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B1 verb 12分で読める

herhalen

例文
解説 herhalen in your Level:
At the A1 level, beginners learn 'herhalen' primarily as a survival word. It is essential for managing communication breakdowns. When you do not understand a native speaker because they are talking too fast or using unfamiliar vocabulary, your best defense is to ask them to repeat themselves. Phrases like 'Kunt u dat herhalen?' (Can you repeat that?) are taught in the very first weeks of Dutch classes. At this stage, learners do not need to worry about complex conjugations or past participles; they simply need to memorize the infinitive form to use in polite requests with modal verbs like 'kunt u' or 'kun je'. It empowers beginners to take control of a conversation and ensures they can actively participate even with limited vocabulary.
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As learners progress to the A2 level, they start using 'herhalen' in slightly more complex sentences and begin to talk about their daily routines and learning habits. At this stage, the concept of studying and revising becomes relevant. A student might say 'Ik moet de woorden herhalen' (I have to repeat/review the words). They learn the basic present tense conjugation: ik herhaal, jij herhaalt, hij herhaalt, wij herhalen. They also start to recognize the verb in instructions given by teachers or in simple written texts, such as exercises that say 'Herhaal deze zinnen' (Repeat these sentences). The focus remains on practical, everyday usage, but with a growing awareness of how the verb functions grammatically within a simple main clause.
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At the B1 level, the grammar surrounding 'herhalen' becomes significantly more important, and this is where many learners face challenges. This is the stage where the past tense and present perfect tense are heavily practiced. Learners must understand that 'herhalen' is an inseparable verb because of the 'her-' prefix. Therefore, the past participle is 'herhaald' (without the 'ge-' prefix). A B1 learner should be able to confidently construct sentences like 'Ik heb de vraag drie keer herhaald' (I repeated the question three times) or 'De leraar herhaalde de instructies' (The teacher repeated the instructions). They also begin to understand the difference between 'herhalen' (to repeat/revise) and synonyms like 'opnieuw doen' (to do over) or 'repeteren' (to rehearse).
By the B2 level, students are expected to use 'herhalen' fluently in a wide variety of contexts, including professional and abstract discussions. They can use the reflexive form 'zich herhalen' to discuss recurring trends, historical events, or patterns in behavior. For example, 'De geschiedenis lijkt zich te herhalen' (History seems to repeat itself). They are comfortable using the word in subordinate clauses, correctly placing the verb at the end of the sentence: 'Hij was gefrustreerd omdat hij zijn argumenten moest blijven herhalen' (He was frustrated because he had to keep repeating his arguments). At this level, the vocabulary expands to include related nouns like 'de herhaling' (the repetition/rerun) and adjectives like 'herhaaldelijk' (repeatedly), allowing for much richer and more nuanced expression.
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At the C1 advanced level, 'herhalen' is used with complete grammatical accuracy and native-like intuition. Learners can effortlessly integrate it into complex, multi-clause sentences and rhetorical structures. They understand the subtle stylistic choices between using 'herhalen' versus more specific or idiomatic expressions. In academic or formal writing, a C1 user might write, 'Om de validiteit van het onderzoek te waarborgen, werd het experiment onder strikte voorwaarden herhaald' (To ensure the validity of the research, the experiment was repeated under strict conditions). They can play with language, using the concept of repetition in debates to emphasize points, and they fully grasp the cultural and contextual implications of the word in Dutch media, literature, and professional discourse.
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At the C2 mastery level, the use of 'herhalen' is indistinguishable from a highly educated native speaker. The user not only commands the verb flawlessly but also understands its etymological roots and its role in complex idiomatic expressions. They can utilize it in literary analysis, philosophical discussions about cyclicality, or advanced technical documentation. A C2 speaker might critique a political speech by saying, 'De spreker verviel in eindeloze herhalingen zonder nieuwe argumenten aan te dragen' (The speaker fell into endless repetitions without bringing forward new arguments). They intuitively manipulate the prefix 'her-' to create or understand neologisms, recognizing its power as a morphological building block in the Dutch language, demonstrating profound linguistic and cultural fluency.
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例文
The Dutch verb 'herhalen' is an incredibly versatile and fundamental word that translates directly to 'to repeat' or 'to revise' in English. Understanding how to use this word is absolutely essential for anyone learning Dutch, as it appears in a wide variety of contexts, ranging from simple daily conversations to formal academic and professional environments. When we look at the core meaning of 'herhalen', it involves performing an action again or saying something a second time to ensure clarity, understanding, or retention. For instance, if you are in a loud environment and cannot hear what someone is saying, you would ask them to repeat their sentence using this verb.

