کتبی 30秒で
- Means 'written' or 'expressed in writing'.
- Used for formal documents, agreements, and official communication.
- Opposite of 'شفاهی' (shefaahi - oral).
- Emphasizes the written form over spoken word.
- Meaning
- The Persian word 'کتبی' (katubi) is an adjective that translates to 'written' or 'expressed in writing'. It's used to describe something that has been put into a written form, as opposed to being spoken or communicated orally. Think of it as the opposite of 'شفاهی' (shefaahi), which means oral or verbal.
- Usage
- You'll encounter 'کتبی' in contexts where the distinction between written and spoken communication is important. This could be in legal documents, academic papers, official announcements, or even when discussing the format of information. For example, a contract is a 'کتبی' agreement, while a conversation is not. It emphasizes the permanence and formality often associated with written records.
- Nuance
- While 'کتبی' directly means 'written,' it can sometimes carry a connotation of being more formal or official than simply 'written down.' It highlights the deliberate act of recording something in text. When you see this word, consider whether the author is specifically pointing out the written nature of something to contrast it with its spoken counterpart or to emphasize its official status.
The contract is a کتبی agreement between the two parties.
We need a کتبی confirmation of your reservation.
- Contrast
- Consider the difference between giving instructions verbally and providing them in a written manual. The manual's instructions would be described as 'کتبی'. This word helps to categorize the medium of communication.
The law requires a کتبی notice for such matters.
- Basic Sentence Structure
- In Persian, 'کتبی' functions as an adjective and typically follows the noun it modifies. For example, 'یک توافق کتبی' (yek tavaafoghe katubi) means 'a written agreement'. You can also use it with the verb 'بودن' (budan - to be) to describe something as being written.
- Describing Documents
- This is one of the most common uses. You can describe various types of documents as 'کتبی'. For instance, 'نامه کتبی' (naameh katubi) means 'written letter', and 'گزارش کتبی' (gozaaresh katubi) means 'written report'.
- Contrasting with Oral Communication
- You can use 'کتبی' to explicitly differentiate from spoken communication. For example, 'تعهد کتبی' (ta'ahodde katubi) versus 'تعهد شفاهی' (ta'ahodde shefaahi). This highlights the importance of having things in writing for clarity and legal standing.
- Formal Requests and Confirmations
- In official or business settings, you might request a 'تأییدیه کتبی' (ta'yidiyeh katubi), meaning 'written confirmation'. This ensures that there is a record of the confirmation.
- Legal and Contractual Contexts
- The word is frequently used in legal discussions. A 'قرارداد کتبی' (gharaardaad katubi) is a written contract, which is often required for significant transactions. 'اظهارات کتبی' (ezaahaaraate katubi) refers to written statements.
Her request for a refund was made in a کتبی manner.
The official announcement was published in کتبی form.
- Using with Verbs
- While 'کتبی' is an adjective, it's often used with verbs that imply creating or receiving written content. For example, 'نوشتن کتبی' (neveshtan katubi) might be used to emphasize the act of writing something down formally. More commonly, it's used with verbs like 'داشتن' (daashtan - to have) or 'دریافت کردن' (daryaaft kardan - to receive).
We received a کتبی notice about the changes.
The terms of service are provided in a کتبی document.
- Legal and Business Settings
- The most frequent place you'll encounter 'کتبی' is in formal settings like law offices, banks, and business meetings. Discussions about contracts, agreements, official letters, and legal notices almost always involve this term. For instance, a lawyer might explain the difference between a verbal agreement and a 'قرارداد کتبی' (written contract).
- Academic and Research Environments
- In universities and research institutions, 'کتبی' is used to refer to written submissions like research papers, theses, dissertations, and formal reports. Professors might ask for 'تکالیف کتبی' (takaleef katubi - written assignments) instead of oral presentations.
- Government and Official Communications
- Official government announcements, regulations, and public notices are often described as 'کتبی'. If you're dealing with permits, applications, or any form of bureaucratic process, you're likely to see or hear this word used to emphasize the need for written documentation.
- Formal Correspondence
- When discussing formal communication, such as official letters or emails that carry significant weight, 'کتبی' might be used. For example, a company might issue a 'بخشنامه کتبی' (bakhshnameh katubi - written circular or directive).
- Instruction Manuals and Guides
- Any form of written instruction, like a user manual for a device or a set of guidelines, can be referred to as 'کتبی'. This distinguishes it from verbal instructions or demonstrations.
The company policy requires all complaints to be submitted in کتبی form.
The judge asked for the witness's کتبی statement.
- Academic Lectures and Seminars
- In academic settings, professors might refer to the difference between theoretical concepts discussed orally and their formal, written representation in academic literature as 'کتبی'.
The university requires a کتبی application for all scholarships.
The building regulations are available in a کتبی document on the city's website.
