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B1 adjective 10分で読める

julkinen

例文 julkinen 30秒で
解説 julkinen in your Level:
At the A1 level, learners encounter 'julkinen' in very practical, everyday contexts. The most common phrase is 'julkinen liikenne' (public transport). A1 students learn that this refers to buses, trams, and trains. They might use it in simple sentences like 'Minä käytän julkista liikennettä' (I use public transport). At this stage, the focus is not on the complex grammar of -nen words, but on recognizing the word on signs or in basic travel dialogues. The concept is simplified to 'things the city provides for everyone'. Learners might also see 'julkinen WC' (public toilet) in city centers. The goal is recognition and survival-level usage in urban environments. We don't expect an A1 learner to decline 'julkinen' perfectly in all cases, but they should know that 'julkista' is often used after 'käyttää' (to use). Simple associations with 'bussi' and 'juna' help solidify the meaning. By the end of A1, a student should know that 'julkinen' is the opposite of 'oma' (own/private) when talking about cars or spaces.
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At the A2 level, the learner's understanding of 'julkinen' expands to include common public spaces and basic social rules. They start to use the word to describe locations like 'julkinen paikka' (a public place) or 'julkinen rakennus' (a public building). At this level, the student should begin to master the -nen to -se- transformation in the most common cases (genitive 'julkisen', partitive 'julkista', and inessive 'julkisessa'). They can talk about their daily routines using the word: 'Opiskelen julkisessa kirjastossa' (I study in a public library). They also begin to understand the concept of 'julkiset palvelut' (public services) in a basic way, such as healthcare or schools. A2 learners can follow simple instructions or news snippets where 'julkinen' appears, such as 'Tämä on julkinen tiedote' (This is a public bulletin). The distinction between 'julkinen' and 'yksityinen' (private) becomes clearer, especially in the context of jobs and services. They might also encounter the adverb 'julkisesti' in simple contexts like 'puhua julkisesti' (to speak publicly).
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At the B1 level, the student reaches an intermediate understanding of 'julkinen'. They can now use the word to discuss social issues, politics, and media. Phrases like 'julkinen keskustelu' (public debate), 'julkinen sektori' (public sector), and 'julkinen mielipide' (public opinion) become part of their active vocabulary. The B1 learner understands that 'julkinen' carries a connotation of transparency and civic duty. They can participate in discussions about whether 'julkinen terveydenhuolto' (public healthcare) is better than private. Grammatically, they are expected to handle the declension of 'julkinen' with high accuracy in all singular and plural cases. They also start to recognize related words like 'julkisuus' (publicity/the public eye) and 'julkaista' (to publish). A B1 learner can read a newspaper article about 'julkiset hankinnat' (public procurement) and understand the general gist. They are aware of the cultural significance of the public sphere in Finland and can express opinions on public matters using this adjective correctly.
At the B2 level, 'julkinen' is used with nuance and precision. The learner can distinguish between 'julkinen' and 'yleinen' in complex contexts. They understand technical terms like 'julkinen oikeus' (public law) or 'julkinen valta' (public authority/power). A B2 student can write essays or give presentations on topics like 'julkisen talouden haasteet' (challenges of the public economy). They are comfortable with the word's role in compound structures and idiomatic expressions. At this level, the learner also understands the concept of the 'julkinen sana' (the press/media) and the role of the 'Julkisen sanan neuvosto' (Council for Mass Media). They can navigate formal situations, such as dealing with a 'julkinen notaari' (notary public) or understanding 'julkinen haaste' (public summons). Their vocabulary includes professional collocations like 'julkisrahoitteinen' (publicly funded). The B2 learner can also discuss the philosophical aspects of 'julkinen tila' (public space) and how it relates to urban planning or social justice.
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At the C1 level, the learner has a near-native grasp of 'julkinen'. they use it to discuss abstract legal, political, and philosophical concepts. They understand the intricacies of 'julkisuuslaki' (the Act on the Openness of Government Activities) and can debate the boundaries between 'yksityisyyden suoja' (protection of privacy) and 'julkinen etu' (public interest). The C1 learner is sensitive to the register of the word, knowing when to use 'julkinen' versus more specific terms like 'valtiollinen' or 'kunnallinen'. They can analyze 'julkisen sektorin tuottavuus' (public sector productivity) using sophisticated terminology. Their mastery of the word family is complete, including rare or technical derivatives. They can interpret the subtle tone of 'julkinen' in literature or high-level political rhetoric, where it might be used to invoke a sense of national unity or collective responsibility. At this stage, the word is not just a label but a tool for complex societal analysis.
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At the C2 level, 'julkinen' is handled with total mastery and stylistic flexibility. The learner can use the word to create rhetorical effects or to engage in deep academic discourse. They are aware of the historical evolution of the word and how its meaning has shifted in the context of the Finnish welfare state. A C2 speaker can critique 'julkisen keskustelun polarisoituminen' (the polarization of public debate) with the same depth as a native academic. They understand the most obscure legal applications, such as 'julkisoikeudellinen yhteisö' (public law entity). They can play with the word in creative writing, using its various forms to evoke different atmospheres or layers of meaning. For a C2 learner, 'julkinen' is a deeply embedded concept that connects to every facet of Finnish life, from the most mundane bus ride to the highest levels of constitutional law. They can effortlessly switch between the practical, the formal, and the philosophical uses of the word without hesitation.
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例文

