Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'hence', 'thus', and 'accordingly' to link ideas with sophisticated logic in formal writing and professional speech.
- Use 'hence' to show a logical consequence or 'from this source' (e.g., 'The cost is high, hence the delay').
- Use 'thus' to mean 'in this way' or 'as a result' (e.g., 'He won, thus proving his critics wrong').
- Use 'accordingly' to show an action taken in response to a situation (e.g., 'The rules changed; we adapted accordingly').
Overview
so입니다. 조금 더 공부하면 therefore를 배우게 되죠. 하지만 학술적인 에세이, 공식적인 비즈니스 보고서, 혹은 법률 문서와 같은 격식 있는 자리에서 so만 반복해서 사용한다면, 여러분의 논리는 다소 평이하게 느껴질 수 있습니다.hence, thus, accordingly입니다. 이 세 단어는 모두 한국어로 번역하면 '따라서', '그러므로', '그에 따라'와 같이 비슷해 보이지만, 영미권의 원어민, 특히 전문가 집단에서는 이 단어들을 사용할 때 각각 미묘하게 다른 논리적 방향성을 설정합니다.hence와 thus는 주로 어떤 사실로부터 도출되는 '직접적인 결과'나 '결론'을 강조할 때 사용되는 반면, accordingly는 앞서 언급된 상황에 '부응하는 적절한 조치나 반응'을 나타낼 때 사용됩니다. 이러한 미세한 차이를 이해하고 적재적소에 배치하는 능력은 독자로 하여금 여러분이 논리적 엄밀함을 갖춘 지적인 화자임을 느끼게 해줍니다. 이번 강의에서는 한국인 학습자들이 특히 헷갈려 하는 이 세 단어의 용법과 문장 구조, 그리고 실전 활용 팁을 완벽하게 정리해 보겠습니다.- Hence (결과의 필연성과 기원):
hence는 라틴어에서 유래하여 '이곳으로부터(from here)' 혹은 '이 시점으로부터'라는 의미를 내포합니다. 즉, 앞선 문장이 원인이 되어 뒤에 오는 결과가 '필연적으로' 발생했음을 나타낼 때 씁니다. 한국어의 '이런 이유로', '결과적으로'에 가깝습니다. - 예시:
The data was corrupted; hence, the results are unreliable.(데이터가 손상되었습니다. 이런 이유로 그 결과들은 신뢰할 수 없습니다.)
- Thus (방식과 결론의 도출):
thus는hence와 매우 유사하지만, '결과'뿐만 아니라 '이와 같은 방식으로(in this way)'라는 의미를 동시에 가집니다. 어떤 과정이나 수단을 설명한 뒤, 그 결과가 어떻게 도출되었는지를 보여줄 때 아주 유용합니다. 수학적 증명이나 과학적 실험 보고서에서 자주 볼 수 있는 단어입니다. - 예시:
The alloy was heated to 500 degrees. Thus, we achieved the desired density.(합금은 500도까지 가열되었습니다. 이와 같은 방식으로, 우리는 원하는 밀도를 얻었습니다.)
- Accordingly (상황에 부응하는 조치): 이 단어는 앞선 두 단어와 결정적인 차이가 있습니다.
accordingly는 단순히 '결과가 발생했다'는 사실을 넘어, '앞선 상황이 이러하니, 그에 발맞추어/그에 적절하게 이러한 행동을 취했다'는 대응(Response)의 뉘앙스가 강합니다. 한국어의 '그에 따라', '그에 부응하여'라는 표현과 정확히 일치합니다. - 예시:
The client requested a faster delivery. Accordingly, we adjusted our production schedule.(고객이 더 빠른 배송을 요청했습니다. 그에 맞춰서, 우리는 생산 일정을 조정했습니다.)
hence, thus, accordingly를 사용할 때 가장 흔히 저지르는 실수가 바로 콤마(comma) 하나로 문장을 이어버리는 것입니다. 이 단어들은 접속사가 아니라 '부사'이기 때문에, 문장을 연결할 때는 반드시 세미콜론(;)이나 마침표(.)가 필요합니다.- 구조:
[앞 문장]; [접속부사], [뒤 문장]. - 예시:
The project exceeded the budget; hence, it was terminated.
