B1 · 中級 チャプター 3

Everyday Communication: Politeness and Questions

5 トータルルール
55 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of natural conversation by balancing polite registers, fluid questions, and precise quantification.

  • Distinguish between formal and informal registers to build rapport.
  • Adopt native-like speech patterns using colloquial 'is' contractions.
  • Construct complex questions and negative sentences with ease.
Speak Persian like a local, not a textbook.

学べること

Hey friend! Ready to level up your Persian conversations? This chapter is where you're going to shine! We're moving beyond textbook Persian and diving into how to sound genuinely natural and cool. First up, you'll master the art of 'you' – the difference between 'تو' (to) and 'شما' (shoma). It's not just about choosing a word; it's about changing your verb endings to match, showing politeness or familiarity. Imagine confidently asking a stranger for directions or casually chatting with your best friend, knowing exactly what to say to sound appropriate and awesome. Then, we'll tackle those sneaky 'is' shortenings. Dropping the formal 'است' and using '-e' or '-st' will make you sound just like a native Tehrani! No more 'خوب است' – you'll be saying 'خوبه'! Next, we hit the exciting world of asking questions. Whatever you want to know – 'who?', 'what?', 'where?' – you'll learn how to ask without messing up your sentence structure, whether you're talking about the past or the future. And what if you want to say something *wasn't* done or *isn't* happening? You'll learn exactly how to negate perfect and continuous tenses, adding 'na-' and handling auxiliary verbs like 'dāštan' to express things like 'I'm not eating' or 'I hadn't gone'. Finally, to round out your conversations, we'll dive into indefinite words: 'بعضی' (some), 'هر' (every), and 'هیچ' (no/none). You'll never struggle again to talk about 'some people', 'every day', or 'no one'. Picture yourself in a restaurant, confidently saying 'we have no tea' or 'some dishes are really tasty'. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to confidently chat with anyone in Persian, express politeness, ask any question you need, and talk about quantities and groups with ease. Ready? Let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Switch between 'to' (informal) and 'shoma' (formal) to suit social contexts.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Use '-e' and '-st' contractions to sound like a native Tehrani.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Ask precise questions and negate actions in past and continuous tenses.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to: Use indefinite quantifiers (بعضی, هر, هیچ) to describe groups and quantities.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to our B1 level guide on mastering everyday Persian communication! This chapter dives into the nuances of politeness and asking questions, essential skills for navigating conversations with native speakers. We’ll explore how to choose the right form of you to show respect, understand common grammatical shortenings that make you sound more natural, and effectively use question words in different tenses.
We’ll also tackle how to form negative sentences in the perfect and continuous tenses, and how to express indefiniteness with words like some, every, and no. By the end of this chapter, you'll feel more confident in your ability to engage in basic, polite conversations and understand a wider range of everyday expressions.