julkinen 30秒で

  • Julkinen translates to 'public' and describes state-funded services, open spaces, and transparent information accessible to all citizens.
  • It follows the -nen adjective declension, meaning the stem changes to 'julkise-' before adding case endings like -ssa or -n.
  • Commonly paired with nouns like liikenne (transport), sektori (sector), and paikka (place) to define communal infrastructure.
  • In Finland, it carries a positive connotation of quality and reliability, reflecting the nation's strong social welfare system.

The Finnish word julkinen is a foundational adjective in the Finnish language, primarily translating to 'public' in English. However, its resonance in a Nordic welfare state like Finland carries deeper connotations of accessibility, transparency, and collective ownership. At its core, it describes anything that is not private (yksityinen), whether that refers to physical spaces, services, or information. When you walk through a Finnish city, you are constantly interacting with the 'julkinen' sphere, from the buses you ride to the libraries where you study. Understanding this word is crucial because it defines the boundary between the individual's private life and their role as a member of society.

The Concept of Public Service
In Finland, julkinen palvelu refers to services provided by the state or municipalities. This includes healthcare, education, and social services. Unlike some other cultures where 'public' might imply 'basic' or 'low-quality,' in Finland, the julkinen sector is often the gold standard for quality and reliability.
Public Space and Behavior
A julkinen paikka is any location where the general public has access. Finnish law and social norms dictate specific behaviors in these areas. For instance, the 'jokamiehenoikeus' (everyman's right) is a unique cultural pillar that essentially makes much of the private land 'public' for recreational use, though the word 'julkinen' specifically applies to government-owned or regulated spaces like parks and squares.
Transparency and Information
The term also applies to information. A julkinen asiakirja is a public document. Finland has strong transparency laws, meaning many government records are accessible to any citizen. If a piece of news becomes julkinen, it means it has been officially released to the media and the people.

Suomessa julkinen liikenne on erittäin tehokasta ja luotettavaa.

— Translation: In Finland, public transport is very efficient and reliable.

In political discourse, you will frequently hear about the julkinen sektori (public sector). Discussions often revolve around its size, funding, and the balance between public and private providers. When a politician makes a julkinen esiintyminen (public appearance), it is a calculated event meant to communicate with the electorate. The word is also used in legal contexts; for example, a julkinen notaari (notary public) serves as an official witness for legal documents. In the digital age, julkinen profiili (public profile) on social media is a common phrase used by younger generations.

Onko tämä tieto jo julkista?

— Translation: Is this information already public?

Finally, it is worth noting the grammatical flexibility of 'julkinen'. As an adjective, it must agree with the noun it modifies in case and number. For example, 'julkisessa paikassa' (in a public place) uses the inessive case. This requirement for agreement is a hurdle for many learners, but mastering it allows you to describe the world around you with precision. Whether you are discussing julkinen terveydenhuolto (public healthcare) or julkinen sana (the public word/press), you are engaging with the very fabric of Finnish society.

Using julkinen correctly requires an understanding of Finnish noun declension and adjective agreement. Since 'julkinen' ends in -nen, it follows a specific pattern where the -nen changes to -se- before adding case endings. For example, the genitive is julkisen and the partitive is julkista. This section will guide you through the practical application of these forms in various contexts.

Attributive Use
When 'julkinen' modifies a noun directly, it must match its case.
Example: Hän työskentelee julkisella sektorilla. (He/she works in the public sector). Here, both the adjective and the noun are in the adessive case.
Predicative Use
When 'julkinen' is the complement of a sentence, it often appears in the partitive case if the subject is abstract or an uncountable mass.
Example: Tämä tieto on julkista. (This information is public). 'Tieto' (information) is an abstract concept, thus 'julkista' is in the partitive.

