B2 Verb Forms 6 min read むずかしい

Subjunctive in Complex Sentences

The Romanian subjunctive uses the particle to express wishes, necessities, and possibilities in complex sentences.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

The Subjunctive uses the particle `să` to express subjectivity, desire, or necessity in dependent clauses, replacing the English 'to-infinitive' or 'that' clauses.

  • Use `să` + verb for desires: `Vreau să plec` (I want to leave).
  • Change only the 3rd person (sg/pl) endings compared to the present indicative.
  • Negative form: place `nu` between `să` and the verb: `să nu pleci`.
Subject + Verb (Main) + să + Verb (Subjunctive) 💫

Overview

Welcome to the heart of Romanian expression! If you want to move beyond stating boring facts, you need the subjunctive mood. In Romanian, we call it conjunctiv.
Think of it as the mood of maybe, hopefully, or
I need you to.
While the indicative mood deals with reality and facts, the subjunctive lives in the world of desires, possibilities, and emotions. It is the secret sauce that makes your Romanian sound natural and fluid. In English, you often use the infinitive (e.g.,
I want to eat
).
In Romanian, we prefer the subjunctive (e.g.,
Vreau să mănânc
). It is like a grammar bridge connecting your intentions to your actions. Without it, you are stuck in a world of simple, robotic sentences.
Mastering this will allow you to order food like a pro, handle job interviews with grace, and express your deepest feelings.

How This Grammar Works

The subjunctive is almost always introduced by the tiny but mighty particle . This word acts like a green light for the verb that follows. In a complex sentence, you usually have a main verb (the trigger) and a secondary verb (the subjunctive).
For example, in Vreau să plec (I want to leave), Vreau is the trigger, and să plec is the subjunctive action. Most of the time, the subjunctive looks exactly like the present tense you already know. However, there is a little twist in the third person (he, she, they).
That is where the real action happens. Think of as the glue that holds your complex thoughts together. It replaces the English to in most constructions.
If you can master that one little particle, you have already won half the battle.

Formation Pattern

1
Creating the subjunctive is actually quite logical once you see the pattern. Follow these steps to get it right every time:
2
Start with the present indicative form of the verb.
3
Add the particle before the verb.
4
For most persons (eu, tu, noi, voi), keep the verb exactly as it is in the present tense.
5
Focus on the 3rd person singular (el/ea) and plural (ei/ele). This is where the endings swap.
6
If a verb ends in in the present indicative, it usually changes to -e in the subjunctive (e.g., el cântă becomes să cânte).
7
If a verb ends in -e or (from Group 4) in the present indicative, it often changes to in the subjunctive (e.g., el vede becomes să vadă).
8
Remember the irregulars! The verb a fi (to be) becomes să fii (you), să fie (he/she), and să fim (we).

When To Use It

You will use the subjunctive in almost every conversation you have. It is essential for:
  • Expressing wishes and desires: Vreau să mergem la munte (I want us to go to the mountains).
  • Necessity and obligation: Trebuie să înveți mai mult (You must study more). Even the coffee machine needs to work!
  • Emotions and feelings: Mă bucur să te văd (I am glad to see you).
  • Purpose: Am venit ca să te ajut (I came in order to help you).
  • Asking for directions or advice: Ce să fac? (What should I do?).
  • Job interviews: Aș dori să lucrez în această echipă (I would like to work in this team).
  • Ordering food: Aș vrea să comand o pizza (I would like to order a pizza).

When Not To Use It

Don't get too -happy! There are moments when the subjunctive is a no-go. You should avoid it when you are stating a certain fact or a conviction.
For these, use (that) with the indicative. For example, Cred că plouă (I think it is raining). Here, you are expressing a belief about a current reality.
Also, don't use it after verbs of perception like a vedea (to see) or a auzi (to hear) when describing a physical action in progress. You wouldn't say
I hear that he should sing
if he is currently singing; you'd say Îl aud cântând or Îl aud că cântă. Think of it like a grammar traffic light: is for maybe/please/must, while is for "this is what's happening."

Common Mistakes

Yes, even native speakers mess this up sometimes, so don't be too hard on yourself! The most common trip-up is the 3rd person singular. Learners often say Vrea să cântă instead of the correct Vrea să cânte. Remember the vowel swap rule. Another classic mistake is forgetting the entirely. In English, you can say I want bread, but if you want to use a verb, you need that bridge. Vreau mănânc sounds like you're glitching; it must be Vreau să mănânc. Also, watch out for the verb a fi. Saying Vreau să ești fericit is a big no-no. It must be Vreau să fii fericit. It is like trying to put diesel in a petrol car—the sentence just won't run!

