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C1 — Professional Communication and Logic

C1 · 상급 챕터 2

Professional Communication and Logic

Q: `owing to`와 `in view of`의 주요 차이점은 무엇인가요?

`owing to`는 주로 어떤 사건이나 상황의 직접적인 원인(예: `owing to the storm`)을 가리키는 반면, `in view of`는 어떤 결정을 내릴 때 고려했던 요소(예: `in view of new data`)를 나타냅니다.

Q: `owing to`는 긍정적인 이유에도 사용될 수 있나요?

네, `owing to`는 긍정적인 원인에도 사용될 수 있어요. 비록 중립적이거나 부정적인 상황을 설명하는 맥락에서 자주 나타나지만요. 예를 들어, `The success was owing to their hard work`는 완벽하게 올바른 표현입니다.

6 총 규칙

72 예문

5 분

이 챕터의 규칙 빠른 연습

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Elevate your professional prose with sophisticated connectors and precise modal language.

Master formal transitions to link complex ideas seamlessly.
Employ logical connectors to clarify causality and sequence.
Refine your professional tone through strategic modal hedging.

Speak with precision, write with authority.

배울 내용

Ever wish your professional writing sounded more nuanced and impactful? Dive into this chapter to master formal results like Hence and the subtle power of modal hedging. You'll craft arguments with impressive precision and persuasive authority.

정중하게 정보 추가하기: Moreover & Furthermore
글을 더 격식 있게 만들고 싶을 때, 'moreover'와 'furthermore'는 주장을 '강화'하고 '추가 정보'를 '세련되게' 연결해주는 마법 같은 도구예요.
공식적인 이유: Owing to 및 In view of
격식 있는 상황에서 소통 능력을 한 단계 높이고 싶다면, owing to는 직접적인 «원인»을, in view of는 «고려된 이유»를 설명할 때 사용해 보세요. 이 두 표현으로 당신의 글과 말을 더 «세련되게» 만들 수 있답니다!
공식적인 결과: Hence, Thus, Accordingly
Hence, thus, accordingly 이 세 가지 고급 연결어를 마스터하면, 논리적인 결과나 적절한 행동을 «정확하게» 표현할 수 있어요. «논리적 결과», «적절한 행동», «정확한 표현» 이 세 가지를 기억하세요!
공식적인 순서: Subsequently & Thereafter
결과를 나타내는 subsequently와 특정 시점 이후를 나타내는 thereafter를 마스터해서 격식 있는 영어를 한 단계 업그레이드해봐요!
요약하기: In Sum & To Recapitulate
고급 커뮤니케이션에서 핵심을 짚어주는 격식 있는 요약 표현으로 'in sum'과 'to recapitulate'를 사용해 보세요. 마치 마법의 요약 도구처럼요!
영리한 글쓰기에서 'Might'와 'Maybe' 사용하기 (양태 헤징)
might와 maybe를 잘 활용하면, 여러분의 의사소통에 중요한 «뉘앙스»와 «외교적 표현력»을 더해줄 수 있어요. «스마트한 글쓰기»의 핵심이죠!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

1
By the end you will be able to: Use formal connectors like 'Moreover' and 'Hence' to structure complex professional reports.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Ready to elevate your English from proficient to truly persuasive? As a C1 learner, you’ve mastered complex grammar, but now it’s time to fine-tune your professional communication and logic. This chapter isn’t just about knowing more words; it’s about wielding them with precision to make your arguments undeniable and your insights deeply impactful.

We’ll explore how to stack your points seamlessly with markers like moreover and furthermore, and how to articulate causes with elegant phrases such as owing to and in view of.

You’ll discover how to signpost conclusions powerfully using hence, thus, and accordingly, ensuring your formal results are crystal clear. Beyond direct statements, we’ll also delve into the subtle art of modal hedging, employing words like might and could to present claims with academic rigor and appropriate caution. By mastering these nuanced tools, you'll not only improve your C1 English grammar but also gain the confidence to express sophisticated ideas fluently and spontaneously in any professional setting.

Get ready to write and speak with authority and finesse!

How This Grammar Works

Imagine constructing a compelling case, point by meticulous point. To build an argument robustly, you start by adding supporting evidence. Instead of simply saying also, at a C1 level, you'll use moreover and furthermore.

For example,

The market share has increased; moreover, customer satisfaction surveys show higher ratings.

These linkers add weight and formality. When explaining *why* something happened, move beyond because. For formal reasons, use phrases like owing to and in view of, followed by a noun.