Meidän täytyy parantaa julkisia palveluita.

— Translation: We must improve public services. (Plural partitive)

In everyday Finnish, you will encounter 'julkinen' in many compound-like structures. While not always written as one word, phrases like julkinen liikenne (public transport) function as single units of meaning. If you want to say 'in public', you would use the adessive plural: julkisilla paikoilla or the adverb julkisesti. For example, 'Hän puhui asiasta julkisesti' (He spoke about the matter publicly).

Etsimme julkista tukea hankkeellemme.

— Translation: We are looking for public support for our project.

When negating, remember that the object usually goes into the partitive. 'En halua julkista huomiota' (I don't want public attention). The word is also essential for describing legal and official statuses. A 'julkinen haaste' (public summons) or 'julkinen kuulutus' (public announcement) are formal terms used in administration. By practicing these variations, you will move from simple descriptions to nuanced societal commentary.

The word julkinen is ubiquitous in Finnish daily life, echoing through train stations, appearing in headlines, and anchoring political debates. To truly master it, you need to recognize the specific domains where it thrives. It is not just a word for textbooks; it is the language of the street, the office, and the screen.

Commuting and Urban Life
If you live in a Finnish city like Helsinki, Tampere, or Turku, you will see julkinen liikenne everywhere. On the HSL (Helsinki Regional Transport) website or apps, the term is used to distinguish between private cars and the network of trams, buses, and trains. Announcements might mention julkisen liikenteen häiriöt (disruptions in public transport).
Media and Journalism
The Finnish Broadcasting Company (YLE) is a julkisen palvelun mediayhtiö (public service media company). Journalists often discuss julkinen keskustelu (public debate) or julkinen mielipide (public opinion). When a scandal breaks, the media might ask if the person's julkinen kuva (public image) is tarnished.
Government and Law
In news reports about the parliament (Eduskunta), you will hear about julkinen talous (public economy/finance) and julkinen velka (public debt). These are heavy-hitting terms used to discuss the country's fiscal health.

Kuulutus on nyt julkinen kaupungin ilmoitustaululla.

— Translation: The announcement is now public on the city's notice board.

In social situations, you might hear people talk about julkinen imetys (public breastfeeding), which is widely accepted in Finland, or julkinen häpeä (public shame/stigma). The word also appears in the context of julkinen haku (public search/recruitment) for jobs. If a job is 'julkisessa haussa', it means anyone can apply, as opposed to internal recruitment.

Tämä on julkinen rakennus, joten täällä saa valokuvata.

— Translation: This is a public building, so you are allowed to take photos here.

Finally, in the digital realm, Finnish users talk about julkinen verkko (public network/Wi-Fi). When you connect to a 'julkinen Wi-Fi' at a cafe or library, your device might warn you about security. Understanding 'julkinen' in these diverse contexts—from physical infrastructure to digital privacy—is key to navigating modern Finnish life.

While julkinen seems straightforward, English speakers often stumble over its specific usage boundaries in Finnish. The most frequent errors involve confusing it with 'yleinen', failing to decline the -nen ending correctly, or using it in contexts where a different Finnish concept is more appropriate.

Confusing 'Julkinen' with 'Yleinen'
This is the #1 mistake. In English, 'public' and 'general' can sometimes overlap, but in Finnish, they are distinct. Yleinen means general, common, or universal (e.g., 'yleinen mielipide' - general opinion). Julkinen specifically means public as in 'open to all' or 'state-owned'. You wouldn't say 'julkinen lakko' for a general strike; it's yleislakko.
The '-nen' Ending Declension
Many learners forget to change the -nen to -se-. They might say 'julkinenlla paikalla' instead of the correct julkisella paikalla. Remember: -nen words are like a secret code; they always transform before they accept a case ending.
Misusing 'Julkinen' for 'Avo- ' (Open)
Sometimes 'public' in English implies 'open to everyone'. While 'julkinen' works for spaces, for concepts like 'open data' or 'open source', Finnish uses avoin (avoin data, avoin lähdekoodi), not 'julkinen'.

Väärin: Se on julkinen tietoa.
Oikein: Se on julkista tietoa.

— Explanation: 'Tieto' is uncountable here, so the adjective must be in the partitive case.

Another mistake is using 'julkinen' when you mean 'popular' or 'well-known'. If a person is famous, they are kuuluisa or julkisuuden henkilö (a person of publicity/celebrity). Calling them a 'julkinen ihminen' sounds like they are a government-owned human, which is quite a different meaning!