Kunt u dat alstublieft herhalen?

This is perhaps the most common situation where beginners will encounter the word. However, its usage extends far beyond just asking for repetition in speech. In the context of education and learning, 'herhalen' takes on the meaning of 'to revise' or 'to review'. When students are preparing for an examination, they must review their study materials. In Dutch, they would say they are going to 'de stof herhalen'.
Educational Context
Using the word to describe the process of studying previously learned material for an exam.

De studenten moeten de hele week de grammatica herhalen.

Another common usage is found in the media and broadcasting industries. Television programs or radio shows that are broadcasted again are referred to as repetitions or reruns, and the verb form is used to describe the act of broadcasting them again.

De zender zal de documentaire vanavond herhalen.

Furthermore, in the context of history or recurring events, the reflexive form 'zich herhalen' is utilized to express that something is happening again, much like the English phrase 'history repeats itself'.
Reflexive Usage
When an event or situation occurs again without direct human intervention, often used in philosophical or historical observations.

Men zegt vaak dat de geschiedenis zich zal herhalen.

It is also important to note the psychological and cognitive aspects of this word. When therapists or psychologists speak about repeating behaviors or patterns, they use this exact verb. The versatility of the word ensures that once you master its conjugation and placement within a sentence, you will find yourself using it almost daily. Whether you are asking a colleague to repeat a set of instructions, telling a child not to repeat a bad word, or discussing the cyclical nature of the economy, this verb is your go-to tool.
Prefix Meaning
The prefix 'her-' is a powerful morphological tool in Dutch that transforms base verbs into repetitive actions.

Ik wil niet dat we deze fout in de toekomst herhalen.

By mastering this word, you unlock a critical pathway to fluent and effective communication in the Dutch language, allowing you to navigate misunderstandings, express study habits, and discuss recurring phenomena with ease and confidence.
Using the verb 'herhalen' correctly in sentences requires a solid understanding of Dutch sentence structure, particularly regarding verb placement and conjugation. Because it is a regular verb in the present tense, the conjugation follows the standard rules: 'ik herhaal', 'jij herhaalt', 'hij/zij/het herhaalt', and 'wij/jullie/zij herhalen'.

Ik herhaal de woorden elke dag om ze te onthouden.

One of the most crucial grammatical points to understand about this verb is that it is an inseparable verb. In Dutch, verbs with prefixes can be separable (where the prefix detaches and moves to the end of the sentence) or inseparable (where the prefix stays attached to the verb at all times). The prefix 'her-' is inseparable. This means that you never split the word in a main clause.
Inseparable Prefix
The prefix 'her-' never separates from the root verb 'halen', regardless of the sentence structure or tense.

De leraar herhaalt de belangrijke instructies voor de test.

This inseparability has a massive impact on the perfect tense. Normally, when forming the past participle of a regular verb in Dutch, you add the prefix 'ge-' to the stem. However, because 'herhalen' already has an unstressed, inseparable prefix ('her-'), it does not take the 'ge-' prefix in the past participle. The past participle is simply 'herhaald'.

Ik heb de vraag drie keer herhaald, maar hij luisterde niet.