- 구조:
[앞 문장]. [접속부사], [뒤 문장]. - 예시:
The board members disagreed with the proposal. Accordingly, the plan was revised.
hence는 뒤에 주어+동사가 오는 절이 아니라, 바로 명사구가 붙어서 '이것이 ~의 원인이다'라는 의미로 쓰이기도 합니다. 이는 고전 문학이나 매우 딱딱한 법률 문서에서 볼 수 있는 형태입니다.- 예시:
He was a foreigner, hence his difficulty in understanding the local customs.(그는 외국인이었고, 그것이 그가 현지 관습을 이해하는 데 어려움을 겪은 이유였습니다.)
The market is volatile; thus, caution is advised. | 두 논리가 하나의 흐름으로 이어짐 |The market is volatile. Thus, caution is advised. | 결론을 더 강하게 강조함 |The market is volatile, thus caution is advised. | Comma Splice 오류 (C1 레벨에서 반드시 피해야 함) |hence를 쓰면 마치 조선시대 선비가 현대에서 «고로, 나는 아이스 아메리카노를 마시겠소»라고 말하는 것과 비슷한 느낌을 줍니다.thus는 실험 과정의 결과를 요약할 때, hence는 가설의 기각이나 채택을 논리적으로 설명할 때 자주 쓰입니다.- 예시:
The sample size was insufficient; hence, the findings cannot be generalized.
accordingly를 사용하면 매우 프로페셔널해 보입니다. 상대방의 요청에 대해 우리가 어떤 '조치'를 취했는지 설명할 때 유용합니다.- 예시:
We have received your feedback regarding the user interface. Accordingly, our design team has implemented several updates.
hence와 thus가 빈번하게 등장합니다. 이는 논리적 빈틈이 없음을 보여주는 장치입니다.- 예시:
The defendant failed to provide an alibi; thus, the court finds the testimony credible.
thus를 사용하면 청중에게 «이제 결론이 나옵니다»라는 신호를 명확하게 줄 수 있습니다.hence, thus, accordingly는 부사이지 접속사가 아닙니다.- 틀린 문장:
The store was closed, hence I went home. - 맞는 문장:
The store was closed; hence, I went home.
Accordingly를 단순히 So의 대용으로 사용하는 것accordingly를 단순히 '따라서'라고 외우다 보니, 아무 결과에나 갖다 붙입니다. 하지만 accordingly는 반드시 '앞선 상황에 발맞춘 적절한 행동'이라는 맥락이 있어야 합니다.- 어색한 문장:
It was raining; accordingly, the ground was wet.(비가 와서 땅이 젖은 것은 '행동'이나 '조치'가 아니라 자연적인 결과이므로hence나thus가 더 적합합니다.) - 자연스러운 문장:
It was raining; accordingly, we moved the event indoors.(비가 오는 상황에 맞춰 '행동'을 취했으므로 적절합니다.)
- 틀린 문장:
The system failed; thus, required a manual restart.(주어가 없음) - 맞는 문장:
The system failed; thus, it required a manual restart.
hence 대신 so를 넣었을 때 말이 된다면 문법적으로는 맞을 확률이 높습니다. 하지만 C1 레벨의 에세이라면 so를 hence나 thus로 바꾸는 것만으로도 문장의 품격이 달라집니다. 단, accordingly는 '대응'의 의미가 있는지 한 번 더 확인하세요!Hence와 Thus는 100% 서로 바꿔 쓸 수 있나요?Hence는 '이유(Reason)'에 더 집중하고, Thus는 '결과가 도출되는 방식(Manner)'에 더 집중합니다. 또한 Thus는 문장 중간에 삽입되어 The team, thus, decided to...와 같은 형태로도 자주 쓰이지만, Hence는 대개 문두나 절의 시작점에 위치합니다.Accordingly를 문장 끝에 써도 되나요?We have adjusted our plans accordingly.와 같이 문장 끝에 오면 «우리는 상황에 맞춰서 계획을 조정했다»라는 의미로 매우 자연스럽게 쓰입니다. 이 기능은 hence나 thus에는 없는 accordingly만의 특징입니다.hence, thus, accordingly를 여러분의 다음 비즈니스 이메일이나 영어 에세이에 한 번씩만 적용해 보세요. 문장의 무게감이 달라지는 것을 느끼실 수 있을 겁니다. 여러분의 영어 공부를 응원합니다! 쉽죠? 다음에 또 만나요!Punctuation Patterns for Formal Connectors
| Structure Type | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Between Clauses
|
Clause 1; [Word], Clause 2
|
The tax increased; hence, prices rose.
|
|
Sentence Starter
|
[Word], Clause 1
|
Thus, the theory was proven.
|
|
Mid-Clause
|
Subject, [Word], Verb
|
The manager, accordingly, resigned.
|
|
Noun Phrase (Hence only)
|
Clause 1, hence [Noun]
|
He was late, hence the anger.
|
|
Participle (Thus only)
|
Clause 1, thus [Verb-ing]
|
He ran, thus winning the race.
|
Meanings
These are conjunctive adverbs used to indicate that the following statement is a logical consequence, result, or manner derived from the preceding information.