Contrast With Similar Patterns

In many Romance languages, the subjunctive is a nightmare of new endings. In Romanian, it is much friendlier because it shares so much with the present tense. The biggest contrast is between and the infinitive (a).
While other languages love the infinitive, Romanian has slowly abandoned it over centuries. Instead of saying A merge e bine (To go is good), we usually say E bine să mergi. Another contrast is vs.
ca să. Use for simple desires and ca să when you want to emphasize the purpose or in order to. For example, Mă antrenez ca să câștig (I train so that I may win). It adds that extra bit of intent to your sentence.

Quick FAQ

Q

Is the subjunctive always about the future?

Not necessarily, but it usually points toward an action that hasn't happened yet or is ongoing.

Q

Can I use at the start of a sentence?

Yes! Use it to make a suggestion: Să mergem? (Shall we go?).

Q

Why does the 3rd person change so much?

It is a historical quirk of the language, but it helps distinguish between a fact and a wish.

Q

Is să aibă or să aibe correct?

The standard, grammatically correct form is să aibă, though you'll hear să aibe in casual speech.

Q

Does the subjunctive have a past tense?

Yes, but it's much simpler! It's just să fi + the past participle (e.g., să fi mers).

Meanings

The subjunctive mood (conjunctivul) is used in Romanian to express actions that are not yet facts, but rather desires, possibilities, obligations, or purposes. It is the primary way to link two verbs when the second verb depends on the first's subjective intent.

1

Desire and Volition

Used after verbs like 'a vrea' (to want), 'a dori' (to wish), or 'a prefera' (to prefer).

“Vreau să mergem la munte.”

“Doresc să vorbesc cu managerul.”

2

Necessity and Obligation

Used after impersonal expressions like 'trebuie' (must/it is necessary) or 'e nevoie' (it is needed).

“Trebuie să plecăm acum.”

“E nevoie să semnezi aici.”

3

Purpose and Intent

Introduced by 'ca să' or just 'să' to explain why an action is performed.

“Învăț ca să reușesc.”

“Merg la magazin să cumpăr pâine.”

4

Uncertainty and Possibility

Used after expressions of doubt or possibility like 'e posibil' (it's possible) or 'mă îndoiesc' (I doubt).

“E posibil să plouă diseară.”

“Mă îndoiesc să vină la timp.”

5

Indefinite Antecedents

Used in relative clauses when describing someone or something that might not exist or is not yet identified.

“Caut un coleg care să știe chineză.”

“Vreau o casă care să aibă grădină.”

Present Subjunctive Endings (Comparison with Indicative)

Person Group 1 (-a) Group 2 (-ea) Group 3 (-e) Group 4 (-i/-î)
Eu să cânt să văd să merg să dorm
Tu să cânți să vezi să mergi să dormi
El/Ea să cânte (diff) să vadă (diff) să meargă (diff) să doarmă (diff)
Noi să cântăm să vedem să mergem să dormim
Voi să cântați să vedeți să mergeți să dormiți
Ei/Ele să cânte (diff) să vadă (diff) să meargă (diff) să doarmă (diff)

Common Contractions and Phonetic Mergers

Full Form Contracted Form Usage Context
să o (văd) s-o (văd) Informal/Spoken
să îl (văd) să-l (văd) Standard/Spoken
să îi (spun) să-i (spun) Standard/Spoken
să le (spun) să le (no change) Standard
să se (ducă) să se (no change) Standard

Reference Table

Reference table for Subjunctive in Complex Sentences
Verb Group 3rd Person Indicative 3rd Person Subjunctive Example Sentence
Group 1 (-a) el cântă el să cânte Vreau să cânte un cântec.
Group 2 (-ea) el vede el să vadă Trebuie să vadă filmul.
Group 3 (-e) el merge el să meargă E bine să meargă pe jos.
Group 4 (-i) el doarme el să doarmă Îl las să doarmă puțin.
Group 4 (-î) el coboară el să coboare Îl rog să coboare acum.
Irregular (a fi) el este el să fie Sper să fie fericit.

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
Doresc să îmi comunicați adevărul.