When using modal verbs like 'kunnen' (can), 'moeten' (must), or 'willen' (want), 'herhalen' moves to the very end of the sentence in its infinitive form. This is standard Dutch syntax, known as the verb at the end rule for infinitives.
Modal Sentences
When combined with a modal verb, the main verb is placed at the end of the clause in its full infinitive form.

Zou u die laatste zin nog een keer kunnen herhalen?

In subordinate clauses (sentences starting with conjunctions like 'omdat', 'dat', 'als'), all verbs move to the end of the clause. Because 'herhalen' is inseparable, it remains fully intact at the end of the sentence.
Subordinate Clauses
In dependent clauses, the conjugated verb moves to the end of the sentence, joining any other verbs.

Hij was boos omdat ik mijn fout bleef herhalen.

Understanding these structural rules is vital. Additionally, you can use the imperative form to give a command. The imperative in Dutch is usually just the stem of the verb. Therefore, to tell someone to repeat something, you simply say 'Herhaal dat!'. By practicing these sentence structures, you will naturally integrate this essential verb into your daily Dutch communication.
You will encounter the verb 'herhalen' in an incredibly diverse array of settings throughout the Netherlands and Flanders, making it a high-frequency word that is crucial for everyday comprehension. One of the most immediate places a language learner will hear this word is, unsurprisingly, in the language classroom itself. Teachers frequently use this verb to instruct students to repeat words for pronunciation practice or to review grammar rules before an examination.

Laten we de woordenschat van gisteren nog even herhalen.

Beyond the classroom, everyday conversations are filled with requests for repetition. Whether you are in a noisy café in Amsterdam, on a windy train platform, or speaking on a poor phone connection, asking someone to repeat themselves is a standard social interaction.
Daily Conversations
Used constantly to clarify misunderstandings or ask for information to be stated again.

Sorry, de verbinding is slecht, kun je dat herhalen?

In the corporate world, this word is equally prevalent. During business meetings, a manager might summarize key points by repeating them, or a colleague might ask to review the steps of a project.
Business and Meetings
Utilized to emphasize important strategic points or to ensure all team members are aligned on a topic.

Ik zal de belangrijkste doelstellingen voor dit kwartaal even herhalen.

Another fascinating domain where this word appears frequently is in technology and automated systems. If you are interacting with a Dutch customer service bot or an automated phone menu, you will often hear prompts offering to repeat the options if you did not catch them the first time.

Druk op het hekje om het keuzemenu te herhalen.

Furthermore, in the realm of entertainment, television presenters and radio hosts use the word when discussing reruns of popular shows or when recapping the news headlines at the end of a broadcast.
Media and Broadcasting
Used to indicate that a program, news segment, or song is being played or shown for a second time.

We zullen de hoogtepunten van de wedstrijd vanavond laat nog eens herhalen.

You will also find it in medical or therapeutic contexts, where a doctor might ask you to repeat a specific movement during a physical examination, or a psychologist might note that a patient is repeating destructive behavioral patterns. The sheer variety of these contexts proves that 'herhalen' is not just a vocabulary word to memorize, but a functional tool that you will actively use to navigate society in the Netherlands and Belgium.
When English speakers learn the Dutch verb 'herhalen', they tend to fall into a few predictable traps, primarily related to verb conjugation, prefix rules, and subtle nuances in meaning. The absolute most common mistake, which immediately marks a speaker as a beginner, involves the formation of the past participle. In Dutch, regular past participles are typically formed by adding the prefix 'ge-' to the verb stem, followed by a 't' or a 'd'. Because 'herhalen' is a regular verb in terms of its ending, learners logically but incorrectly assume the past participle should be 'geherhaald'.

Fout: Ik heb de zin geherhaald. Goed: Ik heb de zin herhaald.

The 'ge-' Prefix Error
Verbs that start with unstressed inseparable prefixes like be-, er-, ge-, her-, ont-, and ver- NEVER take an additional 'ge-' in the perfect tense.
This rule is strict and has no exceptions, so committing it to memory will save you from making this frequent error. Another significant mistake involves treating 'herhalen' as a separable verb. Because Dutch has many separable verbs (like 'schoonmaken' becoming 'ik maak schoon'), learners sometimes try to separate the 'her-' from the 'halen'. They might incorrectly say 'Ik haal de les her'. This is completely grammatically incorrect.