How This Grammar Works

Persian, like many languages, has distinct ways to express formality and informality, particularly when addressing someone. Understanding the difference between to (تو - informal singular 'you') and shoma (شما - formal singular/plural 'you') is crucial for politeness. Shoma is the default for strangers, elders, and in professional settings, while to is reserved for close friends, family, and children.
Grammatically, verb conjugations change accordingly. You'll also notice common shortenings of the verb to be (است - ast). When it follows a vowel-ending word, it often becomes «-e» (ـه), and when it follows a consonant-ending word, it shortens to -st (ـست).
For example, khub ast (خوب است - it is good) often becomes khub-e (خوبه), and mard ast (مرد است - he is a man) becomes mard-ast (مردست). Mastering these shortenings will significantly enhance the natural flow of your speech. Furthermore, we’ll explore how to ask questions in the past and future tenses using question words like ki (کی - who), chi (چی - what), and koja (کجا - where).
Negation is achieved using prefixes: nem- (نِمـ) for present continuous and simple present, and na- (نـ) for past tenses and perfect tenses. Finally, we’ll introduce indefinite words like baazi (بعضی - some), har (هر - every), and hich (هیچ - no/none), which are fundamental for expressing quantity and absence.
Formal vs. Informal 'You' in Persian: To vs. Shoma
The choice between to (تو) and shoma (شما) for you is a cornerstone of Persian politeness. Shoma is the formal and plural form. You use it when speaking to someone you don't know well, someone older than you, your teacher, or in any situation where respect is paramount.
It's also used when addressing a group of people, regardless of your relationship with them. To, on the other hand, is the informal singular form. It's reserved for very close friends, family members (especially those younger than you or of similar age), and children.
Using to inappropriately can be perceived as rude or overly familiar. Always err on the side of caution and use shoma until you are certain that to is appropriate.
Persian 'Is' Shortenings: Sound Like a Local (-e, -st)
Native Persian speakers frequently shorten the verb ast (است), which means is or are. This grammatical feature is key to sounding more natural. When the word preceding ast ends in a vowel, ast often contracts to «-e» (ـه). For instance, man khubam (من خوبم - I am good) is grammatically correct, but in casual speech, man khubam often sounds like man khub-am where the am is the I am ending.
However, when referring to a noun or adjective followed by ast, the shortening is more pronounced. If the preceding word ends in a consonant, ast becomes -ast (ـست). For example, in ketab ast (این کتاب است - this is a book) becomes in ketab-ast (این کتابست).
This contraction is very common and makes your speech flow more smoothly.
Persian Question Words: Who, What, Where in Past & Future
Asking questions effectively in Persian involves using question words like ki (کی - who), chi (چی - what), and koja (کجا - where). These words can be used in various tenses. To form a question in the past, you'll use the past tense verb.
For example, Ki didi? (کی دیدی؟ - Who did you see?) uses the past tense of did (دیدن - didan). For the future tense, you'll typically use the future marker khaham (خواهم) followed by the short present tense verb.
So, Ki khahi did? (کی خواهی دید؟ - Who will you see?) uses the future tense construction. The structure generally remains the same: question word + subject (optional) + rest of the sentence + verb.
Negating Perfect & Continuous Tenses (nemi-, na-)
Negating verbs in Persian utilizes prefixes. For the present continuous and simple present tenses, you use the prefix nem- (نِمـ). For example, man nemiram (من نمیرم - I don't go / I am not going).
For past tenses and perfect tenses, you use the prefix na- (نـ). For instance, to negate the past perfect, you would say man naravande budam (من نرفته بودم - I had not gone). The placement of these prefixes is crucial and always comes before the verb.
This rule applies to both to and shoma conjugations, with the verb ending changing accordingly.
Persian Indefinite Words: Some, Every, and No (بعضی, هر, هیچ)
To express indefiniteness in Persian, you'll use words like baazi (بعضی - some), har (هر - every), and hich (هیچ - no/none). Baazi is used to refer to a portion of a group, similar to some in English. For example, Baazi az shagerdan (بعضی از شاگردان - Some of the students).
Har means every and is used to refer to all members of a group individually. For example, Har ruz (هر روز - Every day). Hich means no or none and is used to indicate absence or a complete lack of something.
For example, Hich kasi nabud (هیچ کسی نبود - No one was there). These words are essential for providing more detail and nuance in your sentences.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: Shoma rafti?
✓ Correct: Shoma raftid?
*Explanation:* The verb conjugation for shoma in the past tense is «-id,» not «-i.» The «-i» ending is used for the informal to.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: Man ketab-e khub-ast.
✓ Correct: Man ketab-e khubam. or In ketab khub-ast.
*Explanation:* The contraction «-e» from ast is used for third-person singular (it is), not first-person (I am). For I am, you use the -am ending. If referring to a book as good, In ketab khub-ast or In ketab khub-e is correct.

Real Conversations

A

A

سلام، حال شما چطور است؟ (Salam, hal-e shoma chetor ast?) (Hello, how are you?)
B

B

سلام، ممنون. شما چطور هستید؟ (Salam, mamnun. Shoma chetor hastid?) (Hello, thank you. How are you?)
A

A

این کتاب مال کیست؟ (In ketab mal-e ki-st?) (Whose book is this?)
B

B

این کتاب مال من است. (In ketab mal-e man ast.) (This book is mine.)

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use to instead of shoma?

You should use to only with people you know very well and are close to, such as close friends, siblings, or children. In all other situations, especially with elders or strangers, shoma is the polite choice.

Q

How do I make a sentence negative in the past tense?

You use the prefix na- (نـ) before the past tense verb. For example, if the affirmative is man raftam (I went), the negative is man narafam (I didn't go).

Cultural Context

Politeness in Persian culture is deeply ingrained. The use of shoma is a fundamental aspect of showing respect, and mastering its application will significantly improve your interactions. Similarly, understanding and using polite expressions and appropriate question forms demonstrates your consideration for the other person, making conversations smoother and more pleasant.

重要な例文 (6)

1

تو کجایی؟ ما رسیدیم.