Logical Consequence (Hence)
Used to suggest that the second fact follows naturally or logically from the first.
“The company is downsizing; hence, many employees are worried.”
“The roads were icy, hence the many accidents reported this morning.”
Manner or Result (Thus)
Used to mean 'in this way' or 'as a result of what has just been mentioned'.
“The experiment was conducted under strict conditions, thus ensuring accuracy.”
“Thus, we can conclude that the hypothesis was correct.”
Corresponding Action (Accordingly)
Used to show that an action was performed in a way that is appropriate to the preceding circumstances.
“We have received your request and will act accordingly.”
“The budget was limited; accordingly, we chose the most cost-effective option.”
Reference Table
| 용어 | 기능 | 구두점 | 사용 맥락 | 예시 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Hence
|
직접적인 논리적 결과/추론
|
; hence, / . Hence,
|
학술, 공식 보고서, 법률
|
The data was corrupted; hence, the experiment yielded unreliable results.
|
|
Thus
|
직접적인 논리적 결론/결과
|
; thus, / . Thus,
|
학술, 과학 논문, 공식 발표
|
Sales plummeted last quarter. Thus, we need to revise our marketing strategy.
|
|
Accordingly
|
상황에 대한 적절한 행동/반응
|
; accordingly, / . Accordingly,
|
비즈니스, 법률, 정책 문서
|
The project deadline was moved up. Accordingly, we ramped up production.
|
|
Therefore
|
일반적인 결과/이유 (hence/thus보다 약간 덜 격식)
|
; therefore, / . Therefore,
|
격식 있는 글쓰기, 설득력 있는 주장
|
The budget was approved. Therefore, funds were allocated.
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
The price is prohibitive; hence, I shall decline the purchase. (Shopping/Negotiation)
The price is too high; therefore, I'm not buying it. (Shopping/Negotiation)
It's too expensive, so I'm not getting it. (Shopping/Negotiation)
Too pricey, I'm gonna pass. (Shopping/Negotiation)
격식 연결어: Hence, Thus, Accordingly
Hence
- 직접적인 결과 이전 진술에서 파생된 결과를 보여줍니다.
- 추론 논리적 추론을 도입하는 데 사용됩니다.
- 학술 글쓰기 연구 논문, 에세이에서 흔히 사용됩니다.
Thus
- 논리적 결론 주장의 최종 추론을 제시합니다.
- 행동의 결과 사건에 따른 명확한 결과를 나타냅니다.
- 과학 보고서 연구 결과를 진술하는 데 자주 사용됩니다.
Accordingly
- 적절한 행동 상황에 맞는 취해진 행동을 설명합니다.
- ~에 대한 대응으로 이전 정보와 일치하는 반응을 강조합니다.
- 비즈니스 맥락 정책, 법률, 운영 문서에서 볼 수 있습니다.
격식 연결어 대결
격식 결과 연결어 선택하기
직접적이고 논리적인 결과나 추론을 보여주고 싶으신가요?
다음 진술이 이전 진술에 대한 적절한 행동이나 반응인가요?
맥락이 격식 있나요 (학술, 비즈니스, 전문적)?
격식 연결어 시나리오
학술 및 과학
- • 연구 데이터에서 결론 도출하기
- • 가설과 연구 결과 연결하기
- • 에세이에서 논리적 주장 제시하기
- • 과학 논문 방법론
비즈니스 및 전문
- • 전략적 결정 정당화하기
- • 보고서에서 다음 단계 개요 설명하기
- • 고객 요청에 격식 있게 대응하기
- • 내부 정책 변경 설정하기
법률 및 공식
- • 법적 선례와 그 결과 진술하기
- • 격식 있는 서신
- • 공식 선언 및 법령
- • 절차 설명
수준별 예문
It is cold, so I wear a coat.
