The noun 'retraction' fundamentally denotes the formal act of withdrawing or disavowing a previously made statement, accusation, or promise. This often occurs when new information emerges that discredits the initial claim, or when an individual chooses to recant their words, perhaps due to pressure or a change of heart. Beyond its intellectual application, 'retraction' can also describe the physical process of pulling something back or in, such as a cat's claws retracting into its paws. In both contexts, the core meaning revolves around a reversal or a drawing back from an initial position or extension. The term is frequently encountered in academic, journalistic, and legal discourse, highlighting a correction or an admission of error.
§ Understanding the Noun 'Retraction'
The word 'retraction' is a noun, and it primarily refers to the act of taking back something that was previously said or done. This could be a statement, an accusation, a promise, or even a published article. It can also, in a more literal sense, describe the physical action of pulling something back or in, though this usage is less common in everyday conversation.
As a noun, 'retraction' can be both countable and uncountable, depending on the context. For example, you can talk about 'a retraction' (one specific instance of retracting something) or 'retraction' in a general sense (the act itself).
§ Common Grammatical Structures with 'Retraction'
'Retraction' often appears in sentences with specific prepositions and verbs. Here are some common ways it's used:
- Making a retraction: This is a very common phrasing when someone formally withdraws a statement.
- Issuing a retraction: Similar to 'making a retraction', this implies a more official or public withdrawal.
- Demanding a retraction: When someone insists that a previous statement be withdrawn.
- Publishing a retraction: Often used in media contexts when an error is corrected.
- A retraction of + [noun]: This specifies what is being retracted.
§ Examples in Sentences
Let's look at some practical examples to see how 'retraction' fits into various sentences.
The newspaper published a full retraction of the incorrect story.
- Explanation
- Here, 'retraction' is used to refer to the official statement withdrawing the previous, incorrect story. The preposition 'of' specifies what was retracted.
He was forced to issue a retraction after his claims were proven false.
- Explanation
- In this sentence, 'issue a retraction' is a common idiom meaning to formally withdraw a statement. It emphasizes the public nature of the withdrawal.
The scientist made a complete retraction of his earlier findings when new data emerged.
- Explanation
- Here, 'complete retraction' emphasizes the thoroughness of the withdrawal. The possessive 'his' clarifies whose findings were retracted.
Without a retraction of the accusation, his reputation would be permanently damaged.
- Explanation
- This sentence uses 'retraction' in a conditional clause, highlighting the importance of withdrawing the accusation. The preposition 'of' again specifies what is being retracted.
The company’s quick retraction of the misleading advertisement helped mitigate public backlash.
- Explanation
- Here, 'quick retraction' indicates the speed with which the advertisement was withdrawn. 'Of' connects 'retraction' to the specific item being retracted.
§ Prepositions Commonly Used with 'Retraction'
The most common prepositions used with 'retraction' are 'of' and sometimes 'from' or 'by'.
- Of
- This is used to indicate what specifically is being retracted.
The editor demanded a retraction of the controversial article.
- From
- Less common, but can be used to indicate the source from which something was retracted, or the person who made the retraction.
The public awaited a retraction from the politician regarding his false statements.
- By
- Can be used to specify who made the retraction.
The retraction by the celebrity did little to quell the rumors.
§ Nuances and Contextual Usage
The formal nature of 'retraction' means it's often found in contexts related to media, law, academia, and public statements. It implies a formal correction or withdrawal, rather than a casual change of mind.
For instance, if you jokingly say something and then say "just kidding," that's not typically a 'retraction'. A 'retraction' carries more weight and often involves an admission of error or a formal withdrawal of a previous stance.
§ Distinguishing 'Retraction' from Similar WordsWhile 'retraction' means taking back a statement, it's useful to understand how it differs from similar words:- Recantation: Often used in a more religious or formal sense, especially when withdrawing a heresy or formal belief.
- Withdrawal: A broader term that can apply to many things, not just statements (e.g., withdrawing money, troops). 'Retraction' is a specific type of withdrawal.
- Correction: While a retraction is a type of correction, a correction might simply be fixing a minor error without fully taking back the entire statement or article.