The project was delayed owing to unforeseen technical difficulties,

In view of the budget constraints, we decided to postpone the launch.

Once you've presented your reasons, you need to clearly state the consequences. For formal results, choose hence, thus, or accordingly.

Hence, a new strategy is required.

Thus, we adjusted our projections.

Accordingly, new resources were allocated.

To narrate a series of events professionally, especially in reports, subsequently and thereafter are invaluable.

The data was collected; subsequently, it was analyzed.

Finally, when you've made your points, you need to tie them up neatly. In sum and to recapitulate are your go-to phrases for signaling a concise conclusion.

To recapitulate, the key findings support a phased approach.

Beyond direct statements, true mastery involves nuance.

Modal hedging with words like might or could is crucial for academic and professional integrity. Instead of

This *is* the solution,

consider

This *might be* a viable solution,

The evidence *could suggest* a correlation.

This demonstrates careful consideration and intellectual honesty. These tools collectively empower you to construct arguments with impressive precision.

Common Mistakes

Even advanced learners can stumble with these precise terms. Here are some common pitfalls:

1Misusing 'Owing to' with clauses:

✗ The meeting was canceled owing to that the CEO was ill.

✓ The meeting was canceled owing to the CEO's illness.

*Explanation:* Owing to requires a noun phrase or gerund, not a full clause. For clauses, use 'because' or 'since'.

1Overusing 'Hence' at the beginning of a sentence:

✗ Hence, we will proceed. (While not strictly wrong, it can sound overly abrupt or repetitive if always at the start)

✓ The analysis is complete; hence, we can now make an informed decision.

✓ We have concluded the analysis; we will accordingly make an informed decision.

*Explanation:* Hence, thus, and accordingly often work best as transitions within or between sentences, or to follow a clear premise. Don't rely on them as simple sentence starters without strong preceding context.

1Applying modal hedging to established facts:

✗ It might be possible that water boils at 100°C.

✓ Water boils at 100°C. (Or: The experiment might indicate a different boiling point under specific conditions.)

*Explanation:* Modal hedging is for claims, interpretations, or predictions, not universally accepted facts. Use it to introduce an element of uncertainty or possibility where it truly exists.

Real Conversations

Let's see these in action in everyday professional scenarios.

Scenario 1: Project Update

How are we looking for the Q3 report deadline?

We've encountered some unexpected data discrepancies; owing to a system error, a portion of the sales figures was corrupted. Subsequently, the team has been working overtime to manually verify the records.

So, what’s the revised timeline?

In view of these challenges, we might need a two-day extension.

Scenario 2: Team Meeting Discussion

The new marketing campaign saw a 15% increase in engagement.

That's excellent! Furthermore, our recent customer feedback suggests a strong positive sentiment towards the new branding.

Hence, we can confidently propose allocating more budget to digital advertising next quarter.

I agree, the data thus far clearly supports that move.

Quick FAQ

Q: When should I use moreover versus furthermore?

Both are interchangeable for adding points formally. Furthermore can sometimes feel slightly stronger or imply

in addition to what has been said, here’s an even more important point,

but for most contexts, they function identically in professional communication and logic.

Q: Is thusly a correct word? Should I use it instead of thus?

While thusly exists, it is widely considered archaic or overly formal and often sounds affected. Stick with thus for clear, concise, and modern C1 English grammar.

Q: Does modal hedging make me sound indecisive in professional settings?

Quite the opposite! Using words like might or could (modal hedging) demonstrates careful consideration, intellectual humility, and an understanding that professional claims often involve a degree of uncertainty or interpretation. It signals a sophisticated approach to professional communication and logic.

Cultural Context

Native English speakers predominantly reserve these specific formal linkers for written professional contexts, academic papers, and very formal presentations. You'll rarely hear hence or in view of in casual conversation. The judicious use of modal hedging, however, is common across many levels of formal and semi-formal speech, indicating thoughtfulness rather than uncertainty.

Understanding this distinction helps you sound authentic and appropriately formal without sounding stiff or unnatural.

주요 예문 (8)

The evidence presented was conclusive; moreover, it was supported by multiple independent studies.

제시된 증거는 결정적이었어요. 게다가, 여러 독립적인 연구들로 뒷받침되었죠.

정중하게 정보 추가하기: Moreover & Furthermore

Our profits have increased by 15% this quarter. Furthermore, customer satisfaction scores are at an all-time high.

이번 분기 저희 수익은 15% 증가했어요. 게다가, 고객 만족도 점수도 역대 최고치를 기록했죠.

