A2 · 初中級 チャプター 7

Mastering the Basics: Tones, Dates, and Simple Questions

5 トータルルール
54 例文
7 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Fine-tune your pronunciation and master essential questions for daily life and scheduling.

  • Master tone sandhi to sound more like a native speaker.
  • Identify and use the correct date format (Year-Month-Day).
  • Differentiate between small and large quantity questions with ease.
Speak smoothly, plan perfectly, and ask smartly.

学べること

You've already got a good grasp of Chinese basics—now it's time to really cement that foundation! In this chapter, we'll dive into details that will make your spoken Chinese sound much more natural and engaging. First up, tones! You'll master how to properly pronounce two consecutive third tones (like how 'nǐ hǎo' actually sounds like 'ní hǎo'). Then, we'll look at the chameleon words 'bù' (不) and 'yī' (一), which change their tones for fluent speech. These rules ensure no misunderstandings and help you sound like a native speaker! Next, you'll learn to express dates in Chinese. Whether asking someone's birthday or confirming a meeting, you'll know exactly how to sequence the year, month, and day correctly. Finally, asking questions! You'll discover the key difference between 'jǐ' (几) for small, expected quantities and 'duōshao' (多少) for larger or unknown amounts. For example, when buying apples, you'll know which word to use. Plus, the lovely particle 'ne' (呢) will be your conversational shortcut for asking 'What about...?' and keeping the dialogue flowing. By the end, your pronunciation will be spot-on, and you'll ask practical questions about time and quantity, making your conversations much more natural. Ready?

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: correctly pronounce consecutive 3rd tones in phrases like 'hello' and 'very good'.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: apply tone changes for 'bù' and 'yī' depending on the following syllable's tone.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: state any calendar date using the correct descending order of Year, Month, and Day.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to: choose between 'jǐ' and 'duōshao' based on expected quantity and context.
  5. 5
    By the end you will be able to: use the particle 'ne' to bounce questions back to a conversation partner.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to a pivotal chapter in your journey to master Chinese grammar! As an A2 Chinese learner, you've already built a solid foundation, and now it's time to refine your spoken Chinese to sound more natural and confident. This guide focuses on crucial details that differentiate a good speaker from a great one.
We'll dive deep into Chinese tones, specifically how they interact in combinations, and explore the chameleon words bù (不) and yī (一) that magically change their tones. Mastering these nuances will dramatically improve your pronunciation and clarity.
Beyond tones, you'll learn the straightforward yet essential structure for expressing Chinese dates, making it easy to schedule meetings or talk about birthdays. We’ll also tackle practical questions about quantity, distinguishing between jǐ (几) for small, expected numbers and duōshao (多少) for larger or unknown amounts. Finally, we'll introduce the versatile particle ne (呢), your new best friend for keeping conversations flowing smoothly.
By the end of this chapter, you won't just understand these rules; you'll be able to apply them with ease, making your Chinese conversations much more authentic and engaging. Get ready to elevate your A2 Chinese skills and sound more like a native speaker!