It is cold, hence I wear a coat (Formal).
He is tired, so he sleeps.
He is tired, thus he sleeps (Formal).
The teacher said 'sit', so I sat.
The teacher said 'sit', and I acted accordingly (Formal).
I have no money, so I cannot buy it.
I have no money, hence I cannot buy it (Formal).
The shop was closed; hence, I went home.
The shop was closed; so, I went home.
He did not study; thus, he failed.
He did not study; as a result, he failed.
The rules are clear; please act accordingly.
The rules are clear; please follow them.
It was late, hence the dark sky.
It was late, that is why the sky was dark.
The company lost money; hence, they fired staff.
The company lost money; therefore, they fired staff.
She practiced every day, thus becoming a pro.
She practiced every day, and in that way became a pro.
We found a mistake and fixed it accordingly.
We found a mistake and fixed it in the right way.
The flight was canceled; accordingly, we booked a hotel.
The flight was canceled; consequently, we booked a hotel.
The evidence was insufficient; hence, the suspect was released.
The evidence was not enough; as a result, the suspect was released.
The city was built on a swamp, thus explaining the humidity.
The city was built on a swamp, which explains the humidity.
The terms of the contract have changed; please update your records accordingly.
The contract terms changed; please update your records to match.
He was the eldest son, hence the heir to the throne.
He was the oldest son, and for that reason, the heir.
The hypothesis was flawed from the outset; hence, the entire study must be discarded.
The hypothesis was wrong from the start; therefore, the study is useless.
The artist used vibrant colors, thus creating a sense of urgency in the viewer.
The artist used bright colors, and in doing so, created urgency.
The committee recognized the potential risks and adjusted the safety protocols accordingly.
The committee saw the risks and changed the rules to fit the situation.
The currency was devalued, hence the sudden spike in inflation.
The money lost value, which caused the sudden inflation.
The philosophical framework is inherently dualistic; hence, any attempt at monism is futile.
The philosophy is dualistic; therefore, monism won't work.
The protagonist fails to recognize his own hubris, thus precipitating his tragic downfall.
The hero doesn't see his pride, which causes his tragedy.
The geopolitical landscape has shifted; our foreign policy must be recalibrated accordingly.
The world has changed; we must change our policy to match.
The manuscript was discovered centuries hence, providing a window into a lost civilization.
The book was found centuries later, showing us a lost world.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners use them interchangeably, but 'hence' is more about the source/origin.
Register mismatch.
자주 하는 실수
I am hot hence I drink water.
I am hot, so I drink water.
The car is old, thus it is slow.
The car is old; thus, it is slow.
He was late, hence he missed the meeting.
He was late; hence, he missed the meeting.
The results were poor; accordingly, we can conclude the theory is wrong.
The results were poor; hence, we can conclude the theory is wrong.
He spoke thusly to the crowd.
He spoke thus to the crowd.
문장 패턴
The ___ was ___; hence, the ___.
We have updated the ___; please ___ accordingly.
Real World Usage
The data was skewed; hence, the conclusion is unreliable.
The defendant acted in self-defense; accordingly, the charges are dropped.
The meeting has been moved to 3 PM. Please plan accordingly.
The solution was heated, thus accelerating the reaction.
The bridge is closed; hence, traffic is backed up for miles.
He was a man of great pride, hence his refusal to ask for help.
구두점에 신경 쓰세요
The data was clear; hence, we proceeded.
비격식적인 상황은 피하세요
Hence와 Accordingly를 구별하세요
The rules changed; accordingly, we updated our system.(규칙이 바뀌었으니, 시스템을 업데이트하는 게 '적절한' 행동이죠.)
학술계의 강력한 도구
The experiment yielded consistent results; hence, the theory was supported.
연결어를 다양하게 사용하세요
The budget was approved. Therefore, funds were allocated.(다양한 표현을 써보는 거죠!)
Smart Tips
Replace 'so' with 'accordingly' at the end of a sentence.
Use 'Thus' followed by a comma to summarize your findings.
Use 'hence' + [Noun Phrase].
Check if the next word is a verb ending in -ing. If not, you probably need a semicolon.
발음
Hence/Thus Stress
Both words are usually stressed to emphasize the logical link.
Accordingly Intonation
Often has a falling intonation when placed at the end of a sentence.
Logical Emphasis
The results were poor [PAUSE] HENCE [PAUSE] the change.
