C1 · 上級 チャプター 4

Sophisticated Structures: Building Complex Sentences

4 トータルルール
40 例文
8 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the intricate syntax of Persian to communicate with the precision and flair of a native speaker.

  • Condense complex thoughts into fluid noun clauses using 'inke'.
  • Report speech effortlessly without complex tense shifts.
  • Construct sophisticated universal clauses with 'har ke' and 'har che'.
Elevate your syntax, master the nuance.

学べること

Ready to elevate your Persian beyond just good, to truly exceptional? This chapter is your gateway to mastering the nuanced structures that define advanced communication in Persian. Here, you're not just learning grammar; you're acquiring the tools to propel your sentences beyond the ordinary. First, you'll master how to package an entire clause and use it as a noun with 'inke' (اینکه). Imagine how much more elegant it is to condense complex concepts into a single fluid sentence! Then, we'll demystify reported speech. The cool part? In Persian, you don't need to change the verb tense – just adjust the subject, and you're all set. You'll never stumble when relaying what someone else said again. Next, you'll get comfortable with 'Har ke' and 'Har che' combined with the subjunctive mood to construct powerful, universal clauses like 'whoever' or 'whatever.' Picture yourself engaging in a serious debate or reporting crucial news; these structures will make your statements incredibly precise and sophisticated. Finally, you'll unlock the advanced usage of 'khod' (خود), strategically placing it with various suffixes in subordinate clauses to precisely link actions back to their main or local subject. This is the mark of truly professional speech and a deep understanding of the language's subtleties. By the time you complete this chapter, no complex Persian structure will feel unfamiliar. You'll be able to articulate any intricate thought in Persian with the natural flair of a native speaker who utilizes the language's full potential. Are you ready for this significant leap?

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use 'inke' to convert entire clauses into objects of verbs.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Report speech naturally while maintaining correct subject alignment.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Formulate complex universal statements using 'har ke' and 'har che'.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to: Apply 'khod' reflexives to link actions back to subjects in complex subordinations.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to an advanced exploration of Persian sentence construction, designed to elevate your fluency to a C1 level. This chapter delves into sophisticated structures that allow for nuanced expression and the seamless integration of complex ideas. Mastering these techniques will not only make your Persian sound more natural and sophisticated but will also equip you with the tools to articulate intricate thoughts with precision.
We will move beyond basic sentence patterns to unlock the power of embedding clauses, reporting speech accurately, and employing advanced reflexive pronouns.
This guide focuses on four key areas: transforming entire sentences into noun phrases using the conjunction 'inke' (اینکه), navigating the intricacies of reported speech and tense sequencing, constructing whoever and whatever clauses with 'har ke' and 'har che' (هر که / هر چه), and utilizing advanced reflexive pronouns with 'khod' (خود) to add depth and emphasis. By the end of this chapter, you will be equipped to build more complex, flowing, and idiomatic Persian sentences, significantly enhancing your communicative abilities in academic, professional, and social contexts.

How This Grammar Works

The Persian language offers elegant ways to embed clauses and transform them into grammatical units that function as nouns or modifiers. The particle 'inke' (اینکه) is central to this, allowing us to nominalize entire clauses. For instance, instead of saying "He is here.
This is important,
we can combine them:
Inke u inja ast, mohem ast
(اینکه او اینجاست، مهم است - The fact that he is here is important). This particle acts much like
the fact that or that" when introducing a noun clause.
Reported speech in Persian, while sharing similarities with English, requires careful attention to tense sequencing. When the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tense of the reported clause often shifts. For example, "He said, 'I am coming' becomes U goft ke darad miayad
(او گفت که دارد می‌آید - He said that he was coming, or more commonly,
U goft ke miayad" - او گفت که می‌آید - He said that he comes/is coming, depending on context and emphasis).
The conjunction 'ke' (که) is essential here.
Persian's 'har' (هر) prefix, combined with interrogative pronouns, creates powerful indefinite clauses. 'Har ke' (هر که) translates to whoever or anyone who, and 'har che' (هر چه) means whatever or anything that. These clauses can function as subjects or objects, adding a layer of generality or conditionality:
Har ke biayad, khosh amad ast
(هر کس بیاید، خوش آمد است - Whoever comes is welcome).
Finally, the reflexive pronoun 'khod' (خود) can be used in more sophisticated ways than simply indicating self-action. It can be used for emphasis, to distinguish between subjects and objects when they are the same, or to create idiomatic expressions, often appearing with prepositions or in specific constructions to lend a formal or emphatic tone.
Turning Sentences into Nouns with 'inke'
The particle 'inke' (اینکه) is a powerful tool for nominalizing entire clauses, effectively turning a statement or question into a noun phrase. This is particularly useful when you want to make a whole idea the subject or object of another verb.
For example, instead of two separate sentences:
He arrived late.
This caused a problem.
You can combine them using 'inke':
Inke u dir resid, moshkeli eijad kard.
(اینکه او دیر رسید، مشکلی ایجاد کرد.)