정중하게 정보 추가하기: Moreover & Furthermore

The meeting was canceled `owing to` unforeseen scheduling conflicts among key stakeholders.

주요 이해관계자들 간의 예상치 못한 일정 충돌로 인해 회의가 취소되었습니다.

공식적인 이유: Owing to 및 In view of

`In view of` the latest market research, the product launch has been strategically delayed.

최신 시장 조사를 고려하여, 제품 출시는 전략적으로 연기되었습니다.

공식적인 이유: Owing to 및 In view of

The experiment was successful; hence, the hypothesis was confirmed.

실험은 성공적이었고, 따라서 가설이 입증되었습니다.

공식적인 결과: Hence, Thus, Accordingly

The client approved the proposal. Thus, we can proceed with the project.

고객이 제안을 승인했습니다. 따라서 저희는 프로젝트를 진행할 수 있습니다.

공식적인 결과: Hence, Thus, Accordingly

The initial proposal was approved, and `subsequently`, the team commenced development.

초기 제안이 승인되었고, 그 결과 팀은 개발을 시작했습니다.

공식적인 순서: Subsequently & Thereafter

She joined the firm in 2010; `thereafter`, she quickly rose through the ranks.

그녀는 2010년에 회사에 입사했고, 그 이후로 빠르게 승진했습니다.

공식적인 순서: Subsequently & Thereafter

팁과 요령 (4)

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글의 격식 있는 분위기를 높여보세요

글을 한층 더 격식 있게 만들고 싶을 때 'moreover'나 'furthermore'를 써보세요. 단순히 'and'나 'also'보다 훨씬 세련된 연결을 보여줄 수 있답니다.

The research is sound; furthermore, it offers practical solutions.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 정중하게 정보 추가하기: Moreover & Furthermore

💡

항상 명사처럼!

owing to와 in view of는 전치사구라는 걸 기억하세요. 그래서 뒤에는 항상 명사, 명사구, 동명사(gerund), 또는 대명사가 와야 해요. 주어와 동사가 있는 완전한 절은 절대 올 수 없어요! 예를 들어, 이렇게 써야 해요:

The project was delayed owing to the heavy rain.

(폭우 때문에 프로젝트가 지연됐어요.)

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 공식적인 이유: Owing to 및 In view of

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구두점에 신경 쓰세요

이 단어들이 새로운 절을 시작할 때는 항상 세미콜론(;)이나 마침표(.)를 앞에 쓰고, 바로 뒤에는 쉼표(,)를 붙여야 해요. 그래야 문장이 명확하고 문법적으로도 자연스러워져요. 예를 들어:

The data was clear; hence, we proceeded.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 공식적인 결과: Hence, Thus, Accordingly

💡

맥락이 중요해요!

어떤 글을 쓰는지 항상 맥락을 생각해야 해요. 격식 있는 문서에서는 'subsequently'와 'thereafter'가 정말 좋은 선택이지만, 친구와 캐주얼하게 채팅할 때는 'then'이나 'after that'을 쓰는 게 훨씬 자연스러워요. 로봇처럼 들리지 않게요! "For casual chats, stick to 'then' or 'after that' to avoid sounding like a robot."

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 공식적인 순서: Subsequently & Thereafter

핵심 어휘 (5)

subsequently happening after something else recapitulate summarize and restate hedging using cautious language accordingly in a way that is appropriate in view of considering

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Quarterly Performance Review

Review Summary

Moreover/Furthermore, [sentence].
Owing to [noun phrase], [sentence].
[Sentence]; hence/thus/accordingly, [sentence].
[Event 1]. Subsequently, [Event 2].
In sum, [conclusion].
[Subject] might [verb].

자주 하는 실수

Owing to is a preposition and must be followed by a noun phrase, not a full clause.

Wrong: Owing to it was raining, we stayed inside.

정답: Owing to the rain, we stayed inside.

Hence is a conjunctive adverb, not a subordinating conjunction. It needs a semicolon or separate sentences.

Wrong: Hence we are busy, we cannot go.

정답: We are busy; hence, we cannot go.

Don't combine absolute adverbs with modal hedging; choose one for clarity.

Wrong: It is certainly maybe the best option.

정답: It might be the best option.

이 챕터의 규칙 (6)

Next Steps

You are mastering the art of professional communication. Keep applying these tools in your daily emails!

Rewrite a casual email into a professional report

Continue to: Natural Expression and Nuance

빠른 연습 (10)

올바른 형태를 고르세요.

