B1 noun ニュートラル 1分で読める

外在

waizai /waɪ̯.t͡saɪ̯/

“外在” captures anything external, visible, or superficial, often in contrast to what lies within or is inherent.

30秒でわかる単語

  • Refers to external appearance, features, or conditions.
  • Contrasts with internal aspects or intrinsic qualities.
  • Used for people's looks, object design, or external factors.

Overview

“外在” (wàizài) 是一个形容词或名词,主要用来指代事物或人外部的、可见的、表面的特征或条件。它与“内在”相对,强调的是可以被感知或观察到的外部表现。例如,一个人的外貌、衣着、言谈举止等都属于“外在”范畴;一个产品的包装、设计、材质等也属于其“外在”属性。在哲学或心理学语境中,它还可以指外部世界或外部环境对个体的影响。

“外在”常用作定语修饰名词,如“外在因素”、“外在表现”、“外在压力”。它也可以作为名词使用,指代“外部的东西”或“外部条件”,例如“我们不能只看外在”。在一些语境中,它也可以作为谓语,但这种情况相对较少,通常会与“是”或“显得”等词搭配,如“他的魅力是外在的”。它常与“内在”、“本质”、“核心”等词形成对比,用于强调内外之间的区别。

在人际交往与评价中,它描述一个人的外貌、穿着、气质等,如“他很注重自己的外在形象”。在事物属性与特征方面,它指代产品、建筑、艺术品等的外观、结构、包装等,如“这款手机的外在设计很吸引人”。在环境与条件方面,它描述外部环境、社会因素、客观条件等,如“经济发展受多种外在因素影响”。在哲学与心理学领域,它讨论人的外部表现与内心世界的关联,或外部刺激与内在感受的关系。

“外部”也是指外面、外部的部分,但它更侧重于物理空间上的“外面”或某个组织、系统之外的部分。例如,“公司外部人员”、“建筑外部”。“外在”则更强调事物的表面特征、表现形式或影响因素,可以更抽象。

“外观”专指人或事物的外部形状、相貌。它比“外在”更具体,通常只用于描述看得见的形状和样子。例如,“汽车外观设计”。“外在”则可以包括外观,但范围更广,例如“外在压力”就不能用“外观压力”代替。

“表面”指物体的最上层或最外面的一层,也可以引申为肤浅、不深入的部分。它与“外在”在某些语境下可以互换,但“外在”通常包含更广的范围,不仅指物理表面,还包括外部的表现形式、条件等。例如,“表面现象”强调的是现象的肤浅性,而“外在表现”则更中性地描述了外部所呈现的一切。

例文

1

他的外在形象总是那么光鲜亮丽,让人印象深刻。

everyday

His external image is always so polished and dazzling, leaving a deep impression.

2

产品的外在设计和包装是吸引顾客的第一步。

formal

The product's external design and packaging are the first step to attracting customers.

3

别光看他外在,其实他内心很善良。

informal

Don't just look at his exterior; actually, he's very kind-hearted.

4

哲学探讨内在意识与外在世界的相互作用,以理解存在的本质。

academic

Philosophy explores the interaction between internal consciousness and the external world to understand the essence of existence.

よく使う組み合わせ

外在形象 external image/appearance
外在因素 external factors
外在表现 external manifestation/expression
外在条件 external conditions

よく使うフレーズ

外在美

external beauty

外在因素的影响

influence of external factors

注重外在形象

to pay attention to one's external image

よく混同される語

外在 vs 外部 (wàibù)

“外部” refers more to the physical outside part or something outside a defined boundary (e.g., 'outside of the building'). “外在” focuses on the visible characteristics, superficial aspects, or external influences of a person or thing, which can be more abstract.

外在 vs 表面 (biǎomiàn)

“表面” means surface, or superficiality. While “外在” can sometimes refer to the surface, it has a broader scope, encompassing overall external presentation, conditions, or influences, not just the physical top layer.