Meaning:

The fact that he arrived late caused a problem.

'Inke' introduces the clause, and the entire clause then functions as the subject of the verb 'eijad kard' (caused). This structure is common in formal writing and speech and allows for more complex and integrated thought. It can also be used after verbs of knowing, believing, or saying, similar to that in English.
He Said That...: Reported Speech & Tense Sequencing
Reporting what someone has said in Persian involves using the conjunction 'ke' (که) and often requires adjusting the tense of the original statement, especially if the reporting verb is in the past.
If the original statement is in the present tense, it usually remains in the present when reported in the past:
Direct Speech: Man mi-ravam. (من می‌روم. - I am going.)
Reported Speech: U goft ke mi-ravad. (او گفت که می‌رود. - He said that he is going.)
If the original statement is in the past tense, it can either remain in the past or shift to the pluperfect (past perfect) depending on the nuance. However, often, the simple past is retained for clarity.
Direct Speech: Man raftam. (من رفتم. - I went.)
Reported Speech: U goft ke raft. (او گفت که رفت. - He said that he went.)
The most crucial aspect is the use of 'ke' to connect the reporting verb with the reported clause. The subject of the reported clause may also change depending on who is being referred to.
Persian 'Whoever' & 'Whatever' Clauses (Har ke / Har che)
The combination of 'har' (هر - every/any) with interrogative pronouns creates indefinite clauses that function similarly to whoever and whatever in English.
'Har ke' (هر که) means whoever or anyone who. It introduces a clause that refers to any person without specifying them.
Example

Har ke in ketab ra be-khanaad, fahemideh mishavad.
(هر کس این کتاب را بخواند، فهمیده می‌شود.)

Meaning:

Whoever reads this book will understand.

'Har che' (هر چه) means whatever or anything that. It introduces a clause referring to any thing or matter.
Example

Man har che be-khaham, mi-kharam.
(من هر چه بخواهم، می‌خرم.)

Meaning:

I will buy whatever I want.

These clauses can act as subjects, objects, or even adverbs, adding a broad or conditional scope to your sentences.
Advanced Reflexive Pronouns: Using 'khod' in Complex Sentences
The reflexive pronoun 'khod' (خود) is more versatile than simply translating to self. In complex sentences, it can be used for emphasis, to clarify who is performing or receiving an action, or to create specific idiomatic structures.

Emphasis: 'khod' can be placed after a noun or pronoun to emphasize it.

Example

Man khod in kaar ra kardam.
(من خود این کار را کردم. - I myself did this work.)

Clarification: In sentences where the subject and object might be confused, 'khod' can help.

Example

U be khod goft...
(او به خود گفت... - He said to himself...)

Formal/Idiomatic Usage: 'khod' appears in many fixed phrases and formal constructions.
Example

Ma be khodeman khodeman etemad darim.
(ما به خودمان خودمان اعتماد داریم. - We have confidence in ourselves. - *Here, the repeated 'khodeman' adds a strong emphasis on 'ourselves'.*)

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    U goft man mi-ravam.
✓ Correct:
U goft ke man mi-ravam.
*Explanation:* The conjunction 'ke' is essential to introduce the reported speech clause. Omitting it makes the sentence grammatically incomplete.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Inke u dir rasid, moshkel bud.
✓ Correct:
Inke u dir rasid, moshkel eijad kard.
*Explanation:* While
Inke u dir rasid, moshkel bud
is understandable, it's less idiomatic. The nominalized clause
Inke u dir rasid
functions as the subject, and it's more natural for this subject to be the agent of an action or event, hence moshkel eijad kard (caused a problem) is a more active and common construction than simply stating was a problem.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Har ke biayad, khosh amad ast.
    (If the speaker is addressing a specific person)
✓ Correct:
Tu ke biayee, khosh amad-ee.
(If addressing a specific person informally) or
Har kasi ke biayad, khosh amad ast.
(If referring to anyone in general)
*Explanation:* 'Har ke' implies generality. If the speaker intends to address a specific individual, using the appropriate personal pronoun and verb conjugation is necessary. 'Har kasi' is a slightly more emphatic version of 'har ke'.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Man khod ketab ra kharidam.
    (When the meaning is simply
    I bought the book
    )
✓ Correct:
Man ketab ra kharidam.
*Explanation:* Using 'khod' without a clear purpose of emphasis or clarification can sound unnatural or imply an unnecessary emphasis on the subject.