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down the mechanics of these essential Chinese grammar points. First, Tone Changes - 3rd Tone Combination is a common phenomenon. When two third tones appear consecutively, the first third tone changes to a second tone.
For example, nǐ hǎo (你 好 - hello) is pronounced as ní hǎo. Similarly, wǒ hěn hǎo (我 很 好 - I'm very good) becomes wó hén hǎo. This rule makes pronunciation smoother and is crucial for sounding natural.
Next, we have the Chinese Tone Rules: The 'No' and 'One' Chameleons (不/一). The word bù (不 - no/not) is originally a fourth tone. However, when it precedes another fourth tone, it changes to a second tone.
So, bù qù (不 去 - not go) becomes bú qù. In all other cases (before first, second, or third tones), bù retains its fourth tone, like bù máng (不 忙 - not busy). The word yī (一 - one) also has tone changes.
When yī is followed by a fourth tone, it changes to a second tone, e.g., yī ge (一个 - one [measure word]) is pronounced yí ge. When followed by a first, second, or third tone, it changes to a fourth tone, e.g., yī bēi (一杯 - one cup) is pronounced yì bēi. When yī stands alone, indicates an ordinal number (first), or is part of a number sequence, it keeps its original first tone.
For Chinese Dates & Calendar, the structure is beautifully logical: Year, Month, Day. For example, August 15th, 2024 is expressed as èr líng èr sì nián bā yuè shí wǔ hào (二零二四年八月十五号). Nián (年) means year, yuè (月) means month, and rì (日) or hào (号) means day.
Hào is more common in spoken language.
When Asking 'How Many': jǐ vs duōshao, remember that jǐ (几) is used for small, expected numbers, usually under ten, or when asking for a specific count within a small range. For instance, nǐ yǒu jǐ ge píngguǒ? (你有几个苹果？ - How many apples do you have?
- implying a small number). Duōshao (多少) is used for larger, unknown, or unspecified quantities, and often for prices. For example, zhège duōshao qián? (这个多少钱？
- How much is this?).
Finally, the 'What About...?' Particle (呢), or ne (呢), is a fantastic conversational tool. It allows you to turn a statement into a question, often asking What about...? or And you?. After someone asks you How are you?, you can simply reply, wǒ hěn hǎo, nǐ ne? (我很好，你呢？
- I'm very good, and you?). This particle keeps the dialogue flowing naturally.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: Nǐ hǎo! Wǒ hěn hǎo. (你 好！我 很 好。)
✓ Correct: Ní hǎo! Wó hén hǎo. (你 好！我 很 好。)
*Explanation:* This is a classic case of not applying the 3rd tone change rule. When two third tones appear consecutively, the first one changes to a second tone for smoother pronunciation.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: Wǒ bù qù kàn diànyǐng. (我 不 去 看 电影。)
✓ Correct: Wǒ bú qù kàn diànyǐng. (我 不 去 看 电影。)
*Explanation:* The word bù (不) changes from a fourth tone to a second tone when it precedes another fourth tone (like qù 去). Ignoring this rule makes your speech sound stiff and unnatural.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: Jīntiān duōshao ge rén? (今天 多少 个人？) (Asking about people at a small gathering)
✓ Correct: Jīntiān jǐ ge rén? (今天 几 个人？)
*Explanation:* When asking about a small, expected number (like how many people are attending a small event), jǐ (几) is more appropriate than duōshao (多少). Duōshao implies a larger or unknown quantity.

Real Conversations

A

A

Nǐ hǎo! Nǐ jīntiān máng ma? (你 好！你 今天 忙 吗？) (Hello! Are you busy today?)
B

B

Ní hǎo! Wǒ bú máng. Nǐ ne? (你 好！我 不 忙。你 呢？) (Hello! I'm not busy. And you?)
A

A

Nǐ de shēngrì shì jǐ yuè jǐ hào? (你的 生日 是 几 月 几 号？) (When is your birthday? / Your birthday is which month which day?)
B

B

Wǒ de shēngrì shì shí èr yuè shí hào. (我的 生日 是 十 二 月 十 号。) (My birthday is December 10th.)
A

A

Zhège píngguǒ duōshao qián yì jīn? (这个 苹果 多少 钱 一 斤？) (How much is this apple per jin [half kilo]?)
B

B

Yì jīn liǎng kuài wǔ máo. (一 斤 两 块 五 毛。) (Two kuai and five mao per jin.)

Quick FAQ

Q

Why are tone changes for words like bù and yī so important in A2 Chinese?

Mastering Chinese tone rules for bù and yī is crucial because it makes your speech sound much more natural and fluent. Incorrect tones can lead to misunderstandings or make your Chinese sound robotic, hindering your ability to communicate effectively at the A2 Chinese level and beyond.

Q

How can I easily remember when to use jǐ (几) versus duōshao (多少) when asking how many?

A simple trick for jǐ vs duōshao is to think of jǐ for few or

a specific small number
(often under 10), like asking
how many people are in your immediate family?
. Use duōshao for many or
an unknown large number,
or when asking about price, like how much money?.

Q

Are there any situations where yī (一) doesn't change its tone, even if it's followed by a different tone?