どこにいるの？もう着いたよ。

ペルシャ語のタメ口と敬語：「تو」と「شما」の使い方
2

ببخشید، شما کی می‌رسید؟

すみません、いつ頃到着されますか？

ペルシャ語のタメ口と敬語：「تو」と「شما」の使い方
3

دیروز کجا رفتی؟

昨日はどこに行きましたか？

ペルシャ語の疑問詞：だれ・なに・どこ（過去と未来）
4

فردا شام چی می‌خوریم？

明日の夕食は何を食べる？

ペルシャ語の疑問詞：だれ・なに・どこ（過去と未来）
5

`هر` روز ورزش می‌کنم.

私は毎日運動します。

ペルシア語の不定代名詞：いくつか、すべて、なし (بعضی, هر, هیچ)
6

من `هیچ` پولی در کیفم ندارم.

財布の中に全くお金がありません。

ペルシア語の不定代名詞：いくつか、すべて、なし (بعضی, هر, هیچ)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

主語は言わなくてもOK！

ネイティブは会話で「تو」や「شما」をわざわざ言わないことが多いです。語尾だけで誰のことか分かるので «کجایی؟» だけで十分自然ですよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ペルシャ語のタメ口と敬語：「تو」と「شما」の使い方
🎯

「i」の後の滑らかなつなぎ方

単語が 'i' で終わる時は 'y' の音を挟んで âli-ye と発音するとスムーズですよ。 «این غذا عالیه.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ペルシャ語の「〜です」の短縮形：ネイティブのように話そう (-e, -st)
⚠️

Ki と Key の落とし穴

英語の 'Key' と発音が似ている 'Ki' は「誰」という意味。ペルシア語の 'Key' は「いつ」なので、時間を聞くときは Key miyāy? と言いましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ペルシャ語の疑問詞：だれ・なに・どこ（過去と未来）
⚠️

Dāštanの罠に注意！

「今〜していない」と言いたい時に na-dāram は使いません。これは「持っていない」という意味になっちゃうから。進行形の否定では dāram を消して ne-mi- だけで表現しましょう： Man ne-mi-khoram.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 完了形と継続・進行形の否定 (nemi-, na-)

重要な語彙 (6)

تو (to) you (informal) شما (shoma) you (formal/plural) کجا (koja) where بعضی (ba'zi) some هیچ (hich) none/no خوردن (khordan) to eat

Real-World Preview

coffee

Ordering at a Cafe

Review Summary

  • To + verb (-i) / Shoma + verb (-id)
  • Noun/Adj + -e
  • Subject + Question Word + Verb
  • na-/nemi- + Verb
  • Quantifier + Noun

よくある間違い

You mixed the formal pronoun with the informal verb ending. Always match the pronoun to the correct conjugation.

Wrong: شما می‌روی (Shoma miravi)
正解: شما می‌روید (Shoma miravid)

Negation in Persian doesn't require the helper verb 'dastan'. Just add 'nemi' to the main verb.

Wrong: من نمی‌خورم (Man nemikhoram) as 'I am not eating'.
正解: من دارم نمی‌خورم (This is wrong, use: من الان نمی‌خورم)

In Persian, sentences with 'hich' (no one/none) require a negative verb form to agree.

Wrong: هیچ کس آمد (Hich kas amad)
正解: هیچ کس نیامد (Hich kas nayamad)

このチャプターのルール (5)

1

ペルシャ語のタメ口と敬語：「تو」と「شما」の使い方

B1
ペルシャ語では、相手との距離感で代名詞を選び、それに合わせて「動詞の語尾」もセットで変えるのが鉄則です。 «تو» はカジュアル、 «شما» は丁寧と覚えましょう。
تو کجایی؟ ما رسیدیم.
12 例文
2

ペルシャ語の「〜です」の短縮形：ネイティブのように話そう (-e, -st)

B1
会話では堅苦しい «است» を卒業しましょう！子音の後は «-e»、母音の後は -st を使ってネイティブのようなリズムを作ります。
این غذا خیلی خوشمزه‌ست.
10 例文
3

ペルシャ語の疑問詞：だれ・なに・どこ（過去と未来）

B1
ペルシア語で質問するときは、知りたい情報を chi や kojā 、 key などの疑問詞に入れ替えるだけ。語順を変えなくていいので簡単ですよ！
دیروز کجا رفتی؟
12 例文
4

完了形と継続・進行形の否定 (nemi-, na-)

B1
完了や継続の否定は na- をつけるのが基本！進行中の時は dāštan を捨てて ne-mi- を使うのがコツだよ。
Man hanuz nāhār na-khorde-am.
10 例文
5

ペルシア語の不定代名詞：いくつか、すべて、なし (بعضی, هر, هیچ)

B1
全部なら «هر»、ゼロなら «هیچ»（必ず否定文で！）、一部なら «بعضی» を使い分けるのがコツです。
`هر` روز ورزش می‌کنم.
11 例文

Next Steps

You've crushed it! Your Persian is becoming more dynamic every day. Keep practicing these patterns and you'll be chatting fluently in no time.