Doresc să îmi comunicați adevărul. (Asking for information)

ニュートラル
Vreau să-mi spui adevărul.

Vreau să-mi spui adevărul. (Asking for information)

カジュアル
Zi-mi și mie pe bune ce s-a întâmplat.

Zi-mi și mie pe bune ce s-a întâmplat. (Asking for information)

スラング
Bagă adevărul, nu mă aburi.

Bagă adevărul, nu mă aburi. (Asking for information)

Triggers for the Romanian Subjunctive

Subjunctive (Să)

Desire

  • a vrea to want
  • a dori to wish

Necessity

  • a trebui must/to have to
  • e necesar it is necessary

Emotion

  • a se bucura to be glad
  • a se teme to fear

Indicative vs. Subjunctive (3rd Person)

Indicative (Facts)
El cântă He sings
Ea vede She sees
Subjunctive (Wishes)
Să cânte That he may sing
Să vadă That she may see

Choosing Between Că and Să

1

Is the action a definite fact?

YES ↓
NO
Use 'să' (Subjunctive)
2

Are you expressing a belief/reality?

YES ↓
NO
Use 'să' (Subjunctive)
3

Use 'că' (Indicative)

Common Subjunctive Scenarios

🍽️

Restaurant

  • Vreau să comand
  • Puteți să aduceți
💼

Job Interview

  • Aș dori să știu
  • Pot să ajut
🏠

Daily Life

  • Trebuie să merg
  • Să luăm taxiul

Examples by Level

1

Vreau să beau o cafea.

I want to drink a coffee.

2

Trebuie să plec acasă.

I must go home.

3

Îmi place să citesc.

I like to read.

4

Poți să mă ajuți?

Can you help me?

1

Vreau ca el să vină cu noi.

I want him to come with us.

2

E important să dormi mult.

It is important to sleep a lot.

3

Te rog să nu uiți cheile.

Please don't forget the keys.

4

Mergem la piață să luăm mere.

We are going to the market to get apples.

1

Mă bucur să te văd din nou.

I am glad to see you again.

2

Am venit ca să discutăm despre proiect.

I came so that we could discuss the project.

3

Se poate să fi făcut o greșeală.

It's possible I made a mistake.

4

Mi-e teamă să nu pierdem trenul.

I'm afraid we might miss the train.

1

Căutăm un asistent care să vorbească germana.

We are looking for an assistant who speaks German.

2

Nu cred să fie gata până mâine.

I don't think it will be ready by tomorrow.

3

Indiferent ce să se întâmple, rămânem aici.

No matter what happens, we stay here.

4

Ar fi bine să fi studiat mai mult.

It would be good to have studied more.

1

Să fi fost eu în locul tău, aș fi refuzat.

Had I been in your place, I would have refused.

2

Nu există problemă care să nu aibă o soluție.

There is no problem that doesn't have a solution.

3

Să tot fi avut vreo douăzeci de ani pe atunci.

He must have been about twenty years old back then.

4

Cererea ca el să fie eliberat a fost respinsă.

The request that he be released was rejected.

1

Să-l fi văzut cum fugea, te-ai fi prăpădit de râs.

If you had seen him running, you would have died laughing.

2

Fie să fie pace în lume!

May there be peace in the world!

3

Nu că n-ar vrea, dar nu poate.

It's not that he wouldn't want to, but he can't.

4

Să fi vrut și n-ar fi putut face mai mult.

Even if he had wanted to, he couldn't have done more.

Easily Confused

Subjunctive in Complex Sentences Subjunctive vs. Future (o să)

Both use 'să', but 'o să' is a fixed marker for the future tense in spoken Romanian.

Subjunctive in Complex Sentences Subjunctive vs. Infinitive

English and other Romance languages use the infinitive where Romanian uses 'să'.

Subjunctive in Complex Sentences Subjunctive vs. Indicative with 'că'

Learners use 'că' (that) for everything.

よくある間違い

Vreau a merge.

Vreau să merg.

English uses the infinitive 'to go', but Romanian requires the subjunctive.

Eu să mănâncă.

Eu să mănânc.

The 1st person singular usually matches the indicative.

Să merg vreau.

Vreau să merg.

Word order: the main verb usually comes first.

Vreau să nu.

Vreau să nu merg.

You cannot leave 'să nu' hanging without a verb.

El să cântă.

El să cânte.

Vowel shift: -ă becomes -e in the 3rd person for -a verbs.

Să mă spăl vreau.