Hän on julkinen hahmo, mutta hänellä on yksityiselämä.

— Correct usage: He is a public figure, but he has a private life.

Lastly, be careful with the word 'publicly'. While julkisesti is the standard adverb, sometimes learners try to use 'julkisella tavalla' (in a public way). While grammatically correct, it is much less natural than the simple adverbial form. Stick to julkisesti for actions like speaking, acting, or appearing in public.

To expand your Finnish vocabulary, it is essential to understand the nuances between julkinen and its near-synonyms. Finnish is a language of precision, and choosing the right word can change the tone of your sentence from clinical to communal.

Julkinen vs. Yleinen
As mentioned, julkinen refers to transparency and state/collective ownership. Yleinen refers to frequency or universality.
- Julkinen sauna: A sauna owned by the city or open to all.
- Yleinen sauna: A common/standard sauna type, or a sauna for general use.
Julkinen vs. Valtion / Kunnallinen
Valtion means 'of the state' and kunnallinen means 'municipal'. 'Julkinen' is the umbrella term for both. If you want to be specific about who pays for a service, use 'valtion' or 'kunnallinen'. If you just mean it's part of the public sector, 'julkinen' is perfect.
Julkinen vs. Avoin
Avoin (open) is used for accessibility and transparency of systems. While a public meeting is julkinen kokous, an open invitation is avoin kutsu. Use 'avoin' when the focus is on the lack of barriers.

Kirjasto on julkinen tila, joka on avoin kaikille.

— Translation: The library is a public space that is open to everyone.

Another interesting alternative is yhteisöllinen (communal). If you are talking about a 'public' garden that is managed by neighbors, 'yhteisöllinen puutarha' is more accurate than 'julkinen puutarha', which implies city management. For things that are visible to everyone, you can also use näkyvä (visible). 'Hänellä on näkyvä rooli' (He has a visible/public role).

Tämä on yhteinen asiamme.

— Translation: This is our common/shared matter. (Using 'yhteinen' for shared interest).

In summary, use julkinen for the state, the media, and accessibility. Use yleinen for generalities. Use valtion/kunnallinen for specific ownership. Use avoin for openness, and yhteinen for shared/common things. Mastering these distinctions will make your Finnish sound much more natural and sophisticated.

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レベル別の例文

1

Käytän julkista liikennettä joka päivä.

I use public transport every day.

Julkista is the partitive form of julkinen.

2

Missä on julkinen WC?

Where is the public toilet?

Julkinen is in the nominative case.

3

Tämä puisto on julkinen paikka.

This park is a public place.

Julkinen modifies the noun paikka.

4

Bussi on julkinen kulkuneuvo.

The bus is a public vehicle.

Kulkuneuvo means vehicle/means of transport.

5

Onko tämä julkinen kirjasto?

Is this a public library?

Standard adjective-noun agreement.

6

Julkinen liikenne on halpaa.

Public transport is cheap.

Halpaa is the partitive form of halpa (cheap).

7

Tämä on julkinen ranta.

This is a public beach.

Ranta is a masculine/neutral noun in English, but Finnish has no gender.

8

Hän ei pidä julkisesta esiintymisestä.

He/she doesn't like public performing.

Julkisesta is the elative case, required by the verb pitää.

1

Meidän pitää suojella julkisia tiloja.

We must protect public spaces.

Julkisia is plural partitive.

2

Tämä tieto ei ole vielä julkista.

This information is not yet public.

Julkista is partitive because 'tieto' is abstract.

3

Julkinen sektori tarjoaa monia palveluita.

The public sector offers many services.

Sektori is a common loanword.

4

Hän puhui asiasta julkisesti.

He spoke about the matter publicly.

Julkisesti is the adverbial form.

5

Julkisessa saunassa on omat säännöt.

A public sauna has its own rules.

Julkisessa is the inessive case (in).

6

Oletko nähnyt tämän julkisen ilmoituksen?

Have you seen this public announcement?

Julkisen is the genitive form.

7

Hän on julkinen henkilö.

He/she is a public figure.

Used for someone well-known.

8

Maksamme veroja julkisten palveluiden takia.

We pay taxes because of public services.

Julkisten is the plural genitive.

1

Julkinen keskustelu aiheesta on ollut vilkasta.

Public debate on the topic has been lively.

Vilkasta is partitive adjective.

2

Hallitus haluaa leikata julkisia menoja.

The government wants to cut public spending.

Menoja means expenses/spending.

3

Tämä on julkinen salaisuus.