Listen to a Persian podcast and count how many times you hear 'shoma'.

Continue to: Spatial and Logical Links: Prepositions

クイック練習 (9)

文法的に正しい文を選んでください。

「私は誰も見ていません」を正しく表現しているのは？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: هیچ‌کس را نمی‌بینم.
hich-kas（誰も〜ない）は、必ず nemibinam のような否定動詞とセットにします。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ペルシア語の不定代名詞：いくつか、すべて、なし (بعضی, هر, هیچ)

この文の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

بعضی از کتاب خیلی قدیمی است.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بعضی از کتاب‌ها خیلی قدیمی هستند.
"ba'zi az" の後は複数名詞（ketab-ha）と複数動詞（hastand）を使うのがルールです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ペルシア語の不定代名詞：いくつか、すべて、なし (بعضی, هر, هیچ)

空欄に正しい単語を入れてください。

من ___ روز قهوه می‌خورم. (Every day)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: هر
「毎日」と言いたい時は har を使い、その後の名詞 ruz は単数形にします。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ペルシア語の不定代名詞：いくつか、すべて、なし (بعضی, هر, هیچ)

「いつ着きますか？」の正しい口語表現を選んでください。

正しいペルシア語を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Key miresi?
'Miresi' は「あなたが着く」の現在/未来形です。'Residi' は過去形になってしまいます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ペルシャ語の疑問詞：だれ・なに・どこ（過去と未来）

カジュアルな「あなた」に合う正しい動詞の語尾を選んでください。

تو هر روز به دانشگاه می‌رو___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ی (i)
主語が「تو」なので、動詞の語尾は2人称単数の「ی」にするのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ペルシャ語のタメ口と敬語：「تو」と「شما」の使い方

代名詞と動詞が正しく一致している文はどれですか？

正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شما کجا هستید؟
丁寧な「شما」には、必ず「-id」で終わる動詞（هستید）を組み合わせます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ペルシャ語のタメ口と敬語：「تو」と「شما」の使い方

この文の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

To kojā miri fardā? (標準的な語順に直してください)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Fardā kojā miri?
会話では柔軟ですが、通常は時間 (Fardā) ＋ 疑問詞 (kojā) ＋ 動詞 (miri) の順が最も自然です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ペルシャ語の疑問詞：だれ・なに・どこ（過去と未来）

主語と動詞のミスマッチを修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

تو خیلی مهربان هستید.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: تو خیلی مهربان هستی.
元の文はカジュアルな「تو」に丁寧な「هستید」が混ざっています。カジュアルに統一するなら「هستی」が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ペルシャ語のタメ口と敬語：「تو」と「شما」の使い方

正しい疑問詞を選んで空欄を埋めてください。

Dirooz ___ rafti? (昨日はどこへ行きましたか？)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: kojā
'Kojā' は「どこ」を意味します。'Ki' は「誰」、'Key' は「いつ」です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ペルシャ語の疑問詞：だれ・なに・どこ（過去と未来）

Score: /9

よくある質問 (6)

相手との社会的な距離や敬意を区別するためです。 «تو» は親密さを、 «شما» は敬意や礼儀を表します。
はい、必須です！ «تو» なら語尾は «-i» 、 «شما» なら -id と決まっています。これを間違えるとすごく不自然に聞こえます。
はい、でもメッセージやSNS、物語の会話文などカジュアルな場だけです。論文では «است» を使いましょう。
いいえ！ペルシャ語には文法上の性別がないので、彼・彼女・それ、どれも «-e» や -st でOKです。
可能ですが、強調しすぎたり詩的な響きになります。普通の会話では Kojā miri? のように、動詞の直前に置くのが最も自然ですよ。
Chi shod? と言います。直訳すると「何になった？」ですが、状況を知りたい時の定番フレーズです。
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Building Blocks: Nouns and Possession
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Spatial and Logical Links: Prepositions
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