Real Conversations

A

A

Shoma eteqad darid ke in tarh movaffaq khahad shod? (Do you believe that this plan will be successful?)
B

B

Inke u darbareh-ye in mozu sohbat kard, baram jaleb bud. Vali natijeh-ye digari entezar daram. (That he spoke about this topic was interesting to me. But I expect a different outcome.)
A

A

Har che khastid, be-gooyid ta baratun faraham konam. (Whatever you want, tell me so I can arrange it for you.)
B

B

Mamnun. Man fekr mikonam har kasi ke dar in proje sharikat mikonad, bayad mas'uliyat-e khod ra bedanad. (Thank you. I think whoever participates in this project must know their own responsibility.)

Quick FAQ

Q

When do I need to use 'ke' after a verb like 'goft' (said) when reporting speech?

You almost always need 'ke' to introduce the reported speech clause. It functions as the conjunction that connects the reporting verb to what was said.

Q

Can 'inke' be used to introduce questions?

Yes, 'inke' can nominalize clauses that are questions. For example,

Inke u che miguyad, mohem ast
(اینکه او چه می‌گوید، مهم است - What he is saying is important).

Q

Is 'har ke' the same as 'har kasi'?

They are very similar, with 'har ke' being slightly more common in formal contexts and 'har kasi' being a bit more emphatic, meaning

any person at all.

Cultural Context

In Persian culture, directness in reported speech is valued, but the use of sophisticated sentence structures like those with 'inke' and 'har' allows for a more nuanced and sometimes indirect way of conveying information or opinions. This reflects a broader cultural appreciation for eloquence and the art of expression, where the manner of speaking is as important as the content itself.

重要な例文 (6)

1

علی گفت که امروز نمی‌آید.

アリは今日来ないと言っていました。

彼は〜と言った：間接話法と時制の一致 (goft ke...)
2

مامانむ پرسید که کی برمی‌گردی.

お母さんが、いつ帰ってくるのか聞いていましたよ。

彼は〜と言った：間接話法と時制の一致 (goft ke...)
3

Har če bâdâ bâd.

なるようになるさ（何が起ころうとも）。

ペルシア語の「〜する人は誰でも」「〜するものは何でも」 (Har ke / Har che)
4

Har ki zudtar berese, barande ast.

早く着いた人が勝者だ。

ペルシア語の「〜する人は誰でも」「〜するものは何でも」 (Har ke / Har che)
5

علی فکر می‌کند که هیچ‌کس به اندازه‌ی خودش زحمت نمی‌کشد。

アリは、自分ほど一生懸命働いている人はいないと思っています。

上級再帰代名詞：複文における「khod」の使い方
6

من گفتم که خودم این کار را انجام می‌دهم。

私は、自分でこの仕事をすると言いました。

上級再帰代名詞：複文における「khod」の使い方

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

話し言葉での短縮形

テヘランの日常会話では、'inke' が短くなって 'ine ke' と聞こえることがよくあります。例えば Wi-Fi の調子が悪いときは «مشکل اینه که (اینکه) اینترنت ضعیفه.» と言います。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'inke' (اینکه) を使った文の名詞化
🎯

'Ke' の省略テクニック

英語の 'that' と同じように、会話では 'ke' を省略してリズムを良くすることがよくあります。 Goft nemiyād のように言うと、とてもこなれた感じになりますよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 彼は〜と言った：間接話法と時制の一致 (goft ke...)
🎯

目的格マーカー 'râ' の位置

「何でも」が動詞の目的語になる場合、名詞のすぐ後ろに 'râ' を置くのがネイティブ流です。
Har kâri râ ke bekhâhi anjâm midaham.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ペルシア語の「〜する人は誰でも」「〜するものは何でも」 (Har ke / Har che)
🎯

曖昧さを吹き飛ばす裏技

複雑な文で誰を指しているか迷ったら、「本当の」を意味する 'vaghe'i' や「個人的に」を意味する 'shakhsan' を添えてみてください。khodam shakhsan と言えば、間違いなく「私自身」を強調できます。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級再帰代名詞：複文における「khod」の使い方

重要な語彙 (6)

اینکه (inke) that (as a noun clause marker) هر که (har ke) whoever هر چه (har che) whatever خود (khod) self نقل قول (naql-e qowl) quotation/reported speech پیچیده (pichide) complex/sophisticated

Real-World Preview

mic

Professional Debating

Review Summary

  • inke + sentence + verb
  • Subject + goftan + ke + [original sentence]
  • har ke/che + subjunctive
  • Subject + khod- (suffix) + verb

よくある間違い

In Persian reported speech, the verb should match the original utterance's tense relative to the speaker, not English-style backshifting.

Wrong: او گفت که او رفت (Oo goft ke oo raft)
正解: او گفت که می‌رود (Oo goft ke miravad)

When the subject of the main clause is the same as the target of the action, you must use 'khod' instead of a pronoun.