Yes! The word yī (一) retains its original first tone when it's used as an ordinal number (e.g., dì yī 第一 - first), when it stands alone as the number one, or when it's part of a phone number or address sequence. This is an important nuance in Chinese grammar.

Q

Can I always use the particle ne (呢) to ask What about...? or And you?

Generally, yes! The 'What About...?' Particle (呢) is very versatile for these purposes. It's a fantastic shortcut to ask a follow-up question based on the previous statement, keeping conversations engaging and natural without repeating the full question.

Cultural Context

In Chinese, correctly applying tone changes and using the right question words like jǐ and duōshao isn't just about grammar; it's about sounding polite and integrated. Native speakers seamlessly apply these tone sandhi rules, making their speech fluid. Mispronouncing tones or using an inappropriate question word can sometimes sound abrupt or even rude.
For example, using duōshao when jǐ is expected might imply an overly large or even impolite quantity. The particle ne is a hallmark of natural, conversational Chinese, showing engagement and reciprocity in dialogue, fostering a friendly atmosphere.

重要な例文 (4)

1

今天是十月一号。

今日は10月1日です。

中国語の日付とカレンダー（年・月・日）
2

我的生日是三月十二号。

私の誕生日は3月12日です。

中国語の日付とカレンダー（年・月・日）
3

现在几点？

今、何時ですか？

「いくつ」の尋ね方：几 (jǐ) と 多少 (duōshao)
4

你要买几个苹果？

リンゴを何個買いますか？

「いくつ」の尋ね方：几 (jǐ) と 多少 (duōshao)

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

書くときは辞書通り、言うときはルール通り

鉄則です。ピンインを書くときは nǐ hǎo のままですが、口に出すときは ní hǎo と言います。目と口で使い分けるのがコツですよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 変調 — 第3声の組み合わせ
🎯

「指」を使ってリズムを取ろう

声調の変化に迷ったら、指で空中に動きを描いてみて。«{不要|bú yào}» なら、指を「上へ、そして下へ」動かすと脳と口がリンクしやすくなります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語のトーン規則：「不」と「一」の変調ルール
⚠️

「2月」に两は使わない

「2月」は必ず «二月» と言います。«两月» と言うと「2ヶ月間」という期間の意味になってしまうので注意！
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の日付とカレンダー（年・月・日）
⚠️

量詞を忘れずに！

「几」を使う時は、必ず「个」「本」「支」などの量詞を入れてくださいね。 «几人» と言うのは初心者がやりがちなミスなので注意しましょう！
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「いくつ」の尋ね方：几 (jǐ) と 多少 (duōshao)

重要な語彙 (8)

你好(nǐ hǎo) Hello 不(bù) No/Not 一(yī) One 月(yuè) Month 号(hào) Day (of the month) 几(jǐ) How many (small amount) 多少(duōshao) How many/How much 呢(ne) What about...?

Real-World Preview

users

Meeting a New Friend

Review Summary

  • 3rd + 3rd -> 2nd + 3rd
  • bù/yī + 4th -> 2nd + 4th
  • [Year]年 + [Month]月 + [Day]号
  • jǐ (<10) vs duōshao (>10)
  • [Noun/Pronoun] + 呢?

よくある間違い

Students often try to pronounce both 3rd tones fully, which sounds robotic and is physically difficult. The first must rise.

Wrong: nǐ hǎo (pronounced with two low dipping tones)
正解: ní hǎo (first word rises)

While 'rì' is correct for writing, 'hào' is much more natural and common in spoken Chinese.

Wrong: 十月五日 (shí yuè wǔ rì) in casual speech
正解: 十月五号 (shí yuè wǔ hào)

Using 'duōshao' for a small, visible quantity sounds unnatural. Use 'jǐ' when you expect the answer to be under ten.

Wrong: 你有多少个苹果? (nǐ yǒu duōshao gè píngguǒ) for a few apples
正解: 你有几个苹果? (nǐ yǒu jǐ gè píngguǒ)

Next Steps

You've just cleared a major hurdle in Chinese phonology and daily logic! Your foundation is becoming rock solid. Keep that momentum going into the next chapter!