Emphasizing the cause-effect relationship.
암기하기
기억법
H.T.A. - High-Tone Accuracy. Use Hence, Thus, and Accordingly to keep your tone high and accurate.
시각적 연상
Imagine a judge in a courtroom. When they make a decision, they use 'Hence' to point to evidence, 'Thus' to explain the law, and 'Accordingly' to give the sentence.
Rhyme
When the logic is clear and the register high, use Hence and Thus to catch the eye.
Story
A scientist found a new planet (Fact). Hence, she named it (Source). Thus, she became famous (Manner). She was invited to a gala and dressed accordingly (Response).
Word Web
챌린지
Write three sentences about your last work project using one of each: hence, thus, and accordingly.
문화 노트
Very high frequency of 'hence' in academic papers to maintain a detached, objective tone.
Frequent use of 'accordingly' in judicial opinions to show how a ruling follows from a law.
Using 'thus' in presentations to sound authoritative and data-driven.
'Hence' comes from Old English 'henan' (from here). 'Thus' comes from Old English 'thus' (in this way).
대화 시작하기
The weather forecast predicts a storm; how should we plan our event accordingly?
If a company's profits drop, they might cut costs. Hence, what happens to the employees?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
The report highlighted a critical security flaw; ___, immediate action was required.
Thus는 격식 있는 맥락에서 직접적인 논리적 결과를 도입하는 데 적합합니다. So는 너무 비격식적이고, because는 원인을 도입하는 것이지 결과를 도입하는 것이 아닙니다.Find and fix the mistake:
The evidence was compelling hence the jury returned a guilty verdict.
hence 앞에 세미콜론과 뒤에 쉼표가 필요합니다.Choose the correct sentence:
accordingly가 가장 적절합니다. hence나 thus는 순수한 논리적 추론에 가깝습니다.Score: /3
연습 문제
8 exercisesThe project deadline has been moved up; ________, we need to increase our daily output.
Find and fix the mistake:
The software crashed, thus we lost all the unsaved data.
The instructions were clear, and he acted ________.
He is the CEO, so he has the final say.
Identify the odd one out.
1. Hence, 2. Thus, 3. Accordingly
'Thus' can be followed by a verb ending in -ing.
Manager: 'We are over budget.' Employee: 'I will adjust the spending ________.'
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe new policy was widely adopted; ___, its implementation saw few issues.
The security breach was a major concern. ___, all sensitive accounts were temporarily locked.
The results were inconclusive, thus more research is needed.
I was busy. Hence, couldn't make it.
Which sentence is correct?
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Die Forschung zeigte neue Erkenntnisse; demnach wurden die Richtlinien überarbeitet.'
Translate into English: 'Es gab keinen Beweis; somit konnte keine Anklage erhoben werden.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the situations with their most suitable formal continuation:
Match the context to the best connector:
Score: /12
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
Yes, but it must be followed by a comma and a full clause, or used as a sentence fragment in very formal writing (e.g., 'Hence the confusion.').
It is often used, but many grammarians consider it incorrect because 'thus' is already an adverb. Stick to `thus` in formal writing.
`Therefore` is for pure logic (A=B, B=C, therefore A=C). `Hence` often implies a source or a 'from this' relationship.
Absolutely. Using these correctly will significantly boost your 'Cohesion and Coherence' score.
Because these words are adverbs, not conjunctions. They aren't strong enough to hold two sentences together with just a comma.
No, it can also follow a semicolon: 'The rules changed; accordingly, we left.'
It is equally common in both, provided the context is formal academic or legal writing.
Yes, in the sense of 'from now'. For example, 'Two years hence' means 'Two years from now'.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Por lo tanto / En consecuencia
English 'hence' has a specific 'source' nuance that 'por lo tanto' lacks.
Par conséquent / Ainsi
French punctuation rules for 'donc' are much more relaxed than English rules for 'thus'.
Daher / Demnach
German word order (V2) changes after these connectors, whereas English does not.
したがって (Shitagatte) / ゆえに (Yueni)
Japanese connectors often appear at the very start of the sentence more frequently than mid-clause.
وبناءً على ذلك (Wa bina'an 'ala dhalik)
Arabic often uses long phrasal connectors where English uses a single word like 'hence'.
因此 (Yīncǐ) / 从而 (Cóng'ér)
Chinese does not use semicolons in the same way to separate these logical clauses.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
관련 동영상
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