- Confusing with 'نوشته' (neveshteh)
- 'نوشته' literally means 'written thing' or 'writing'. While related, 'کتبی' is an adjective meaning 'written' or 'expressed in writing', often implying a more formal or official context than just 'نوشته'. For example, a simple note might be 'نوشته', but a legal contract is 'کتبی'. Using 'کتبی' when 'نوشته' would suffice might sound overly formal, and vice versa.
- Overuse in Informal Settings
- 'کتبی' is inherently a formal word. Using it in casual conversations, like describing a text message as 'کتبی', would sound unnatural and overly pedantic. In informal contexts, the fact that something is written is usually understood and doesn't need a specific adjective.
- Incorrect Placement in Sentence
- As an adjective, 'کتبی' generally follows the noun it modifies. Placing it before the noun without proper grammatical structure can lead to confusion. For example, instead of 'کتبی قرارداد' (katubi qaraardaad), it should be 'قرارداد کتبی' (qaraardaad katubi).
- Confusing with 'شفاهی' (shefaahi)
- This is the most direct opposite. 'شفاهی' means verbal or oral. Mistaking 'کتبی' for 'شفاهی' or vice versa would completely change the meaning. For example, saying 'شفاهی agreement' when you mean 'written agreement' would be a major error.
- Using it as a Noun
- 'کتبی' is an adjective. It describes a noun. It is not a noun itself. You cannot say 'I have a کتبی' to mean 'I have a written document'. You would need to say 'من یک سند کتبی دارم' (man yek sanad-e katubi daaram - I have a written document).
Incorrect: The کتبی agreement was signed.
Incorrect: I gave him a کتبی.
- Using with the wrong register
- While it's an adjective, overusing 'کتبی' in very casual conversation can make your speech sound stiff or unnatural. It's best reserved for contexts where the written nature of something is significant or needs to be formally stated.
Correct: The announcement was published in کتبی form.
Incorrect: He gave me a verbal کتبی promise.
- 'نوشته' (neveshteh) - Written (noun/participle)
- Similarities: Both relate to the concept of writing. 'نوشته' can mean 'a written thing' or 'something written'.
Differences: 'کتبی' is strictly an adjective meaning 'expressed in writing' or 'written', often with a formal connotation. 'نوشته' is more versatile; it can be a noun ('the writing') or a past participle ('written'). You'd say 'یک سند کتبی' (a written document) but 'این متن نوشته شده است' (this text is written). 'کتبی' emphasizes the form of communication, while 'نوشته' simply indicates it has been written. - 'شفاهی' (shefaahi) - Oral, Verbal
- Similarities: Both describe modes of communication.
Differences: These are direct antonyms. 'کتبی' means written, while 'شفاهی' means spoken or verbal. You would contrast a 'توافق کتبی' (written agreement) with a 'توافق شفاهی' (verbal agreement). - 'مکتوب' (maktub) - Written, Inscribed
- Similarities: Both are adjectives meaning 'written'. They are often interchangeable.
Differences: 'مکتوب' is often considered slightly more formal or literary than 'کتبی'. Both are used for official documents, letters, and formal writings. You might see 'نامه مکتوب' or 'نامه کتبی' with very similar meanings. 'مکتوب' has roots in Arabic, while 'کتبی' is derived from the same root but is more commonly used in modern Persian for general 'written' contexts. - 'تحریری' (tahriri) - Written (often in contrast to oral)
- Similarities: Both 'کتبی' and 'تحریری' mean written and are often used to contrast with oral communication.
Differences: 'تحریری' specifically emphasizes the act of writing or being put into written form, often in a context where an oral form is also possible. For example, 'فرم تحریری' (tahriri form) would be a form to be filled out in writing, as opposed to one that might be explained verbally. 'کتبی' is a broader term for anything in written form. - 'رسمی' (rasmi) - Official, Formal
- Similarities: 'کتبی' often appears in formal and official contexts, so it can be related to 'رسمی'.
Differences: 'رسمی' describes the nature or status (official, formal) of something, whereas 'کتبی' describes its medium (written). A document can be both 'رسمی' and 'کتبی' (an official written document), but something can be 'کتبی' without being 'رسمی' (like a personal written note) and something can be 'رسمی' without being 'کتبی' (like an official verbal instruction, though less common).
A کتبی agreement is more binding than a verbal one.
The instructions were provided in کتبی format, not verbally.
- 'شفاهی' vs 'کتبی'
- This is the most crucial distinction. If you mean something is spoken, use 'شفاهی'. If you mean it's written, use 'کتبی'. There is no overlap.
He made a کتبی promise to pay.
The university requires a کتبی application.
How Formal Is It?
豆知識
The Arabic root 'کتب' (k-t-b) is incredibly prolific, giving rise to words like 'کتاب' (book), 'کاتب' (scribe), and 'مکتوب' (written). The concept of writing is central to the historical development of these languages and cultures. The Persian word 'کتبی' is a direct adoption and adaptation of this concept into an adjective.
