in BBC news reporting to maintain a neutral, authoritative tone.
In contracts, 'thereafter' is a 'term of art' used to avoid repeating dates and to ensure no gaps in time coverage.
Using these words is often a requirement for high-scoring essays in universities in the US, Canada, and Australia.
'Subsequently' comes from the Latin 'subsequent-' meaning 'following close after'. 'Thereafter' is an Old English compound of 'there' and 'after'.
대화 시작하기
Can you describe a major change in your life and what happened thereafter?
Tell me about a project you finished. What did you subsequently do to celebrate?
In your opinion, if a company fails, what subsequently happens to the local economy?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
The experimental data was gathered, and ___ analyzed by the research team.
Find and fix the mistake:
She founded the startup in 2020, and subsequently, she grew it into a multinational corporation.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'El documento fue redactado, y a partir de entonces, se convirtió en la política oficial.'
Answer starts with: ["T...
Score: /4
연습 문제
8 exercisesThe company went public in 2005; its value ___ tripled.
He resigned from the board and was never seen in the office ___.
Find and fix the mistake:
Subsequently the storm, the power went out.
He finished his degree and then moved to London.
Match the following:
Select the correct sentence:
A: When was the error found? B: It was found during the audit and ___ fixed.
'Subsequently' can be used as a preposition followed by a noun.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe funding proposal was accepted, and ___ construction began on the new facility.
She moved to Paris for work, and subsequently, she explored all of Europe.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'El contrato fue rescindido, y a partir de ese momento, ya no tuvo obligaciones.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the scenarios with the correct adverb:
The company relocated to Singapore in 2022, and ___ established its regional headquarters.
The new law was enacted, and thereafter, all citizens must comply with its provisions.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Después de la reunión, la decisión fue comunicada a todos los miembros del equipo.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the adverbs with their function:
Score: /12
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
It is rare. Usually, 'subsequently' is placed before the verb or at the start of a clause. 'Thereafter' is much more common at the end of a sentence.
No. 'Subsequently' means 'afterwards' (time). 'Consequently' means 'as a result' (cause).
Always use a comma after it: 'Subsequently, the project was cancelled.'
It depends on the culture. In a law firm or bank, it's fine. In a tech startup, it might sound a bit stiff.
Yes, 'subsequent to' is a formal prepositional phrase. 'Subsequent to the meeting, we had lunch.'
Not necessarily. In legal contracts, it can refer to the future: 'The fee shall be $100 in 2025 and $150 thereafter.'
The opposite is 'heretofore' or 'prior to that', though these are even more formal.
Because science requires a precise description of steps in an experiment, and 'subsequently' provides that without sounding repetitive.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Posteriormente / A partir de entonces
Spanish often uses 'luego' which is much more common than 'subsequently' is in English.
Par la suite / Ultérieurement
French speakers often over-rely on 'après' when they should use these more formal terms in English.
Anschließend / Danach
German word order (V2) means these adverbs often trigger a verb-subject inversion, which doesn't happen in English.
その後 (Sono go) / 以後 (Igo)
Japanese connectors often appear at the very start of a sentence with a specific particle like 'wa' or 'ni'.
بعد ذلك (Ba'da dhalika) / من ثم (Min thamma)
Arabic often uses 'wa' (and) to link sequences where English would use a more specific adverb.
随后 (Suìhòu) / 此后 (Cǐhòu)
Chinese does not require the same punctuation (semicolons) to link these clauses.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
관련 동영상
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## Conjunctions: And, But, Or, So, Because Conjunctions are **joining words** that connect two ideas. ### And — adds i...
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Overview WhatsApp에서 친구에게 완벽한 그릴드 치즈 샌드위치 만드는 법을 설명하려다 친구가 다 태워 먹은 적 있나요? 아니면...