This is an open secret (public secret).

Idiomatic use of julkinen.

4

Julkinen sana valvoo vallanpitäjiä.

The press (public word) monitors those in power.

Julkinen sana refers to the collective media.

5

Hankkeelle haetaan julkista rahoitusta.

Public funding is being sought for the project.

Rahoitusta is partitive object.

6

Onko julkinen terveydenhuolto kriisissä?

Is public healthcare in crisis?

Terveydenhuolto is a compound noun.

7

Hän teki julkisen anteeksipyynnön.

He made a public apology.

Anteeksipyyntö means apology.

8

Julkiset hankinnat on tehtävä avoimesti.

Public procurements must be done transparently.

Hankinnat is plural nominative.

1

Julkinen talous on tasapainotettava lähivuosina.

The public economy must be balanced in the coming years.

Tasapainotettava is a passive present participle.

2

Julkisen vallan on perustuttava lakiin.

Public authority must be based on the law.

Julkisen vallan is genitive (subject of necessity).

3

Hän nauttii suurta julkista luottamusta.

He enjoys great public trust.

Luottamusta is partitive object.

4

Julkinen kuuleminen järjestetään ensi viikolla.

A public hearing will be organized next week.

Kuuleminen means hearing/consultation.

5

Kyseessä on julkisoikeudellinen velvoite.

It is a public law obligation.

Julkisoikeudellinen is a complex compound adjective.

6

Julkinen imetys on Suomessa täysin normaalia.

Public breastfeeding is completely normal in Finland.

Imetys is the noun form of imettää.

7

Hän kieltäytyi julkisesta kommentoinnista.

He refused to comment publicly.

Kieltäytyä requires the elative case (-sta).

8

Julkiset varat on käytettävä vastuullisesti.

Public funds must be used responsibly.

Varat means funds/assets.

1

Julkisuusperiaate on demokratian kulmakivi.

The principle of transparency (publicity) is a cornerstone of democracy.

Julkisuusperiaate is a compound noun.

2

Raportti on nyt julkinen ja kaikkien luettavissa.

The report is now public and readable by everyone.

Luettavissa is a caritive-like structure (readable).

3

Julkinen hallinto pyrkii tehokkuuteen.

Public administration strives for efficiency.

Hallinto means administration.

4

Hän on joutunut kovaan julkiseen ryöpytykseen.

He has come under heavy public lashing/criticism.

Ryöpytys is a figurative word for heavy criticism.

5

Julkinen etu vaatii asian selvittämistä.

The public interest requires the matter to be clarified.

Etu means benefit/interest.

6

Julkisoikeudelliset toimijat ovat tarkassa valvonnassa.

Public law actors are under strict supervision.

Toimijat means actors/agents.

7

Julkinen esiintyminen vaatii itsevarmuutta.

Public speaking requires self-confidence.

Esiintyminen is a verbal noun.

8

Tämä on julkinen hakuprosessi.

This is a public recruitment process.

Hakuprosessi is a compound noun.

1

Julkisen vallan käyttöä on rajoitettava perusoikeuksin.

The use of public power must be restricted by fundamental rights.

Perusoikeuksin is the instructive plural.

2

Julkinen diskurssi on muuttunut yhä kärjistyneemmäksi.

Public discourse has become increasingly polarized/aggravated.

Kärjistyneemmäksi is the translative comparative.

3

Hän tarkasteli asiaa julkisoikeudellisesta näkökulmasta.

He examined the matter from a public law perspective.

Näkökulmasta means from a perspective.

4

Julkisyhteisöjen vastuu on säädetty laissa.

The liability of public entities is prescribed by law.

Julkisyhteisöjen is plural genitive.

5

Julkinen tiedonanto oli harkitun monitulkintainen.

The public communication was deliberately ambiguous.

Monitulkintainen means open to many interpretations.

6

Julkisuuskuvan hallinta on nykyään elintärkeää.

Managing one's public image is vital nowadays.

Elintärkeää means vital/essential.

7

Hän on julkisen sanan vankkumaton puolustaja.

He is a steadfast defender of the free press.

Vankkumaton means unwavering.

8

Julkinen sektori kantaa päävastuun hyvinvoinnista.

The public sector bears the primary responsibility for welfare.

Päävastuun means main responsibility.

よく使う組み合わせ

julkinen liikenne
julkinen sektori
julkinen paikka
julkinen keskustelu
julkinen sana
julkinen talous
julkinen haku
julkinen esiintyminen
julkinen asiakirja
julkinen terveydenhuolto
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