発音ガイド
- Pronouncing the 'u' like the 'u' in 'cup'.
- Not stressing the final syllable.
- Confusing the vowel sounds.
難易度
Recognizing 'کتبی' in formal texts is straightforward. Understanding its nuances and distinguishing it from similar words requires more attention. Texts involving legal, business, or academic content will frequently use this word.
Using 'کتبی' correctly in formal writing is important. Learners need to be mindful of its formal register and use it appropriately, especially when contrasting with oral communication or emphasizing the written nature of a document.
Using 'کتبی' in spoken Persian should be reserved for formal contexts. In casual conversation, it might sound unnatural. Learners should practice using it in role-plays or simulated formal discussions.
Understanding 'کتبی' in spoken Persian is crucial for comprehending formal discussions, lectures, or official announcements. Its clear contrast with 'شفاهی' aids comprehension.
次に学ぶべきこと
前提知識
次に学ぶ
上級
知っておくべき文法
Adjective Placement: In Persian, adjectives typically follow the noun they modify. Therefore, 'کتبی' usually comes after the noun.
'یک قرارداد کتبی' (a written contract) not 'یک کتبی قرارداد'.
Use of 'به صورت' / 'به شکل' / 'به طور' with Adjectives: These prepositions are often used to form adverbial phrases, indicating 'in the manner of' or 'in the form of'.
'به صورت کتبی' (in written form), 'به شکل کتبی' (in a written manner).
Noun-Adjective Agreement: While Persian doesn't have strict gender or number agreement for adjectives like some languages, the adjective 'کتبی' remains invariable regardless of the noun's number or gender.
'سند کتبی' (written document), 'اسناد کتبی' (written documents).
Contrast with Antonyms: Understanding the use of 'کتبی' often involves contrasting it with its antonym 'شفاهی'.
'توافق کتبی' (written agreement) vs. 'توافق شفاهی' (verbal agreement).
Formal Register: 'کتبی' is generally used in formal or neutral contexts. Using it in very informal speech can sound unnatural.
You might say 'نامه کتبی' for a formal letter, but for a quick text message, you wouldn't use 'کتبی'.
レベル別の例文
توافق ما به صورت کتبی بود.
Our agreement was in a written form.
'به صورت کتبی' (be surat-e katubi) is a common phrase meaning 'in written form'.
لطفاً درخواست خود را کتبی ارائه دهید.
Please submit your request in writing.
'ارائه دادن' (eraa'eh daadan) means to submit or present.
این یک سند کتبی رسمی است.
This is an official written document.
'سند' (sanad) means document. 'رسمی' (rasmi) means official.
دستورالعمل ها به صورت کتبی نوشته شده بودند.
The instructions were written down.
'دستورالعمل' (dastoorol-amal) means instruction or guideline.
ما نیاز به تأییدیه کتبی داریم.
We need a written confirmation.
'تأییدیه' (ta'yidiyeh) means confirmation.
گزارش کتبی او بسیار کامل بود.
His written report was very complete.
'گزارش' (gozaaresh) means report.
این قانون فقط به صورت کتبی اعمال می شود.
This law is only applied in writing.
'قانون' (qaanoon) means law. 'اعمال شدن' (emal shodan) means to be applied.
هرگونه تغییر باید کتبی اطلاع داده شود.
Any changes must be communicated in writing.
'تغییر' (taghyir) means change. 'اطلاع داده شود' (etelaa' daadeh shavad) means to be informed/communicated.
برخلاف توافق شفاهی، این قرارداد کاملاً کتبی است.
Unlike the verbal agreement, this contract is entirely written.
'برخلاف' (bar khalaaf) means unlike. 'کاملاً' (kaamelan) means entirely.
برای اثبات ادعای خود، مدارک کتبی ارائه کرد.
To prove his claim, he presented written evidence.
'اثبات' (esbaat) means proof. 'ادعا' (edde'aa) means claim. 'مدارک' (madaarek) means evidence/documents.
تعهدات کتبی اغلب ضمانت اجرایی بیشتری دارند.
Written commitments often have greater enforceability.
'تعهد' (ta'ahod) means commitment. 'ضمانت اجرایی' (zamaanat-e ejraa'i) means enforceability.
آنچه در نامه کتبی ذکر شده بود، با صحبت های شفاهی متفاوت بود.
What was mentioned in the written letter differed from the verbal discussions.
'ذکر شدن' (zekr shodan) means to be mentioned. 'متفاوت' (motafaavet) means different.
او یک بیانیه کتبی مفصل در مورد حادثه صادر کرد.
He issued a detailed written statement about the incident.
'بیانیه' (bayaaneye) means statement. 'مفصل' (mefassal) means detailed.
درخواست های کتبی برای این موقعیت شغلی الزامی است.
Written applications for this job position are mandatory.