Read a Chinese calendar and say today's date aloud.

Practice the 'nǐ hǎo' tone change with a recording app.

Continue to: Abilities and Needs: Can, Should, and Having

クイック練習 (10)

「私の猫はどこ？」と聞きたい時の間違いを直してね。

Find and fix the mistake:

我的猫吗？我找不到它。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我的猫呢？我找不到它。
探し物をしている時の「〜はどこ？」には「呢」を使います。「吗」はYes/Noを聞く時に使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「〜は？」の助詞 (呢)

空欄に jǐ または duōshao を入れてください

你家有____口人？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 几
家族の人数（通常10人以下）を尋ねる時は、 «几» (jǐ) を使うのが一般的です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「いくつ」の尋ね方：几 (jǐ) と 多少 (duōshao)

この文の間違いを見つけてください

Find and fix the mistake:

现在多少点？ (今何時ですか？)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 现在几点？
時間は1〜12という限られた数なので、 «几» (jǐ) を使うのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「いくつ」の尋ね方：几 (jǐ) と 多少 (duōshao)

元気ですか？と聞かれて「私は元気です、あなたは？」と返すのに正しいのはどれ？

A: 你好吗？ B: 我很好，_______？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 你呢
相手に質問を投げ返す時は「人 + 呢」の形が定番です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「〜は？」の助詞 (呢)

「2月」の言い方の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

两月 (liǎng yuè)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 二月 (èr yuè)
月の名前としての2月は、常に «二» (èr) を使い、«两» (liǎng) は使いません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の日付とカレンダー（年・月・日）

3声の変調ルールを当てはめてみましょう：可 (kě, 3声) + 以 (yǐ, 3声) → 話すときの発音は？

「可以」は kě yǐ と書きますが、話すときは ___ と聞こえます。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ké yǐ
3声＋3声のルールで、最初の kě が 2声の ké に変わります。2つ目の yǐ は3声のままです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 変調 — 第3声の組み合わせ

ある学生が「也许」の発音を 'yé xú' と書きました。これは正しいですか？

Find and fix the mistake:

「也许 (yě xǔ)」の正しい話し方は：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: yé xǔ (1つ目だけ2声に変える)
変調するのは「1つ目だけ」です。2つ目は3声のままキープするのが正解。 'yé xú' は2つ目まで変えてしまっているので間違いです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 変調 — 第3声の組み合わせ

「你好」を声に出して言うとき、最初の「你」はどう発音しますか？

話すときの「你好 (nǐ hǎo)」の正しい発音は：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ní hǎo (1つ目が2声に変わる)
3声が2つ並ぶと、1つ目が2声に変わります。書くときは nǐ hǎo ですが、話すときは ní hǎo です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 変調 — 第3声の組み合わせ

中国語で「年」にあたる正しい言葉を選んでください。

2024___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 年
中国語では「年」は «年» (nián) と書き、常に数字の後に置きます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の日付とカレンダー（年・月・日）

次のうち、3声の変調ルールが「当てはまらない」のはどれ？

変調が起こらないフレーズを選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 请问 (qǐng wèn)
「请问」は qǐng (3声) + wèn (4声) です。2つ目が3声ではないので、変調ルールは発動しません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 変調 — 第3声の組み合わせ

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

隣り合う音の影響で、元のトーンが変わることです。特に3声が続くときは、話しやすくするために自動的にルールが発動します。 «你好» がその代表例ですね。
いいえ、書きません。辞書や教科書には元のトーンが載っています。書くときは nǐ hǎo、話すときだけ ní hǎo と使い分けましょう。
言葉がつながる時に、よりスムーズで話しやすくするために声調が変化することを指します。«不» や «一» はその代表例です。
いいえ、ありません。«不» は元の第4音か、変化した第2音の2パターンだけです。«不» «bú» «bù» と覚えましょう。
中国語の論理は「広いものから狭いものへ」と動くからです。一番大きい単位の年から始めることで、情報を整理しやすくしています。«二零二四年五月。»
いいえ、数字を使うだけです。1月は「1-月」で «一月»、2月は «二月» となり、覚えるのがとても簡単です！
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