Fout: Ik haal het her. Goed: Ik herhaal het.

Inseparability
The stress in 'herhalen' falls on the second syllable (her-HA-len). Verbs with unstressed prefixes are always inseparable.
A third common mistake is semantic rather than grammatical. English speakers sometimes confuse 'herhalen' with 'repeteren'. While both mean 'to repeat', 'repeteren' is almost exclusively used in the context of rehearsing for a performance, such as a play, a musical concert, or a choir practice. If you say you are going to 'repeteren' your vocabulary words, a Dutch person might imagine you standing on a stage dramatically reciting your flashcards.

We moeten de wiskundeformules herhalen voor de toets.

Contextual Confusion
Ensure you are using the right word for the right type of repetition to avoid sounding unnatural or confusing your listener.
Finally, learners sometimes forget that when making a polite request, using just the imperative 'Herhaal dat' sounds very blunt and almost aggressive, like a police officer giving a command. To soften it, you must add modal particles or polite phrasing.

Zou je dat nog een keertje willen herhalen?

By being mindful of the past participle formation, the inseparable nature of the prefix, the distinction from rehearsal verbs, and the tone of your requests, you can use 'herhalen' flawlessly like a native speaker.
Expanding your vocabulary means not just learning one word, but understanding its synonyms and knowing when to use alternative phrasing to sound more natural and precise. While 'herhalen' is the standard and most widely understood word for 'to repeat', there are several other Dutch verbs and expressions that convey similar meanings but are used in slightly different contexts. Understanding these nuances will elevate your Dutch from a basic level to an advanced, conversational fluency. One very common alternative is the phrase 'opnieuw doen', which literally translates to 'to do anew' or 'to do again'.
Opnieuw doen
This phrase is used when an action was done incorrectly the first time and needs to be completely redone from scratch.

Deze berekening is fout, je moet het opnieuw doen.

While 'herhalen' implies stating the same thing again or reviewing, 'opnieuw doen' implies a fresh start. Another closely related word is 'overdoen'. This is very similar to 'opnieuw doen' but is often used in the context of school years or specific tasks. If a student fails a year in a Dutch school, they have to 'een jaar overdoen' (repeat a year).
Overdoen
Often used for repeating a class, a grade, or a specific physical task that failed the first time around.

Omdat hij onvoldoendes had, moest hij de klas overdoen.

Then there is the word 'repeteren', which as mentioned previously, is a false friend in some contexts. It does mean 'to repeat', but it is strictly reserved for the arts and performances. An orchestra will 'repeteren' before a concert, and actors will 'repeteren' their lines before opening night.

De band gaat vanavond in de studio repeteren.

Repeteren
The act of practicing a performance, such as music, theater, or dance, multiple times to achieve perfection.
If you want to say 'to echo' or 'to parrot' someone in a negative or mocking way, you might use the verb 'napraten'. This literally means 'to talk after' and implies mindlessly repeating what someone else has just said without adding original thought.

Je moet me niet de hele tijd napraten!

Kun je dat nog een keer zeggen? Ik hoorde het niet.

By learning these alternatives, you can choose the exact right word for the situation, whether you are asking for clarification, demanding a do-over, watching a rehearsal, or telling someone to stop mimicking you. This rich tapestry of vocabulary is what makes learning Dutch so rewarding.
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レベル別の例文

1

Kunt u dat herhalen?

Can you repeat that?

Used in the infinitive form with the formal modal verb 'kunt u'.

2

Herhaal het woord.

Repeat the word.

Imperative form, using the stem of the verb.

3

Ik herhaal het.

I repeat it.

First-person singular present tense.

4

Kun je dat herhalen?

