A2 · 初中級 チャプター 8

Abilities and Needs: Can, Should, and Having

5 トータルルール
55 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the nuances of possibility, permission, and necessity in daily Chinese conversations.

  • Distinguish between learned skills and physical abilities.
  • Request permission and give polite advice to others.
  • Correctly negate possession without using the 'bù' trap.
From knowing 'what' to expressing 'how' and 'should'.

学べること

Ready to level up your Chinese and unlock new ways to express yourself? You've got the basics down, now it's time to add some serious power to your sentences! In this chapter, we're diving deep into the essential words that let you talk about *what you can do*, *what you should do*, and even *what you don't have*. You’ll finally master the tricky trio of 'can': We’ll show you exactly when to use 会 (huì) for learned talents like speaking Chinese or playing sports, 能 (néng) for when you have the physical ability or the chance to do something, and 可以 (kěyǐ) for asking permission or discussing general possibilities. Imagine confidently telling a friend,

I can speak a little Chinese!
(我会说一点儿汉语) or politely asking a waiter,
Can I have some water?
(可以给我一些水吗?). But it's not just about what's possible! We'll also teach you how to give friendly advice or suggest things with 应该 (yīnggāi) – perfect for when you want to recommend a local dish or tell someone they *should* rest. And to complete your communication toolkit, you'll learn the foolproof way to say you *don't have* something using 没有 (méiyǒu), so you’ll never get confused with 不有 again! By the end of this chapter, you won't just understand these words; you’ll be able to naturally weave them into conversations. You’ll be able to express your skills, ask for what you need, offer suggestions, and navigate everyday situations with much more confidence. Get ready to go from knowing a little Chinese to *doing* a lot with Chinese!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Correctly use méiyǒu (没有) to state you lack an item.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Express a learned skill like speaking a language using huì (会).
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Ask for permission to do something in a public space using kěyǐ (可以).

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to your next step in mastering Chinese grammar! As an A2 Chinese learner, you've built a solid foundation, and now it's time to add expressive power to your sentences. This chapter,
Abilities and Needs: Can, Should, and Having,
is designed to unlock new ways for you to communicate what you can do, what you should do, and what you possess (or don't!).
Understanding these core concepts is absolutely vital for moving beyond basic statements and engaging in more natural, nuanced conversations.
We’re diving into the fascinating world of Chinese modal verbs, focusing on the often-confused trio that all translate to 'can' in English: 会 (huì), 能 (néng), and 可以 (kěyǐ). You'll learn the distinct situations where each is used, from expressing learned skills like
I can speak Chinese
to stating a physical ability or asking for permission. Beyond 'can', we'll also equip you with 应该 (yīnggāi), the perfect tool for giving advice or making recommendations, and teach you the foolproof way to say "I don't have" using 没有 (méiyǒu), ensuring you never stumble with negative possession again.
By the end of this guide, you'll not only understand these essential grammar points but also be ready to confidently apply them in your everyday Chinese language learning journey.

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down the essential words that help you express abilities, possibilities, advice, and possession in Chinese grammar. Mastering these will significantly enhance your communication skills at the A2 Chinese level.
First, the Can trio:
  • 会 (huì): This means 'can' in the sense of a learned skill or ability. Think know how to. It also expresses a future possibility or likelihood.
* Example (skill): 我会说汉语。 (Wǒ huì shuō Hànyǔ.) (I can speak Chinese.)
* Example (possibility): 明天会下雨。 (Míngtiān huì xiàyǔ.) (It will rain tomorrow.)
  • 能 (néng): This 'can' refers to a physical ability, a capability, or an objective possibility determined by circumstances. It can also imply permission, though 可以 is more common.
* Example (physical ability): 我能搬这个箱子。 (Wǒ néng bān zhège xiāngzi.) (I can lift this box.)
* Example (circumstance): 你能来吗？ (Nǐ néng lái ma?) (Can you come? / Are you able to come?)
  • 可以 (kěyǐ): This 'can' is primarily used for asking or giving permission, or indicating general possibility. It translates well to may or "it's allowed."
* Example (permission): 我可以坐这里吗？ (Wǒ kěyǐ zuò zhèlǐ ma?) (Can I sit here?)
* Example (possibility): 这样做可以吗？ (Zhèyàng zuò kěyǐ ma?) (Is doing it this way okay?)
Next, for advice and recommendations:
  • 应该 (yīnggāi): Meaning 'should' or 'ought to,' 应该 is perfect for giving advice, expressing a recommendation, or stating an expectation.
* Example: 你应该多休息。 (Nǐ yīnggāi duō xiūxi.) (You should rest more.)
* Example: 我们应该去那家餐厅。 (Wǒmen yīnggāi qù nà jiā cāntīng.) (We should go to that restaurant.)
Finally, for negative possession:
  • 没有 (méiyǒu): This is the definitive way to say 'don't have' or 'didn't happen.' It's the only correct negation for the verb 有 (yǒu).
* Example: 我没有钱。 (Wǒ méiyǒu qián.) (I don't have money.)
* Example: 他没有来。 (Tā méiyǒu lái.) (He didn't come.)