'موقعیت شغلی' (mowqe'iyat-e shoghli) means job position. 'الزامی' (elzaami) means mandatory.
حقوق مالکیت فکری باید به صورت کتبی محافظت شود.
Intellectual property rights must be protected in writing.
'حقوق مالکیت فکری' (hooghoog-e maaleikiyat-e fekri) means intellectual property rights. 'محافظت شود' (mohaafezat shavad) means to be protected.
آیا سابقه کتبی از این مکالمات وجود دارد؟
Is there a written record of these conversations?
'سابقه' (saabegheh) means record or history. 'مکالمه' (mokaalemeh) means conversation.
عدم وجود یک توافقنامه کتبی جامع، زمینه را برای سوء تفاهمات فراهم می آورد.
The absence of a comprehensive written agreement paves the way for misunderstandings.
'جامع' (jaame') means comprehensive. 'زمینه را فراهم آوردن' (zameeneh raa faraaham aavardan) means to pave the way for.
تفسیر کتبی متن قانونی می تواند بسته به دیدگاه حقوقی متفاوت باشد.
The written interpretation of legal text can vary depending on the legal perspective.
'تفسیر' (tafsir) means interpretation. 'دیدگاه حقوقی' (didgaah-e hoghooqi) means legal perspective.
تمامی تغییرات در قرارداد اصلی باید به صورت کتبی و با امضای طرفین صورت پذیرد.
All amendments to the original contract must be made in writing and signed by the parties.
'تغییرات' (taghyiraat) means amendments/changes. 'طرفین' (tarafein) means parties. 'صورت پذیرد' (soorat pazirad) means to take place/be done.
اطلاعات ارائه شده در راهنمای کتبی، مبنای اصلی آموزش کارکنان بود.
The information provided in the written manual was the primary basis for staff training.
'مبنای اصلی' (mabnaa-ye asli) means primary basis. 'کارکنان' (karkonan) means staff.
عدم رعایت الزامات کتبی در فرایند مناقصه منجر به رد پیشنهاد می شود.
Non-compliance with the written requirements in the bidding process leads to the rejection of the bid.
'الزامات' (elzaamaat) means requirements. 'فرایند مناقصه' (faraayand-e monaaqeseh) means bidding process. 'رد پیشنهاد' (rad-e pishnehaad) means rejection of the bid.
این رویکرد کتبی به مدیریت دانش، امکان ارزیابی دقیق تر را فراهم می کند.
This written approach to knowledge management allows for more precise evaluation.
'رویکرد' (rooykard) means approach. 'مدیریت دانش' (modiriyat-e daanesh) means knowledge management. 'ارزیابی دقیق تر' (arzyabi-ye daqiq tar) means more precise evaluation.
هرگونه ادعای جبران خسارت باید مستندات کتبی محکمی ارائه دهد.
Any claim for compensation must provide strong written documentation.
'جبران خسارت' (jebraan-e khasaarat) means compensation. 'مستندات' (mostanadaat) means documentation. 'محکم' (mohkam) means strong.
تفاوت میان دستورالعمل های شفاهی و کتبی در سطح جزئیات و دقت آنهاست.
The difference between oral and written instructions lies in their level of detail and precision.
'جزئیات' (joz'iyaat) means details. 'دقت' (deqqat) means precision.
فقدان صراحت کتبی در بندهای قرارداد، زمینه را برای تفاسیر متعدد و احتمالا متناقض فراهم می آورد.
The lack of written clarity in the contract clauses paves the way for multiple and potentially contradictory interpretations.
'فقدان' (feqdaan) means lack. 'صراحت' (saraahat) means clarity. 'بندها' (bandhaa) means clauses. 'متناقض' (motaanaaqez) means contradictory.
در عالم حقوق، ارجاعات کتبی به رویه های قضایی پیشین، بنیان استدلال حقوقی را تشکیل می دهند.
In the legal realm, written references to previous judicial precedents form the basis of legal reasoning.
'عالم حقوق' (aalam-e hoghooq) means legal realm. 'ارجاعات' (arjaa'aat) means references. 'رویه های قضایی پیشین' (raviyeh-haa-ye qazaayi-ye pishin) means previous judicial precedents. 'بنیان' (bonyan) means basis/foundation. 'استدلال حقوقی' (estedlaal-e hoghooqi) means legal reasoning.
تطبیق بیانیه های کتبی با شواهد عینی، سنگ بنای تحقیقات قضایی معتبر محسوب می شود.
The alignment of written statements with objective evidence is considered the cornerstone of credible judicial investigations.
'تطبیق' (tatbiq) means alignment/matching. 'شواهد عینی' (shavaahed-e eini) means objective evidence. 'سنگ بنا' (sang-e banaa) means cornerstone. 'معتبر' (mo'tabar) means credible. 'تحقیقات قضایی' (tahqiqaat-e qazaayi) means judicial investigations.