Can you repeat that? (informal)

Infinitive with the informal modal verb 'kun je'.

5

Wij herhalen de les.

We are repeating the lesson.

First-person plural present tense.

6

Herhaal de zin, alsjeblieft.

Repeat the sentence, please.

Imperative softened with 'alsjeblieft'.

7

Hij herhaalt de naam.

He repeats the name.

Third-person singular present tense, adding a 't' to the stem.

8

Zij herhalen alles.

They repeat everything.

Third-person plural present tense.

1

Ik moet de nieuwe woorden herhalen.

I have to repeat the new words.

Infinitive placed at the end of the sentence due to the modal verb 'moet'.

2

De leraar herhaalt de vraag voor de klas.

The teacher repeats the question for the class.

Third-person singular present tense in a slightly longer sentence.

3

Wil je dat nog een keer herhalen?

Do you want to repeat that one more time?

Infinitive with 'wil' and the common phrase 'nog een keer'.

4

We gaan de grammatica vandaag herhalen.

We are going to repeat the grammar today.

Future construction using 'gaan' + infinitive at the end.

5

Waarom herhaal je dat steeds?

Why do you keep repeating that?

Inversion in a question: verb before subject.

6

Je moet de oefening thuis herhalen.

You must repeat the exercise at home.

Modal verb 'moet' pushing 'herhalen' to the end.

7

Ik herhaal de zinnen in mijn hoofd.

I repeat the sentences in my head.

Present tense with a prepositional phrase.

8

Zij herhaalt het antwoord luid.

She repeats the answer loudly.

Third-person singular with an adverb.

1

Ik heb de instructies gisteren al herhaald.

I already repeated the instructions yesterday.

Present perfect tense. Note the past participle 'herhaald' without 'ge-'.

2

De geschiedenis herhaalt zich vaak.

History often repeats itself.

Reflexive use: 'zich herhalen'.

3

Omdat ik het niet begreep, heeft hij het herhaald.

Because I didn't understand it, he repeated it.

Subordinate clause followed by inversion in the main clause.

4

We herhaalden de stof voor het examen.

We reviewed the material for the exam.

Simple past tense, plural: 'herhaalden'.

5

Het is belangrijk om de woordenschat te herhalen.

It is important to review the vocabulary.

Use of 'om ... te' construction with the infinitive.

6

Zij bleef haar standpunt maar herhalen.

She just kept repeating her point of view.

Use of 'blijven' + infinitive to indicate continuous action.

7

Ik wil niet dat we deze fout herhalen.

I don't want us to repeat this mistake.

Subordinate clause starting with 'dat', verb at the end.

8

Heb je de presentatie thuis herhaald?

Did you practice/repeat the presentation at home?

Question in the present perfect tense.

1

De politicus herhaalde herhaaldelijk dezelfde lege beloftes.

The politician repeatedly repeated the same empty promises.

Use of the verb alongside its related adverb 'herhaaldelijk'.

2

Als we dit proces niet herhalen, is het resultaat onbetrouwbaar.

If we do not repeat this process, the result is unreliable.

Conditional 'als' clause, verb at the end, followed by inversion.

3

Het heeft geen zin om steeds dezelfde argumenten te herhalen.

There is no point in constantly repeating the same arguments.

Complex sentence with 'om ... te' and abstract nouns.

4

Na het incident werd de veiligheidsprocedure nogmaals herhaald.

After the incident, the safety procedure was repeated once more.

Passive voice in the simple past tense ('werd ... herhaald').

5

Zij ergert zich eraan dat hij zichzelf voortdurend herhaalt.

It annoys her that he constantly repeats himself.

Reflexive verb 'zich herhalen' in a subordinate clause.

6

Door de lesstof regelmatig te herhalen, sla je het beter op.

By repeating the course material regularly, you store it better.

Use of 'door ... te' to indicate a method or means.

7

De omroep heeft besloten de succesvolle serie te herhalen.

The broadcaster has decided to rerun the successful series.

Medi

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