By understanding these distinctions, you can use 'retraction' with greater precision in your writing and speaking.
難易度
The noun form 'retraction' itself is not overly complex, but understanding its nuances in various contexts might require a B2 level of comprehension. The presence of the related verb 'retract' helps, but the noun's abstract nature can add a layer of difficulty.
Using 'retraction' accurately in written English, especially in formal or academic contexts, requires careful consideration of its meaning and appropriate sentence structure. Avoiding redundancy or imprecise usage can be challenging for B2 learners.
While 'retraction' might not be an everyday spoken word, a B2 speaker should be able to pronounce and use it correctly in discussions where it's relevant, particularly in more formal conversations or debates. The slight complexity comes from its formal tone and less frequent spoken use compared to simpler synonyms.
Understanding 'retraction' in spoken language at a B2 level is generally achievable. The main challenge might be distinguishing it from similar-sounding words or grasping its full implication quickly in a fast-paced conversation, especially when used in abstract or nuanced ways.
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The newspaper issued a retraction for the inaccurate article.
신문은 부정확한 기사에 대해 정정 보도를 냈다.
Here, 'retraction' refers to the act of withdrawing an inaccurate statement.
After facing strong criticism, the politician made a full retraction of his controversial comments.
강한 비판에 직면한 후, 그 정치인은 논란이 된 발언을 전면 철회했다.
This sentence uses 'retraction' to mean the withdrawal of spoken statements.
The company's retraction of its new policy surprised many employees.
회사가 새로운 정책을 철회한 것에 많은 직원들이 놀랐다.
Here, 'retraction' signifies the withdrawal of a policy or decision.
He demanded a public retraction of the false allegations made against him.
그는 자신에 대한 허위 주장에 대한 공개적인 철회를 요구했다.
This example shows 'retraction' in the context of withdrawing accusations.
The quick retraction of the faulty product prevented further accidents.
결함 있는 제품의 신속한 회수는 더 이상의 사고를 막았다.
In this sentence, 'retraction' is used in the sense of pulling something back (a product).
Despite repeated requests, there was no retraction of the offensive advertisement.
반복되는 요청에도 불구하고, 불쾌한 광고는 철회되지 않았다.
This illustrates 'retraction' as the act of not withdrawing something.
Her sudden retraction of the agreement left everyone confused.
그녀가 갑자기 합의를 철회한 것은 모두를 혼란스럽게 했다.
Here, 'retraction' refers to the withdrawal of a promise or agreement.
The scientific journal published a retraction of the paper due to errors in the data.
과학 저널은 데이터 오류로 인해 그 논문의 철회를 발표했다.
This example uses 'retraction' in an academic context, referring to the withdrawal of a published paper.
よく混同される語
The verb form of 'recantation', often used when someone formally takes back a belief or statement.
To revoke, cancel, or repeal (a law, order, or agreement). Similar to 'revocation' but focuses on official actions.
To deny any responsibility or support for something. Similar to repudiation, but can be less forceful and more about disclaiming knowledge or approval.
間違えやすい
Both 'retraction' and 'recantation' involve taking back a statement. However, 'recantation' specifically implies a formal disavowal of a previous belief, opinion, or heresy, often under duress or pressure.
Retraction is a general withdrawal of a statement, while recantation is a more formal and often public repudiation of a belief, especially a religious or political one.
After being presented with new evidence, the scientist issued a recantation of his earlier theory.
Both terms involve taking something back. 'Revocation' usually applies to official documents, licenses, or agreements, meaning to cancel or annul them.
Retraction is about withdrawing a statement or promise; revocation is about formally canceling an official document, right, or privilege.
The revocation of his driver's license left him unable to commute to work.
Both suggest a rejection or refusal. 'Repudiation' implies a forceful rejection or denial, often of a debt, claim, or responsibility.
Retraction is taking back a statement; repudiation is a forceful rejection or refusal to accept something, such as an idea, a debt, or a claim.
The government issued a strong repudiation of the terrorist group's demands.
Both can mean to pull something back. However, 'recall' often refers to the official request for the return of defective products, or the act of remembering something.