ماهیت کتبی اسناد تاریخی، امکان تحلیل و بازنگری تطبیقی آنها را در طول زمان میسر می سازد.
The written nature of historical documents facilitates their analysis and comparative review over time.
'ماهیت' (mahiyyat) means nature. 'اسناد تاریخی' (asanaad-e taarrikhi) means historical documents. 'بازنگری تطبیقی' (baaznegari-ye tatbiqi) means comparative review. 'میسر ساختن' (mowayassar saakhtan) means to facilitate/make possible.
تفاوت فاحش میان بیان شفاهی و ثبت کتبی، اهمیت تدوین دقیق و بدون ابهام را برجسته می کند.
The stark difference between oral expression and written recording highlights the importance of precise and unambiguous drafting.
'فاحش' (fahesh) means stark/obvious. 'ثبت' (sabt) means recording. 'تدوین' (tadvin) means drafting. 'بدون ابهام' (bedoon-e ebhaam) means unambiguous.
در دوران معاصر، حجم انبوه اطلاعات کتبی منتشره، نیازمند رویکردهای نوین در سازماندهی و بازیابی آنهاست.
In contemporary times, the immense volume of published written information necessitates novel approaches to its organization and retrieval.
'دوران معاصر' (dovraan-e mo'aasir) means contemporary times. 'حجم انبوه' (hajm-e anbooh) means immense volume. 'منتشر' (montasher) means published. 'نیازمند' (niyaazmand) means necessitates. 'رویکردهای نوین' (rooykardhaa-ye novin) means novel approaches. 'سازماندهی' (saazmaandahi) means organization. 'بازیابی' (baazyabi) means retrieval.
اعتبار سنجی منابع کتبی، مستلزم بررسی دقیق اعتبار نویسنده، تاریخ انتشار و زمینه تاریخی است.
The validation of written sources requires careful examination of the author's credibility, publication date, and historical context.
'اعتبار سنجی' (e'tebaar sanji) means validation/credibility assessment. 'مستلزم' (mostalzem) means requires. 'اعتبار نویسنده' (e'tebaar-e nevisandeh) means author's credibility. 'زمینه تاریخی' (zameeneh-ye taarrikhi) means historical context.
فرایند تصمیم گیری در سطوح عالی اغلب با ارجاعات متعدد به مستندات کتبی پشتیبانی می شود.
The decision-making process at higher levels is often supported by numerous references to written documentation.
'فرایند تصمیم گیری' (faraayand-e tasmimgiri) means decision-making process. 'سطوح عالی' (sotooh-e aali) means higher levels. 'مستندات' (mostanadaat) means documentation. 'پشتیبانی شدن' (poshtibaani shodan) means to be supported.
よく使う組み合わせ
よく使うフレーズ
— In a written manner/form.
The instructions were provided 'به شکل کتبی'.
— Written commitment/undertaking.
He gave his 'تعهد کتبی' to finish the project.
— Written declaration/announcement.
The company issued an 'اعلامیه کتبی'.
— Written explanations.
She provided 'توضیحات کتبی' for her absence.
— Written notification.
We require 'اطلاع رسانی کتبی' for all policy changes.
よく混同される語
'کتبی' means written, while 'شفاهی' means spoken or verbal. They are direct opposites and should not be confused. Using 'کتبی' when you mean 'شفاهی' would completely change the meaning of your sentence.
Both 'کتبی' and 'مکتوب' mean written. 'مکتوب' is often considered slightly more formal or literary. In most everyday formal contexts, 'کتبی' is more common and perfectly acceptable.
'نوشته' can be a noun ('a written thing') or function similarly to an adjective. 'کتبی' is strictly an adjective emphasizing the written form, often in a formal context. You might have a 'نوشته' (written note), but a 'قرارداد کتبی' (written contract).
慣用句と表現
— To make a written statement or promise; to put something in writing.
Instead of just talking, he decided to 'حرف کتبی بزند' and sign the document.
Formal— To put something into writing; to document it.
They decided to 'در کتبی بیاورند' all the terms of their agreement.
Formal— To officially record something in writing.
The decision was 'به صورت کتبی ثبت شد' in the meeting minutes.
Formal— An official written document.
This contract serves as 'یک سند کتبی رسمی' between us.
Formal— To have written backing or support.
His claims needed 'پشتوانه کتبی' to be taken seriously.
Formal— To give a written commitment.
The company 'تعهد کتبی داد' to deliver the goods on time.
Formal— Written rights (as opposed to customary or oral rights).
The constitution outlines our 'حقوق کتبی'.
Formal— Written expression or statement.
Her 'بیان کتبی' was clear and concise.
Formal— Written law (as opposed to customary law).
Modern legal systems rely heavily on 'قانون کتبی'.
Formal— Written understanding or agreement.
They reached a 'تفاهم کتبی' on the project's scope.
Formal間違えやすい
Both 'کتبی' and 'شفاهی' describe the mode of communication.