Common Mistakes

Learning these crucial Chinese grammar points can be tricky, especially the 'can' verbs. Here are some common pitfalls to avoid:
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 我能说汉语。 (Wǒ néng shuō Hànyǔ.)
✓ Correct: 我会说汉语。 (Wǒ huì shuō Hànyǔ.)
*Explanation:* While 能 (néng) means 'can', it's for physical ability or objective possibility. When expressing a learned skill like speaking a language, 会 (huì) is the correct choice.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 我不有时间。 (Wǒ bù yǒu shíjiān.)
✓ Correct: 我没有时间。 (Wǒ méiyǒu shíjiān.)
*Explanation:* The verb 有 (yǒu) (to have) is *always* negated with 没 (méi), not 不 (bù). Remember this rule for all negative possession.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 我可以打篮球。 (Wǒ kěyǐ dǎ lánqiú.) - if meaning
    I know how to play basketball.
✓ Correct: 我会打篮球。 (Wǒ huì dǎ lánqiú.)
*Explanation:* 可以 (kěyǐ) is mainly for permission or general possibility. If you're talking about a learned sport or skill, 会 (huì) is the appropriate verb to use.

Real Conversations

Let's see these grammar points in action with some everyday dialogues.

A

A

你会做饭吗？ (Nǐ huì zuòfàn ma?) (Can you cook?)
B

B

我会做饭，但是今天很累，不能做。 (Wǒ huì zuòfàn, dànshì jīntiān hěn lèi, bù néng zuò.) (I can cook, but today I'm very tired, so I can't do it.)
A

A

我可以进来吗？ (Wǒ kěyǐ jìnlái ma?) (May I come in?)
B

B

当然可以。你看起来不舒服，你应该休息一下。 (Dāngrán kěyǐ. Nǐ kàn qǐlái bù shūfú, nǐ yīnggāi xiūxi yīxià.) (Of course, you may. You look unwell, you should rest a bit.)
A

A

你有我的书吗？ (Nǐ yǒu wǒ de shū ma?) (Do you have my book?)
B

B

对不起，我没有你的书。 (Duìbuqǐ, wǒ méiyǒu nǐ de shū.) (Sorry, I don't have your book.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between 会 (huì) and 能 (néng) in Chinese grammar?

会 refers to learned skills or future probabilities, while 能 indicates physical capability, objective possibility, or circumstances allowing something.

Q

Can I use 不有 (bù yǒu) to say "don't have" in A2 Chinese?

No, you should always use 没有 (méiyǒu) to express negative possession in Chinese. 不有 is grammatically incorrect.

Q

When should I use 可以 (kěyǐ) instead of 能 (néng) for permission?

可以 is generally preferred for asking or giving permission directly and is more polite. While 能 can sometimes imply permission, 可以 is clearer and more common in that context.

Q

Is 应该 (yīnggāi) always a strong command?

No, 应该 often translates to should or ought to and is primarily used for giving advice, suggestions, or expressing gentle expectations, rather than strong commands.

Cultural Context

In Chinese culture, politeness is highly valued, and this is reflected in how these words are used. For instance, when asking for permission, using 可以 (kěyǐ) is often preferred for its polite nuance. When giving advice with 应该 (yīnggāi), it's generally understood as a suggestion rather than a command, reflecting a less direct communication style.
The subtle distinctions between 会 (huì), 能 (néng), and 可以 (kěyǐ) also mirror a cultural emphasis on whether an ability is a learned skill, an inherent capacity, or something allowed by external factors. Mastering these helps you not just speak correctly, but also appropriately.