Retraction is withdrawing a statement or promise; recall refers to demanding the return of faulty products or the act of remembering.
The company issued a recall for the faulty car seats.
'Withdrawal' is a very broad term that can encompass 'retraction', but it has many other meanings, such as removing oneself from a situation, taking money out of an account, or the physical act of pulling something back.
Retraction is a specific type of withdrawal related to statements or promises; withdrawal is a much broader term with many applications.
His sudden withdrawal from the competition surprised everyone.
使い方
Usage Notes:
1. Formal Context: "Retraction" is most frequently used in formal or journalistic contexts when referring to the withdrawal of a statement, claim, or accusation. For example, a newspaper might issue a retraction for an inaccurate article.
2. Withdrawing a Promise: While less common, "retraction" can also be used for withdrawing a promise, implying a formal or significant commitment was broken. For example, "The company issued a retraction of its earlier promise to deliver the product by Friday."
3. Physical Action (Less Common): In a physical sense, "retraction" refers to the act of pulling something back. This usage is more technical or scientific. For instance, "the retraction of a cat's claws." When used in this context, it often has a more literal and less metaphorical meaning than its use regarding statements.
4. Verb Form: The verb form is "retract." For example, "The newspaper retracted its statement."
Common Mistakes:
1. Confusing with "Recantation" or "Revocation": While similar, these words have subtle differences. "Recantation" specifically means withdrawing a belief or opinion, often under duress. "Revocation" usually refers to the official cancellation of a right, privilege, or agreement (e.g., a license). "Retraction" is broader and applies to statements, accusations, or promises.
2. Using for Trivial Matters: "Retraction" implies a significant withdrawal. It's generally not used for minor changes of mind or small corrections. For example, you wouldn't typically say "I made a retraction about what I wanted for dinner."
3. Incorrect Preposition: "Retraction of" is the most common and correct preposition to use when indicating what is being withdrawn. For example, "a retraction of the earlier statement." Avoid using prepositions like "from" or "about" in this context.
4. Overusing the Noun Form: Sometimes, it's more natural to use the verb "retract." For example, instead of "The company issued a retraction of its claim," you could say "The company retracted its claim."
よくある質問
10 問Both 'retraction' and 'recantation' involve taking back a statement. However, 'recantation' often implies a more formal and public withdrawal, especially of a belief or opinion, often under duress or after a change of heart. 'Retraction' can be more general, applying to statements, accusations, or even physical actions. Think of a scientist issuing a retraction of a faulty paper, versus someone recanting their political beliefs.
Yes, absolutely! While commonly used for statements or accusations, 'retraction' can also refer to the physical act of pulling something back or in. For example, a cat might retract its claws, or a snail might retract into its shell. So, it's not just limited to verbal communication.
Not necessarily. While it can imply a mistake or a falsehood was made, a retraction can also be a positive act of correcting misinformation or acknowledging an error. For example, a newspaper might issue a retraction to correct an inaccurate report, which is a responsible journalistic practice.
You'll often hear 'retraction' in legal contexts (e.g., a witness retracting a statement), scientific research (e.g., a journal retracting a fraudulent paper), journalism (e.g., a news organization retracting an inaccurate article), and even in everyday conversations when someone takes back a promise or accusation.
The word 'retraction' comes from the Latin word 'retrahere,' which means 'to draw back' or 'to pull back.' This etymology clearly reflects both senses of the word: withdrawing a statement and pulling something back physically.
Yes, there are several synonyms depending on the context. For withdrawing a statement, you might use 'withdrawal,' 'revocation,' 'annulment,' or 'recantation.' For the physical act of pulling back, you could use 'withdrawal,' 'recession,' or 'shrinkage.'
While a shy person might *withdraw* from social interaction, 'retraction' isn't typically used in that specific context. 'Withdrawal' is a more appropriate and common term for social shyness or avoidance. 'Retraction' usually implies taking back something that was already offered or extended, or a physical drawing back of a part of the body.
The noun form of the verb 'retract' is indeed 'retraction.' For example, 'He was forced to retract his statement' (verb), and 'The newspaper issued a retraction of the false report' (noun).