'کتبی' refers to communication that is in written form, such as letters, documents, or contracts. 'شفاهی', on the other hand, refers to communication that is spoken or verbal, like conversations or speeches. They are antonyms.
The agreement was 'کتبی' (written), not 'شفاهی' (spoken).
Both words mean 'written' and are derived from the same Arabic root related to writing.
'کتبی' is the more common and general adjective for 'written' in modern Persian, often used in formal contexts. 'مکتوب' is also 'written' but can sometimes carry a more literary, classical, or highly formal tone, akin to 'inscribed' or 'epistolary'. For most practical purposes, they are interchangeable, but 'کتبی' is generally safer for everyday formal use.
We received a 'نامه کتبی' (written letter) and a 'فرمان مکتوب' (written decree).
'نوشته' relates to writing and can function descriptively.
'کتبی' is exclusively an adjective meaning 'written' or 'expressed in writing', often implying formality. 'نوشته' can be a noun meaning 'a written thing', 'writing', or a past participle. For example, 'این یک نوشته است' (This is a piece of writing) vs. 'این یک سند کتبی است' (This is a written document). 'کتبی' emphasizes the nature of the communication medium.
The note was a simple 'نوشته' (writing), but the contract was 'کتبی' (written).
'کتبی' is often used in formal and official contexts, similar to 'رسمی'.
'کتبی' describes the medium of communication (written), whereas 'رسمی' describes the status or nature of something (official, formal). A document can be both 'کتبی' and 'رسمی' (e.g., an official written report), but something can be 'کتبی' without being 'رسمی' (e.g., a personal written diary) and vice versa (e.g., an official verbal warning).
The 'نامه کتبی' (written letter) was also 'رسمی' (official).
Both 'کتبی' and 'تحریری' mean 'written' and are often used in formal settings.
'کتبی' is a general term for anything written. 'تحریری' specifically implies something put into writing, often in contrast to an oral form, and is commonly used for forms or documents that require written input. For instance, 'فرم تحریری' (written form to be filled out) is more common than 'فرم کتبی'.
Please fill out this 'فرم تحریری' (written form), and then submit it as a 'سند کتبی' (written document).
文型パターン
Noun + کتبی
این یک نامه کتبی است.
به صورت کتبی
درخواست به صورت کتبی ارسال شد.
Noun + کتبی + است/بود
توافق ما کتبی بود.
تأییدیه کتبی
ما به یک تأییدیه کتبی نیاز داریم.
به شکل کتبی
دستورالعمل ها به شکل کتبی ارائه شدند.
عدم وجود + Noun + کتبی
عدم وجود سند کتبی باعث مشکل شد.
Noun + کتبی + برای + Noun
او یک گواهی کتبی برای شغلش گرفت.
فقدان + صراحت کتبی
فقدان صراحت کتبی در قرارداد مشکل ساز شد.
語族
名詞
動詞
形容詞
関連
使い方
High in formal contexts, low in informal contexts.
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Using 'کتبی' in casual conversation.
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In casual talk, simply state that something is 'written' or understood from context. For example, instead of 'Did you get my 'کتبی' message?', say 'Did you get my message?' or 'Did you get my text?'
'کتبی' is a formal adjective. Using it in informal settings sounds unnatural and overly academic. The written nature is usually implied.
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Confusing 'کتبی' (written) with 'شفاهی' (oral).
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Always use 'کتبی' for written things and 'شفاهی' for spoken things. For example, 'We signed a 'کتبی' contract' (written), not 'a 'شفاهی' contract'.
These are direct opposites. Mixing them up completely changes the meaning and can lead to serious misunderstandings, especially in legal or business contexts.
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Placing 'کتبی' before the noun.
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The adjective 'کتبی' typically follows the noun it modifies. For example, 'a written report' is 'گزارش کتبی', not 'کتبی گزارش'.
This is a standard grammatical rule for adjectives in Persian. Incorrect placement can make the sentence awkward or grammatically incorrect.
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Using 'کتبی' as a noun.
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'کتبی' is an adjective. You need a noun to describe. For example, instead of saying 'I received a 'کتبی'', you should say 'I received a 'کتبی' document' ('یک سند کتبی').
Adjectives describe nouns; they are not nouns themselves. Learners often make this mistake when translating directly from languages where similar concepts might function differently.
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Overusing 'کتبی' when 'نوشته' would suffice.
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Use 'کتبی' when formality or the specific contrast with oral communication is important. For simpler 'written' things, 'نوشته' might be more natural. For example, a simple note is 'یک نوشته', while a formal agreement is 'یک توافق کتبی'.
'کتبی' carries a connotation of formality and officiality that isn't always present in 'نوشته'. Using 'کتبی' for trivial written items can sound pretentious.
ヒント
Emphasize Formality
Use 'کتبی' when you want to highlight that something is in writing, especially when contrasting it with spoken communication or emphasizing its formal or official nature. For example, 'The contract must be 'کتبی'.' This clearly states it needs to be written down and signed.