外在 vs 外观 (wàiguān)

“外观” specifically means appearance or look, usually referring to the visual shape and form. “外在” is a more general term that includes appearance but also covers other external attributes, conditions, or expressions.

文法パターン

外在 + 名词 (e.g., 外在形象, 外在因素) 只看/注重 + 外在 (强调只关注外部) 外在与内在 (对比关系)

How to Use It

使い方のコツ

“外在” is a neutral term, suitable for both formal and informal contexts. It's often used when discussing the contrast between external appearances or conditions and internal realities or qualities. While generally neutral, it can carry a slight negative connotation if used to imply superficiality, as in 'only caring about the external.'


よくある間違い

A common mistake is using “外在” interchangeably with “外部” in all situations; remember “外在” emphasizes characteristics/influences, while “外部” is more about physical location. Another error is applying “外在” to describe inherent, internal qualities like personality or thoughts, which should be described as “内在.”

Tips

💡

Focus on Contrast

“外在” is often used to create a contrast with “内在” (nèizài - internal). Understanding this opposition helps grasp its meaning.

⚠️

Avoid Misuse with Intrinsic Qualities

Do not use “外在” to describe inherent qualities like personality traits (性格) or core values, as these are “内在”.

🌍

Cultural Emphasis on Inner Beauty

While “外在” is acknowledged, Chinese culture often places a strong emphasis on “内在美” (inner beauty) and character over mere external appearance.

語源

The word “外在” is a compound of “外” (wài), meaning “outside” or “external,” and “在” (zài), meaning “to be at” or “to exist.” Together, they form a concept of something existing externally or being on the outside, emphasizing its outward nature.

文化的な背景

In Chinese culture, there's a strong philosophical and popular emphasis on “内在美” (inner beauty) over “外在美” (external beauty). While appearance is acknowledged, true value is often placed on character, virtue, and wisdom, making the distinction between “外在” and “内在” significant in moral and social discourse.

覚え方のコツ

Think of “外” (wài) as “outside” and “在” (zài) as “existing.” So, “外在” means “existing on the outside,” reminding you it's about external aspects. It's the “outer shell” or “visible layer” of something.

よくある質問

4 問

“外在”更侧重于事物的表现、特征或外部条件,可以是抽象的。而“外部”则更多指物理空间上的外面部分,或者某个系统、组织之外的部分。例如,可以说“外在压力”,但通常不说“外部压力”。

通常不能直接形容性格。性格是内在的。但“外在”可以形容一个人的外貌、气质、言谈举止等外部表现,这些表现可能会间接反映出性格。

当我们强调“只看外在”或“过于注重外在”时,往往暗示了对内在、本质的忽视,因此在这种语境下可能带有贬义。但其本身是一个中性词,仅仅描述外部属性。

在哲学中,“外在”可以指外部世界、客观存在、或对个体产生影响的外部力量。例如,讨论“外在世界与内在意识的关系”,或者“外在因素对人自由意志的影响”。

自分をテスト

fill blank

我们不应该只注重一个人的_______,更要关注他的内在品质。

正解! おしい! 正解: 外在

“外在”指的是外部的形象、表现,与“内在品质”形成对比,语义最符合。

multiple choice

A. 他很注重自己的外在。 B. 这家公司的外在环境很好。 C. 那个苹果的外在很甜。 D. 他的性格外在开朗。

正解! おしい! 正解: A

A选项描述一个人注重外部形象,使用正确。B选项应使用“外部环境”。C选项“外在”不能形容味道。D选项性格是内在的,不能用“外在”修饰。

sentence building

(经济发展 / 受 / 外在因素 / 影响 / 许多)

正解! おしい! 正解: 经济发展受许多外在因素影响。

正确的语序是“主语 + 受 + 宾语 + 影响”,或者“主语 + 受 + 影响 + 宾语”。此句中“经济发展”是主语,“许多外在因素”是施动者,通过“受”字连接。

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