A 'denial' is a statement that something is not true, whereas a 'retraction' is the act of taking back a statement that *was* made. So, if you deny something, you're saying it didn't happen or isn't true. If you retract something, you're admitting you said it, but you're now taking it back.
Certainly! Here's an example: 'After reviewing the evidence, the journalist issued a retraction of her earlier article, admitting that some of the information was inaccurate.' This shows the act of withdrawing a previously made statement.
自分をテスト 54 問
Listen for what the cat did with its claws.
Listen for the word that means he changed his mind about something he said.
Listen for where the turtle moved its head.
Read this aloud:
I take back what I said.
Focus: take back
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Read this aloud:
He put his hand back.
Focus: hand back
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Read this aloud:
The dog pulled its leash.
Focus: pulled its
あなたの回答：
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The newspaper issued a ___ for the incorrect story.
A 'retraction' means taking back something that was said or written, which fits the context of an incorrect story.
He made a ___ of his earlier accusation after finding out the truth.
A 'retraction' is when someone withdraws an accusation, meaning they take it back. This fits because he found out the truth.
The cat's ___ of its claws was very quick.
In this context, 'retraction' refers to the physical act of pulling something back, like a cat pulling in its claws.
The company had to issue a ___ about the faulty product.
A 'retraction' is often used when a company needs to take back a statement or information, like about a faulty product.
Her ___ of the promise surprised everyone.
A 'retraction' of a promise means taking back the promise, which would definitely be surprising.
The turtle's head went into a rapid ___ when it sensed danger.
Here, 'retraction' refers to the physical action of pulling something back, like a turtle pulling its head back into its shell.
The word 'retraction' means taking back what you said.
A newspaper might make a retraction if they print something wrong.
Sometimes, taking back words quickly can help a situation.
Read this aloud:
Can you say: 'The company issued a retraction'?
Focus: re-TRAC-tion
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Read this aloud:
Please repeat: 'He made a retraction of his promise.'
Focus: re-TRAC-tion
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Read this aloud:
Say this sentence: 'A retraction means taking back what you said.'
Focus: re-TRAC-tion
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Imagine you said something that wasn't true, and you need to take it back. Write a short sentence explaining what you said and how you are taking it back.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
I said the cat was blue, but that was not true. I take back my statement.
Your friend promised to help you, but now they can't. Write a sentence where they are saying they can't help and are taking back their promise.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
I promised to help you, but I can't now. I need to take back my promise.
You wrote something on a piece of paper, but you want to erase it. Write a sentence about erasing what you wrote, using a word that means taking it back.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
I wrote a mistake on the paper. I will make a retraction and erase it.
What did Sarah take back?
Read this passage:
Sarah told her friend Mark that she saw a flying dog. Later, she realized it was just a bird. She told Mark, 'I need to make a retraction. It was not a flying dog, it was a bird.'
What did Sarah take back?
Sarah said she saw a flying dog, but then she realized it was a bird and took back her first statement.
Sarah said she saw a flying dog, but then she realized it was a bird and took back her first statement.
What did the newspaper do?
Read this passage:
The newspaper printed a story that was not correct. The next day, they printed a small note saying they were taking back the wrong information. This is called a retraction.
What did the newspaper do?
The passage says the newspaper 'printed a small note saying they were taking back the wrong information. This is called a retraction.'
The passage says the newspaper 'printed a small note saying they were taking back the wrong information. This is called a retraction.'
What does 'retraction of its paw' mean in this sentence?
Read this passage:
A cat was playing with a toy mouse. It threw the mouse, and then it made a quick retraction of its paw to get ready to pounce again.
What does 'retraction of its paw' mean in this sentence?
In this context, 'retraction' refers to the physical action of pulling something back, like the cat pulling its paw back.
In this context, 'retraction' refers to the physical action of pulling something back, like the cat pulling its paw back.
Imagine you said something untrue to a friend. Write a short message apologizing and explaining your retraction.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
Hey [Friend's Name], I'm really sorry about what I said earlier. I need to retract that statement; it wasn't true. I made a mistake.