Wrong: هر که می‌آید باید او را ببیند (Har ke miayad bayad oo-ra bebinad)
正解: هر که می‌آید باید خود را ببیند (Har ke miayad bayad khod-ra bebinad)

While the first is grammatically possible, using 'inke' with a full clause is much more sophisticated and idiomatic for C1.

Wrong: اینکه رفتن او مهم است (Inke raftan-e oo mohem ast)
正解: اینکه او می‌رود مهم است (Inke oo miravad mohem ast)

Next Steps

You have mastered the most sophisticated structures in the language. Keep practicing, and you will sound like a true Persian orator!

Listen to a news broadcast and identify three 'inke' clauses.

Continue to: Style and Register: From Formal Prose to Spoken Flow

クイック練習 (8)

「シナはアリに、自分（アリ）を見るように言った」という意味の文はどれ？

正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sina be Ali goft ke be khodash negah konad.
従属節の中の 'khodash' は、その節の主語である 'Ali' を指します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級再帰代名詞：複文における「khod」の使い方

サラが自分のノートパソコンについて話している文の間違いを直してください。

Sara goft ke in laptop-e u ast.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sara goft ke in laptop-e khodash ast.
'u' を使うと他の誰かのパソコンという意味になります。'khodash' を使うことでサラ自身のものだと確定します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級再帰代名詞：複文における「khod」の使い方

話し手（私）を指すように、空欄に正しい 'khod' の形を入れてください。

Man fekr mikonam ke bayad be ______ bishtar berasam.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: khodam
主語が 'Man'（私）なので、再帰代名詞は 'khodam'（私自身）になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級再帰代名詞：複文における「khod」の使い方

間接話法を完成させてください（元の文： 'Man khoshhāl hastam'）

Ali goft ke ____ khoshhāl ast.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: u
アリの発言を報告する場合、主語の「私（man）」は「彼（u）」に変わります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 彼は〜と言った：間接話法と時制の一致 (goft ke...)

「誰でも」にあたる正しいフレーズを選んでください。

___ زودتر بیاید، جایزه می‌گیرد. (早く来た人は誰でも賞品をもらえます。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: هر که
人を指す言葉が必要です。'Har ke' は「誰でも」、'Har če' は「何でも」を意味します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ペルシア語の「〜する人は誰でも」「〜するものは何でも」 (Har ke / Har che)

命令の報告の誤りを修正してください（元の文： 'Bekhāb!' - 寝なさい！）

Bābā goft ke bekhāb.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Bābā goft ke bekhābam.
お父さんが「私に」寝るように言った場合、「私が寝るように」という接続法（bekhābam）を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 彼は〜と言った：間接話法と時制の一致 (goft ke...)

「彼女は来ると言った」という意味になるように並べ替えてください。

これらの単語を並べ替えてください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: U goft ke miyād
主語 (U) + 伝達動詞 (goft) + 接続詞 (ke) + 報告内容 (miyād) の順になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 彼は〜と言った：間接話法と時制の一致 (goft ke...)

この文章の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

هر چه که دیدی، برای من بگو.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: هر چه را که دیدی، برای من بگو.
「君が見たもの」は動詞「言う(begu)」の直接目的語なので、通常は目的格マーカー 'râ' を加えて
Har če râ ke...
とします。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ペルシア語の「〜する人は誰でも」「〜するものは何でも」 (Har ke / Har che)

Score: /8

よくある質問 (6)

'ke' は関係代名詞（〜な人、〜な物）ですが、'inke' は文全体を「名詞コンセプト」に変える役割を持ちます。文を主語や目的語にしたいときは inke を使います。
はい、ほとんどの前置詞と組み合わせ可能です。特によく使われるのは az (〜から/について)、be (〜に)、dar (〜の中に)、ba (〜と一緒に) です。
はい、英語のような厳格な時制の一致（Backshift）はありません。話し手が言った時の時制をそのまま使うのが最も自然です。
Goft ke miyād
（彼は来ると言った）のように現在形を保ちます。
伝達動詞を 'Porsid' （尋ねた）に変えて 'ke' でつなぎます。
Porsid ke miyāy?
（彼は君が来るか尋ねた）のように言います。
はい、全く同じです。'Kas' は「人」を意味します。'Har ke' は文学や詩でよく見られる短縮形で、'Har kas ke' は標準的な形です。
Har ke dânâ-st, tavânâ-st.
それは口語のアクセントです。カジュアルな会話では 'ke' が 'har' とくっついて 'ki' と発音されます。
Har ki biâd khoshe.
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Logic and Nuance: Connecting Complex Thoughts
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Style and Register: From Formal Prose to Spoken Flow
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