重要な例文 (2)

1

我会说一点儿中文。

中国語が少し話せます。

中国語助動詞：スキル・習得した能力 (会)
2

你会不会用这个软件？

このソフトの使い方はわかりますか？

中国語助動詞：スキル・習得した能力 (会)

ヒントとコツ (4)

⚠️

鉄のルール

絶対に bù yǒu と言わないでください。これは初心者が一番間違えやすいポイントですが、ネイティブにはとても不自然に聞こえます。 «没有» とセットで覚えましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 所有の否定：「持っていない」の言い方 (没有)
🎯

謙遜のルール

中国の文化では、たとえ得意なことでも「できます！」と言い切るより、 «我会一点儿» （少しできます）と言う方が謙虚で好印象ですよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語助動詞：スキル・習得した能力 (会)
💡

返事はシンプルでOK！

「 «你能来吗？» (来られる？)」と聞かれたら、文を全部繰り返さなくて大丈夫。うなずいて «能» (できる) か、首を振って «不能» (できない) と言うだけで、すごく自然に聞こえますよ！
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「できる」の表現（身体能力・状況）：能 (néng)
🎯

一言で返事をするなら

カジュアルな会話では、許可を求められたら笑顔で «可以» と答えるだけで完璧な「いいですよ」になります。フルセンテンスで答えるよりずっと自然です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'kěyǐ' (可以) を使った許可の求め方

重要な語彙 (6)

钱(qián) money 说(shuō) to speak/say 开车(kāichē) to drive a car 坐(zuò) to sit 休息(xiūxi) to rest 汉字(hànzì) Chinese characters

Real-World Preview

coffee

At the Coffee Shop

Review Summary

  • Subject + 没有 + Object
  • Subject + 会 + Verb
  • Subject + 能 + Verb
  • Subject + 可以 + Verb + 吗?
  • Subject + 应该 + Verb

よくある間違い

In Chinese, 'yǒu' (to have) is the only verb that must be negated with 'méi' instead of 'bù'.

Wrong: 我不有钱(wǒ bù yǒu qián)
正解: 我没有钱(wǒ méiyǒu qián)

Using 'huì' implies you learned how to go. 'Néng' is used for having the time or physical possibility to go.

Wrong: 我会去，因为我有时间(wǒ huì qù, yīnwèi wǒ yǒu shíjiān)
正解: 我能去，因为我有时间(wǒ néng qù, yīnwèi wǒ yǒu shíjiān)

The negation 'bù' should come before the entire modal verb 'yīnggāi', not inside it.

Wrong: 你应不该喝咖啡(nǐ yīng bù gāi hē kāfēi)
正解: 你不应该喝咖啡(nǐ bù yīnggāi hē kāfēi)

Next Steps

You've just unlocked a major level of expression! Being able to talk about your skills and give advice makes your Chinese much more practical and personal. Keep practicing those three different 'cans'!

List 3 skills you have using 会

Ask a partner for 3 permissions using 可以

Continue to: Describing Actions and Asking Why

クイック練習 (2)

空欄に正しい否定の言葉を入れてください。

{我___钱。|Wǒ ___ qián.}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {没有|méiyǒu}
動詞 有 を否定するときは必ず 没有 を使います。 不 は使えません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 所有の否定：「持っていない」の言い方 (没有)

文章の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

{我不有你的手机号码。|Wǒ bù yǒu nǐ de shǒujī hàomǎ.}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {我没有你的手机号码。|Wǒ méiyǒu nǐ de shǒujī hàomǎ.}
不有 という組み合わせは中国語にはありません。 没有 に直すのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 所有の否定：「持っていない」の言い方 (没有)

Score: /2

よくある質問 (6)

中国語の歴史の中で、動詞によって否定の言葉が決まっているんです。 «有» は特別に «没» とペアを組むルールなので、理屈抜きで覚えちゃいましょう！ «不有» は存在しません。
はい！例えば「ペン持ってる？」と聞かれて «没有» と答えれば「ううん、持ってないよ」という返事になります。
はい、あります！例えば «明天会下雨» （明日は雨が降るだろう）のように使われますが、スキルの文脈では「やり方を知っている」という意味になります。
«我会说» は勉強して話せるようになったことを意味します。 «我能说» は、例えば喉の痛みが治って物理的に話せる状態であることを指します。
いいえ、変わりません！中国語には活用がないので、 «我能» も «她能» も «他们能» も、 «能» はずっとそのままですよ。
動詞は変えずに、時間の言葉を足すだけです。例えば「昨日は行けなかった」なら «昨天我不能去» と言います。
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Describing Actions and Asking Why
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