Write a sentence describing a physical retraction, like pulling your hand back from something hot.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
I felt the heat and immediately retracted my hand from the hot stove.
Think of a time when someone might need to retract a promise. Write a short paragraph explaining the situation.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
Sometimes people have to retract a promise if something unexpected happens. For example, if I promised to help a friend move, but then I get sick, I might have to retract my offer because I can't do it anymore.
What did the newspaper do after finding out the story was incorrect?
Read this passage:
The newspaper published a story that turned out to be incorrect. After reviewing the facts, the editor decided to issue a formal retraction of the article. This meant they had to print a statement saying the original story was wrong and apologize to their readers.
What did the newspaper do after finding out the story was incorrect?
The passage clearly states, 'the editor decided to issue a formal retraction of the article.'
The passage clearly states, 'the editor decided to issue a formal retraction of the article.'
Why did the politician make a retraction?
Read this passage:
During the debate, the politician made a strong accusation against his opponent. However, later that day, new evidence emerged that proved his accusation was false. Faced with this proof, the politician had no choice but to make a public retraction of his statement.
Why did the politician make a retraction?
The passage states, 'new evidence emerged that proved his accusation was false. Faced with this proof, the politician had no choice but to make a public retraction.'
The passage states, 'new evidence emerged that proved his accusation was false. Faced with this proof, the politician had no choice but to make a public retraction.'
What does it mean when a cat's claws are 'retracted'?
Read this passage:
A cat's claws are usually retracted, meaning they are pulled back inside its paws. This keeps them sharp and protects them when the cat walks. When a cat wants to catch something or climb, it extends its claws out from its paws.
What does it mean when a cat's claws are 'retracted'?
The passage explains, 'A cat's claws are usually retracted, meaning they are pulled back inside its paws.'
The passage explains, 'A cat's claws are usually retracted, meaning they are pulled back inside its paws.'
The correct order forms a coherent sentence about a newspaper correcting a mistake.
This sentence indicates that what he said earlier was taken back.
This sentence describes how an earlier offer was completely withdrawn.
Listen for the word 'retraction' in the context of a newspaper correction.
Pay attention to the reason behind the politician's retraction.
Consider the positive impact of her quick retraction.
Read this aloud:
Please articulate a sentence using 'retraction' to describe a company withdrawing a product.
Focus: re-TRAC-tion
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Read this aloud:
Describe a hypothetical situation where a public figure might need to make a retraction.
Focus: re-TRAC-tion
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Read this aloud:
Explain the difference between a retraction and an apology, using an example for each.
Focus: re-TRAC-tion, a-POL-o-gy
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The sentence describes a sequence of events where a newspaper retracts a report after a scandal.
This sentence details the impact of a scientist retracting research findings.
This sentence illustrates a situation where a politician resists retracting a statement despite public pressure.
Compose a persuasive essay arguing for or against the importance of public figures issuing retractions when they make false statements. Consider the impact on public trust and accountability.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
In an era saturated with information, the importance of public figures issuing retractions for false statements cannot be overstated. A timely and sincere retraction is not merely an admission of error; it is a fundamental pillar of accountability that underpins public trust. When figures in positions of influence disseminate misinformation, whether inadvertently or intentionally, their credibility is at stake. The act of retraction, therefore, serves as a crucial mechanism for maintaining integrity, mitigating the spread of harmful falsehoods, and ultimately reinforcing the public's faith in the information they consume. Without such a commitment to rectifying errors, society risks a profound erosion of trust, leading to widespread cynicism and the potential for greater societal fragmentation.