Formal Settings are Key
Remember that 'کتبی' is best suited for formal contexts like legal documents, business proposals, academic papers, and official announcements. Avoid using it in casual conversations where it might sound out of place.
Learn its Antonym
The most important word to learn alongside 'کتبی' is its direct opposite, 'شفاهی' (shefaahi), meaning 'oral' or 'verbal'. Understanding this pair will significantly improve your comprehension and usage.
Adjective Placement
In Persian, adjectives usually follow the noun. So, 'a written report' becomes 'گزارش کتبی' (gozaaresh-e katubi), not 'کتبی گزارش'.
Sound Association
Try associating the sound 'katubi' with something formal and written, like a cat typing on a keyboard ('cat-u-bee'). This playful image can help you recall the meaning.
Stress the Last Syllable
The word 'کتبی' has the stress on the final syllable: ka-tuh-BEE. Practicing this rhythm will make your pronunciation sound more natural.
Vs. 'مکتوب'
'کتبی' and 'مکتوب' both mean 'written'. 'کتبی' is generally more common in modern formal Persian, while 'مکتوب' can sometimes sound more literary or classical. Use 'کتبی' for most formal situations.
Use in Phrases
Learn common collocations like 'توافق کتبی' (written agreement) and 'تأییدیه کتبی' (written confirmation). Using these fixed phrases will make your Persian sound more fluent.
Beyond 'Written'
While 'کتبی' means 'written', it often implies a degree of permanence, officiality, or importance that simple 'writing' might not convey. Think of it as 'in written form' or 'documented'.
Create Your Own Sentences
Try writing sentences using 'کتبی' in different formal contexts. For example, describe a business deal, a legal notice, or academic requirements using this adjective.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Imagine a CAT with a BOOK (کتاب) on its lap, writing something down. The CAT is writing, so it's 'کتبی'. The sound 'cat-u-bee' sounds a bit like 'cat-on-book-i'.
視覚的連想
Picture a formal document, like a contract or a legal paper, with the word 'WRITTEN' stamped on it in bold letters. Then, associate the Persian sound 'katubi' with this image of a formal, written document.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Try to write five sentences about your daily routine, but make sure at least two of them describe something that is 'کتبی' (written) in nature, like checking emails or reading a book.
語源
The word 'کتبی' (katubi) is derived from the Arabic root 'کتب' (k-t-b), which broadly means 'to write'. This root is fundamental to many words related to writing in Arabic and Persian. The adjective form 'کتبی' specifically denotes something that pertains to or is characterized by writing.
元の意味： Pertaining to writing, written.
Semitic (via Arabic)文化的な背景
The term 'کتبی' itself is neutral. However, its usage in contexts like legal contracts or official statements emphasizes the importance of clear, unambiguous communication. Misunderstandings can arise if a verbal agreement is treated as equally binding as a 'کتبی' one, so using the correct term is important in formal settings.
In English, we use 'written', 'in writing', 'documented', or 'formal' to convey similar meanings. The Persian 'کتبی' specifically highlights the written aspect, often in contrast to oral communication.
実生活で練習する
実際の使用場面
Legal agreements and contracts.
- توافق کتبی (tavaafoghe katubi)
- قرارداد کتبی (gharaardaad-e katubi)
- شرایط کتبی (sharaayet-e katubi)
Official correspondence and documentation.
- نامه کتبی (naameh katubi)
- اظهارات کتبی (ezaahaaraate katubi)
- تأییدیه کتبی (ta'yidiyeh katubi)
Academic and research submissions.
- گزارش کتبی (gozaaresh katubi)
- مقاله کتبی (maqaaleh-ye katubi)
- تکلیف کتبی (taklif-e katubi)
Governmental regulations and notices.
- بخشنامه کتبی (bakhshnameh-ye katubi)
- قانون کتبی (qaanoon-e katubi)
- اطلاعیه کتبی (ettelaa'iyeh-ye katubi)
Instructions and manuals.
- دستورالعمل کتبی (dastoorol-amal-e katubi)
- راهنمای کتبی (raahnamaa-ye katubi)
- توضیحات کتبی (towzihaat-e katubi)
会話のきっかけ
"What's the difference between a verbal agreement and a 'کتبی' agreement?"
"Can you give me an example of a situation where a 'کتبی' document is essential?"
"When would you choose to communicate something in a 'کتبی' manner rather than speaking?"
"What are some common 'کتبی' documents you encounter in your daily life?"
"How does the concept of 'کتبی' communication differ from 'شفاهی' (oral) communication in Persian culture?"
日記のテーマ
Describe a time you had to provide or receive information in a 'کتبی' format. What was the situation and why was writing necessary?
Reflect on the importance of written records. How does having something 'کتبی' change its significance compared to a spoken word?