Vreau să mă spăl.

Reflexive pronouns stay with the subjunctive verb.

Trebuie că merg.

Trebuie să merg.

'Trebuie' almost always triggers the subjunctive, not 'că'.

Merg la magazin ca să cumpărând.

Merg la magazin ca să cumpăr.

Don't use the gerund after 'ca să'.

Să fi știu.

Să fi știut.

The past subjunctive requires the past participle.

Să nu îl văd.

Să nu-l văd.

While not 'wrong', the lack of contraction sounds unnatural.

Caut un om care știe.

Caut un om care să știe.

In B2/C1, an indefinite antecedent requires the subjunctive.

Să fie el bogat, nu-mi pasă.

Să fie el cât de bogat, nu-mi pasă.

Concessive subjunctive needs 'cât de' for this meaning.

Sentence Patterns

Vreau să ___.

E important să ___.

Am venit ca să ___.

Caut un apartament care să ___.

Real World Usage

Food Delivery Apps very common

Vă rog să lăsați pachetul la ușă.

Texting Friends constant

Vrei să mergem la film?

Job Interviews common

Îmi doresc să evoluez în această companie.

Doctor's Visit common

Trebuie să luați aceste pastile de două ori pe zi.

Social Media very common

Să fii fericită de ziua ta!

Official Documents occasional

Se solicită ca solicitantul să depună actele.

💡

The 3rd Person Trick

If you are stuck on the 3rd person, remember: it's usually just a vowel flip. '-a' becomes '-e', and '-e' becomes '-ă'. It's like the verb is dressing up for a party!
⚠️

Don't Forget the 'Să'

English speakers often drop the 'to' in informal speech, but in Romanian, dropping 'să' makes the sentence collapse. Always keep your particle bridge strong.
🎯

The Impersonal 'Trebuie'

The verb 'trebuie' never changes for people. It is always 'trebuie', even if you are talking about 'we' or 'they'. Only the following subjunctive verb changes: 'Trebuie să mergem'.
💬

Softening Requests

Romanians use the subjunctive to sound more polite. Instead of saying 'Dă-mi sarea' (Give me the salt), use 'Poți să-mi dai sarea?' (Can you give me the salt?).

Smart Tips

Stop! Don't use 'a'. Use 'să' and conjugate the second verb.

Vreau a dormi. Vreau să dorm.

Keep 'trebuie' the same and only change the verb after 'să'.

Trebuim să plecăm. Trebuie să plecăm.

Use the subjunctive to show you haven't found them yet.

Caut un om care vorbește engleza. Caut un om care să vorbească engleza.

Turn your command into a 'să' question.

Dă-mi sarea! Poți să-mi dai sarea?

発音

/sə/

The 'să' particle

The 'ă' is a mid-central vowel, like the 'a' in 'about'. It is never stressed.

/ˈkɨn.te/

Vowel shifts

In 'să cânte', the final 'e' is short and clear, not a diphthong.

Subjunctive Wish

Să ai noroc! ↗

Rising intonation at the end conveys a sincere wish.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Remember: 'Să' is the bridge to what's inside your head (thoughts, wishes, fears), not what's on the ground (facts).

Visual Association

Imagine a bridge labeled 'Să' connecting a person's heart (desires) to an action. Without the bridge, the action can't happen.

Rhyme

Dacă vrei și dacă poți, / Să-i ajuți mereu pe toți.

Story

A student named Dan wants to travel. He says 'Vreau să plec'. He realizes he 'Trebuie să învețe' first. He studies 'Ca să reușească'. Every step of his journey is a 'să' step.

Word Web

ca sătrebuievreauposibilîndoialădorință

チャレンジ

Write 5 sentences about your dream job using 'Vreau să...', 'Trebuie să...', and 'Caut o firmă care să...'.

文化メモ

Romanians use the subjunctive frequently to avoid sounding too bossy. Instead of 'Dă-mi apa' (Give me the water), they might say 'Poți să-mi dai apa?' (Can you give me the water?).

In some regions of Moldova, the subjunctive particle 'să' might be pronounced closer to 'sî' in rapid speech, though 'să' remains the standard.

In traditional blessings and curses, the subjunctive is the dominant mood, reflecting a belief in the power of spoken intent.

The Romanian subjunctive particle 'să' derives from the Latin 'si' (if), which shifted its function over centuries to mark the subjunctive mood, replacing many classical Latin synthetic endings.