Write a formal letter to a newspaper editor, demanding a retraction of a recent article you believe contains factual inaccuracies and damages someone's reputation. Include specific details and evidence to support your claim.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
To the Editor, I am writing to formally demand a retraction of the article titled 'Local Business Under Scrutiny' published on [Date] in your esteemed newspaper. The piece contains several glaring factual inaccuracies that have severely damaged the reputation of [Business Name] and its owner, [Owner's Name]. Specifically, the claim that [Business Name] was found in violation of environmental regulations is patently false; our records, which I have attached for your review, demonstrate full compliance with all relevant standards. Furthermore, the assertion regarding financial impropriety is unsubstantiated and baseless. These misrepresentations constitute a serious act of defamation. I expect a full and prominent retraction, along with an unreserved apology, to be published in your next edition to rectify the harm caused by this irresponsible reporting. Sincerely, [Your Name]
Imagine you are a legal counsel drafting a press release announcing a company's retraction of a controversial product claim. Outline the key information to include and the tone you would adopt.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE [Company Name] Issues Retraction Regarding [Product Name] Claim [City, State] – [Date] – [Company Name] today announced a retraction of previous claims made regarding the efficacy/features of its [Product Name]. Specifically, the statement that '[Original Claim]' was found, upon further review, to be [explanation of why it was incorrect/unsubstantiated]. We understand the importance of providing accurate information to our customers and deeply regret any confusion or inconvenience this may have caused. [Company Name] is committed to transparency and upholding the highest standards of product integrity. We are taking immediate steps to [actions being taken, e.g., update marketing materials, conduct further testing]. We sincerely apologize to our valued customers and partners for this oversight. Our commitment to delivering quality products and maintaining customer trust remains our paramount priority. Contact: [Media Contact Information]
What prompted the journal's editorial board to retract the article?
Read this passage:
The highly anticipated scientific journal article, initially lauded for its groundbreaking findings, faced severe scrutiny in the subsequent months. Allegations of data manipulation emerged from independent researchers, leading to an extensive internal investigation. The journal's editorial board ultimately concluded that the evidence of fabrication was irrefutable, prompting a swift and unequivocal retraction of the article from its prestigious archives. This decision, though damaging to the reputation of the lead author, underscored the scientific community's unwavering commitment to integrity and empirical veracity.
What prompted the journal's editorial board to retract the article?
The passage clearly states, 'Allegations of data manipulation emerged from independent researchers, leading to an extensive internal investigation. The journal's editorial board ultimately concluded that the evidence of fabrication was irrefutable, prompting a swift and unequivocal retraction.'
The passage clearly states, 'Allegations of data manipulation emerged from independent researchers, leading to an extensive internal investigation. The journal's editorial board ultimately concluded that the evidence of fabrication was irrefutable, prompting a swift and unequivocal retraction.'
What does the passage suggest about the art critic's character, despite her initial harsh review?
Read this passage:
In a surprising turn of events, the renowned art critic, known for her acerbic wit and unwavering opinions, issued a full retraction of her scathing review of the emerging artist's latest exhibition. Her initial critique, which had dismissed the collection as 'derivative and devoid of originality,' was later acknowledged as having been based on a misunderstanding of the artist's conceptual framework. The retraction, published prominently in her column, not only salvaged the artist's burgeoning career but also highlighted the critic's rare capacity for intellectual humility.
What does the passage suggest about the art critic's character, despite her initial harsh review?
The passage states that the retraction 'highlighted the critic's rare capacity for intellectual humility,' implying her willingness to admit she was wrong.
The passage states that the retraction 'highlighted the critic's rare capacity for intellectual humility,' implying her willingness to admit she was wrong.
What was the primary reason for the company's retraction of its expansion plans?
Read this passage:
The CEO's abrupt resignation was followed by a swift retraction of the company's ambitious expansion plans, which had been announced with much fanfare just weeks prior. The internal audit, triggered by concerns over market volatility and unforeseen supply chain disruptions, revealed a precarious financial situation that made the proposed ventures untenable. This strategic retraction, while a blow to investor confidence in the short term, was ultimately seen as a prudent move to safeguard the company's long-term stability and prevent a more severe financial crisis.
What was the primary reason for the company's retraction of its expansion plans?
The passage states, 'The internal audit, triggered by concerns over market volatility and unforeseen supply chain disruptions, revealed a precarious financial situation that made the proposed ventures untenable,' leading to the retraction.
The passage states, 'The internal audit, triggered by concerns over market volatility and unforeseen supply chain disruptions, revealed a precarious financial situation that made the proposed ventures untenable,' leading to the retraction.
/ 54 correct
Perfect score!