Imagine you are creating a new rule for your household. Would you make it 'کتبی' or rely on verbal communication? Explain your reasoning.
Think about a formal document you've encountered (like a contract or official letter). How did its 'کتبی' nature influence your perception of it?
Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of 'کتبی' communication versus 'شفاهی' communication in different scenarios.
よくある質問
10 問The literal translation of 'کتبی' (katubi) is 'written' or 'pertaining to writing'. It is an adjective derived from the Arabic root 'کتب' (k-t-b) meaning 'to write'.
'کتبی' generally carries a formal connotation because written documents, especially in legal, business, and academic contexts, tend to be formal. While it can describe any written text, its use in casual conversation might sound overly formal or academic. It's best reserved for situations where the written nature is significant or needs to be explicitly stated.
The direct opposite of 'کتبی' is 'شفاهی' (shefaahi), which means 'oral' or 'verbal'. So, a 'کتبی' agreement is written, while a 'شفاهی' agreement is spoken.
It is generally not advisable to use 'کتبی' for very informal written communication like text messages or casual emails. The word implies a level of formality that doesn't fit these contexts. In such cases, the fact that it's written is usually understood without needing a specific adjective.
Some common phrases include 'توافق کتبی' (written agreement), 'قرارداد کتبی' (written contract), 'نامه کتبی' (written letter), 'گزارش کتبی' (written report), and 'تأییدیه کتبی' (written confirmation). You also often see it used in adverbial phrases like 'به صورت کتبی' (in written form).
Yes, 'کتبی' and 'مکتوب' are very similar and often interchangeable, both meaning 'written'. 'مکتوب' can sometimes have a more literary or classical feel, while 'کتبی' is generally more common in modern formal Persian.
'کتبی' is used when you want to emphasize that something is in written form, often in contrast to being spoken, or to denote a formal/official nature. 'نوشته' is more general; it can simply mean 'a written thing' without the formal implication. For instance, a casual note might be 'نوشته', but a legal document is 'کتبی'.
The pronunciation is approximately 'ka-tuh-BEE', with the stress on the last syllable. The 'a' is short like in 'cat', the 'u' is like the 'oo' in 'book', and 'bee' is pronounced like the insect.
As an adjective, 'کتبی' typically follows the noun it modifies (e.g., 'سند کتبی' - written document). It does not change form for plural nouns or gender. It is also frequently used in adverbial phrases like 'به صورت کتبی' (in written form).
'کتبی' is most frequently encountered in legal settings (contracts, statements), business communications (agreements, confirmations), academic environments (reports, assignments), and official governmental notices.
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Summary
The Persian adjective 'کتبی' (katubi) signifies that something is in written form, typically implying formality or official status. It is the direct opposite of 'شفاهی' (shefaahi), meaning oral or verbal. Use it when discussing contracts, official letters, written reports, or any communication that relies on text rather than speech.
- Means 'written' or 'expressed in writing'.
- Used for formal documents, agreements, and official communication.
- Opposite of 'شفاهی' (shefaahi - oral).
- Emphasizes the written form over spoken word.
Emphasize Formality
Use 'کتبی' when you want to highlight that something is in writing, especially when contrasting it with spoken communication or emphasizing its formal or official nature. For example, 'The contract must be 'کتبی'.' This clearly states it needs to be written down and signed.
Formal Settings are Key
Remember that 'کتبی' is best suited for formal contexts like legal documents, business proposals, academic papers, and official announcements. Avoid using it in casual conversations where it might sound out of place.
Learn its Antonym
The most important word to learn alongside 'کتبی' is its direct opposite, 'شفاهی' (shefaahi), meaning 'oral' or 'verbal'. Understanding this pair will significantly improve your comprehension and usage.
Adjective Placement
In Persian, adjectives usually follow the noun. So, 'a written report' becomes 'گزارش کتبی' (gozaaresh-e katubi), not 'کتبی گزارش'.
関連コンテンツ
generalの関連語
عادتوار
C1As a matter of habit; habitually.
عادی
A1「عادی」という言葉は「普通」や「通常」を意味します。例えば、「普通の生活」(زندگی عادی)。
عافیت
B2幸福、健康、安寧。くしゃみの後に「お大事に」という意味で使われることが多い言葉です。
عاجل
B2緊急の；即時の対応や行動が必要な。例：「至急のニュース」や「早急な回復」。
عاقبت
C1結果、結末、あるいは「ついに」。 'عاقبت پیروز شد.' (彼はついに勝利した。)
عاقل
A1賢明な、分別のあ。理性的で正しい判断ができる人。
عالمگیر
C1世界的な、普遍的な。世界全体に広がるもの。
عالی
A1「Aali」はペルシャ語で「素晴らしい」や「優秀な」を意味します。
عام
B1「Am」という言葉は「一般的」または「公共の」を意味します。
اعم از
B2〜を含めて、〜を問わず（選択肢を導入する際に使用）。