Conversation Starters

Ce vrei să faci în weekendul acesta?

Ce ar trebui să se schimbe în orașul tău?

Dacă ai fi președinte, ce ai vrea să realizezi?

Caut un prieten care să mă însoțească în jurul lumii. Cum ar trebui să fie?

Journal Prompts

Descrie o zi ideală. Ce vrei să mănânci? Unde vrei să mergi?
Scrie despre planurile tale de carieră. Ce trebuie să înveți ca să reușești?
Imaginează-ți că angajezi pe cineva. Descrie candidatul ideal folosind propoziții subordonate.
Analizează o decizie din trecut. Ce ar fi trebuit să se întâmple ca rezultatul să fie diferit?

Test Yourself

Choose the correct subjunctive form for the 3rd person singular.

Vreau ca Maria ___ (a veni) la petrecerea mea.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: să vină
For Group 4 verbs like 'a veni', the 3rd person subjunctive ends in '-ă'.
Complete the sentence with the correct particle and verb form.

Este important ___ (noi / a fi) punctuali la interviu.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: să fim
Expressions of importance like 'este important' trigger the subjunctive mood.
Identify the correct negative subjunctive form.

Te rog ___ (a nu uita) să cumperi pâine.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: să nu uiți
To make the subjunctive negative, place 'nu' between 'să' and the verb.

Score: /3

練習問題

8 exercises
Choose the correct form of the verb 'a veni' for the 3rd person singular. 選択問題

Vreau ca el ___ la petrecere.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: să vină
For 'a veni', the 3rd person subjunctive is 'să vină'.
Fill in the blank with the correct subjunctive particle.

Trebuie ___ învățăm mai mult.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
'Trebuie' is followed by the subjunctive particle 'să'.
Correct the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Vreau a merge la magazin.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vreau să merg
Romanian uses the subjunctive 'să merg' instead of the infinitive 'a merge' after 'a vrea'.
Transform the indicative into subjunctive: 'El mănâncă' -> 'Vreau ca el...' Sentence Transformation

Vreau ca el ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: să mănânce
The 3rd person singular of 'a mânca' changes from 'mănâncă' to 'mănânce'.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Poți să mă ajuți? B: Sigur, ce vrei ___?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: să fac
The speaker is asking what they themselves should do (1st person).
Which of these triggers the subjunctive? Grammar Sorting

Select the subjunctive trigger:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: E posibil să...
'E posibil' expresses uncertainty, which triggers the subjunctive.
Choose the correct relative clause form. 選択問題

Caut o secretară care ___ engleza perfect.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: să știe
Because 'o secretară' is indefinite (any secretary), we use the subjunctive.
Complete the past subjunctive form.

Ar fi fost bine ___ știut adevărul.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: să fi
The past subjunctive is formed with 'să fi' + past participle.

Score: /8

よくある質問 (8)

In Romanian, the infinitive is almost never used after verbs of wanting. You must use the subjunctive `să merg`.

Yes, the particle `să` never changes, regardless of the person or number of the verb.

`Ca să` is specifically for purpose (in order to) and is slightly more formal or emphatic than just `să`.

No, `trebuie` is usually used impersonally. You say `Trebuie să mergem` (It is necessary that we go).

Use it for hypothetical past situations, often with 'ar fi fost bine să...' (it would have been good to...).

Usually, 'a crede' takes the indicative (`Cred că vine`). However, in the negative, it often takes the subjunctive (`Nu cred să vină`).

Use the structure `Vreau ca tu să...`. The word `ca` is often needed when the subjects are different.

Yes, the informal future is formed with `o` + subjunctive (e.g., `o să merg`).

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Subjuntivo (que + verb)

Romanian uses subjunctive after 'a vrea' (to want) even when the subject is the same, unlike Spanish.

French moderate

Subjonctif

French uses the infinitive when subjects are the same; Romanian uses the subjunctive.

German low

Konjunktiv I/II

German uses 'zu + infinitive' for most Romanian 'să' constructions.

Japanese none

Particles like ~tai or ~koto

Japanese uses agglutinative suffixes instead of a separate mood particle.

Arabic partial

Mansub (Subjunctive mood)

Arabic subjunctive is marked by vowel changes at the end of the verb (usually -u to -a).

Chinese none

Context / Modal verbs (yào, xiǎng)

Chinese relies on word order and context rather than grammatical mood.

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