`She ___ be at the library studying for her exams.`

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: might

Might는 가능성을 나타냅니다. Will은 확실성을, must는 강한 의무나 논리적 추론을 나타냅니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 영리한 글쓰기에서 'Might'와 'Maybe' 사용하기 (양태 헤징)

틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

`Maybe she will to come later.`

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Maybe she will come later.

will이나 might와 같은 조동사는 to 없이 동사의 기본형이 바로 뒤따라야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 영리한 글쓰기에서 'Might'와 'Maybe' 사용하기 (양태 헤징)

문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

The project fell behind owing to that the team lacked experience.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The project fell behind owing to the team's lack of experience.

Owing to 뒤에는 완전한 절이 아니라 명사구가 와야 해요. 여기서 'The team's lack of experience'가 올바른 명사구입니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 공식적인 이유: Owing to 및 In view of

어떤 문장이 격식 있는 순서 부사를 올바르게 사용했나요?

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The manager submitted his resignation; subsequently, he left the company.

사직서 제출의 직접적인 결과로 회사를 떠나는 것이므로 'subsequently'가 올바르죠. 'thereafter'는 그 시점부터 계속해서 회사를 떠났다는 의미가 될 거예요. 또한, 세미콜론은 두 개의 독립적인 절을 올바르게 분리하고 있어요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 공식적인 순서: Subsequently & Thereafter

어떤 문장이 격식 있는 이유 표현을 올바르게 사용했나요?

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The event was cancelled owing to bad weather.

because of도 올바르지만, owing to bad weather는 'the fact that' 없이 owing to를 더 격식 있고 간결하게 사용한 예시예요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 공식적인 이유: Owing to 및 In view of

가장 적절한 격식 연결어를 고르세요.

The report highlighted a critical security flaw; ___, immediate action was required.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: thus

Thus는 격식 있는 맥락에서 직접적인 논리적 결과를 도입하는 데 적합합니다. So는 너무 비격식적이고, because는 원인을 도입하는 것이지 결과를 도입하는 것이 아닙니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 공식적인 결과: Hence, Thus, Accordingly

문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

She founded the startup in 2020, and subsequently, she grew it into a multinational corporation.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She founded the startup in 2020, and thereafter, she grew it into a multinational corporation.

'subsequently'를 사용한 것이 실수인데, 'thereafter'가 더 적절해요. 회사를 시간이 지남에 따라 성장시키는 것은 '그 시점부터 계속되는' 지속적인 과정을 묘사하며, 이것이 'thereafter'의 의미예요. 'subsequently'는 창업 직후의 단일하고 직접적인 결과를 암시할 거예요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 공식적인 순서: Subsequently & Thereafter

문장을 완성하기 위해 올바른 표현을 선택하세요.

The company decided to delay the new initiative ___ a lack of available resources.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: in view of

in view of는 자원 부족이 이니셔티브 지연이라는 *결정*을 내릴 때의 *고려 사항*이었기 때문에 적절해요. owing to는 지연의 직접적인 원인이었음을 암시하지만, 지연 자체는 결정이거든요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 공식적인 이유: Owing to 및 In view of

구두점 오류를 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

The evidence was compelling hence the jury returned a guilty verdict.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The evidence was compelling; hence, the jury returned a guilty verdict.

두 독립절을 격식 있게 올바르게 연결하려면 hence 앞에 세미콜론과 뒤에 쉼표가 필요합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 공식적인 결과: Hence, Thus, Accordingly

'furthermore'를 올바르게 사용한 문장은 무엇인가요?

올바른 문장을 선택하세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The software enhances security. Furthermore, it streamlines data management.

'Furthermore'는 소프트웨어 기능에 대해 논의하는 것과 같이 격식 있는 맥락에 가장 적합하며, 일반적으로 새로운 문장을 시작하거나 세미콜론 앞에 와요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 정중하게 정보 추가하기: Moreover & Furthermore

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

이 단어들의 주된 기능은 격식 있는 맥락에서 추가적이고 보강하는 정보나 주장을 덧붙이는 거예요. 앞선 진술을 강화하거나 확장한다는 의미를 담고 있죠. '게다가 더 중요한 건'이라는 말을 격식 있게 표현한다고 생각하면 돼요.

The product is innovative; moreover, it is environmentally friendly.

네, 대부분의 경우 'moreover'와 'furthermore'는 서로 바꿔 쓸 수 있어요. 둘 다 중요한 요점을 추가한다는 비슷한 의미를 전달하죠. 어떤 사람들은 'furthermore'가 주장을 조금 더 강하게 밀어붙이거나 더 나아간다는 느낌을 준다고 생각하기도 하지만, 그 차이는 아주 미묘해요.