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A1 noun #2,500 よく出る 8分で読める

功课

gongke
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解説 功课 in your Level:
At the A1 level, '功课' (gōngkè) is one of the first nouns you will learn related to school life. It simply means 'homework'. You will use it in very basic sentences to describe your daily routine. The most important phrase to remember is '做功课' (zuò gōngkè), which means 'to do homework'. You might say '我在做功课' (I am doing homework) or '我有功课' (I have homework). At this stage, you don't need to worry about the metaphorical meanings. Just focus on the connection between the classroom and the work you do at home. You will often hear this word in the context of 'many' or 'few', such as '很多功课' (hěn duō gōngkè - a lot of homework) or '很少功课' (hěn shǎo gōngkè - very little homework). It is a key word for students and anyone describing a student's life. Remember that '功' (gōng) is the same character as in 'Kung Fu' (功夫), which implies effort and time spent on a skill.
At the A2 level, you can start to expand your use of '功课' by adding subjects and time expressions. You might specify which subject the homework is for, such as '数学功课' (shùxué gōngkè - math homework) or '中文功课' (Zhōngwén gōngkè - Chinese homework). You can also use it with frequency adverbs, like '每天都有很多功课' (Měitiān dōu yǒu hěnduō gōngkè - Every day there is a lot of homework). You will also learn the verb '写' (xiě - to write) as an alternative to '做' (zuò) when referring to written assignments: '写功课'. At this level, you should also be able to understand simple questions from others about your homework, such as '你的功课做完了吗？' (Is your homework finished?). You are beginning to see '功课' as a regular part of a student's schedule and can describe how long it takes you to complete it, for example, '我做了两个小时的功课' (I did two hours of homework).
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At the B1 level, you will encounter '功课' in more varied contexts, including its metaphorical use. You will learn that '做功课' can mean 'to do preparation' or 'to do research' before an important event. For example, if you are going on a trip, you might say '去旅游前，我做了很多功课' (Before going on the trip, I did a lot of research/preparation). This shows a deeper understanding of the word's flexibility. You will also start using '功课' to describe someone's general academic performance. If someone says '他的功课很好' (Tā de gōngkè hěn hǎo), they mean he is a good student with good grades overall, not just that his current homework is good. You will also become familiar with related verbs like '温习' (wēnxí - to review) and '预习' (yùxí - to preview), as in '温习功课' (reviewing schoolwork). This level requires you to understand '功课' as both a physical assignment and a general concept of academic effort.
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At the B2 level, you should be comfortable using '功课' in complex sentences and understanding its nuances in different Chinese-speaking regions. You will recognize that while '功课' is common in Taiwan and Southern China, '作业' (zuòyè) might be more frequent in Mainland China, and you can switch between them appropriately. You will also encounter '功课' in professional and formal contexts. For instance, in a business setting, '做功课' refers to the due diligence or background research needed for a project. You might hear, '在投资之前，必须做足功课' (Before investing, you must do sufficient research). You will also be able to discuss the social implications of '功课', such as the heavy workload of students in East Asian education systems and the pressure it creates. You can use '功课' to talk about 'life lessons' or 'personal challenges' metaphorically, reflecting on how certain experiences are '功课' that one must learn from.
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At the C1 level, your understanding of '功课' should include its historical and cultural depth. You will know that the word has roots in Buddhist practice, where '功课' (specifically '早晚功课') refers to daily spiritual duties and recitations. This historical context enriches your understanding of why the word implies discipline and merit. You will be able to use '功课' in sophisticated literary or academic discussions, perhaps comparing the '功课' (curriculum/workload) of different historical periods or educational philosophies. You can use the word with high-level vocabulary, such as '繁重的功课' (fánzhòng de gōngkè - heavy/burdensome schoolwork) or '课外功课' (kèwài gōngkè - extracurricular tasks). Your metaphorical use of the word will be seamless, using it to describe the 'homework' a politician does before a debate or the 'homework' a scientist does before an experiment. You will also be sensitive to how the word's usage varies across different registers of speech and writing.
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At the C2 level, you have a native-like grasp of '功课' and can appreciate its most subtle applications. You can identify its use in classical-style modern prose or specialized religious texts without hesitation. You understand the philosophical nuance that '功课' represents—the idea that all meaningful achievement (功) requires a structured path of study or practice (课). You can use '功课' in creative writing to evoke specific cultural settings, such as a traditional household or a rigorous academic environment. You are also aware of regional slang or idiomatic expressions that might involve '功课' in specific dialects. Your mastery allows you to use the word ironically or humorously, such as referring to a simple task as a 'difficult 功课' to emphasize the effort you put into it. You can discuss the evolution of the term from its spiritual origins to its modern educational and professional meanings, providing a comprehensive analysis of its role in the Chinese linguistic and cultural landscape.
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功课 30秒で

  • Primarily means 'homework' or 'schoolwork' for students.
  • Commonly paired with the verbs '做' (do) or '写' (write).
  • Can metaphorically mean 'preparation' or 'research' for adults.
  • Used in spiritual contexts to mean 'daily practice' or 'recitation'.

The term 功课 (gōngkè) is a fundamental noun in the Chinese language, primarily translating to 'homework' or 'schoolwork' in an educational context. However, its etymological roots and modern usage extend far beyond the simple act of completing assignments after school. Historically, the character 功 (gōng) refers to merit, achievement, or work that requires effort, while 课 (kè) pertains to lessons, classes, or a specific course of study. Together, they represent the 'work of the lesson' or the effort required to master a subject.

Primary Meaning
Assignments given to students by teachers to be completed outside of class time.
Secondary Meaning
Preparation or research done beforehand for a specific task, meeting, or project.
Abstract Meaning
Life lessons or personal growth challenges that one must face and overcome.

“你今天的功课做完了吗？” (Have you finished today's homework?)

In the modern educational landscape of Greater China, 功课 is often used interchangeably with 作业 (zuòyè), though subtle differences exist. While 作业 is more formal and can refer to any task or operation (including industrial work), 功课 retains a stronger connection to the academic curriculum and the student's personal progress. It is the 'merit-work' that builds the foundation of knowledge.

“为了这次面试，我做了不少功课。” (I did a lot of 'homework' [preparation] for this interview.)

Beyond the classroom, the term has evolved into a metaphor for preparation. When a professional says they need to 'do their homework' before a business deal, they are using the term in its metaphorical sense—researching the market, understanding the client, and preparing data. This usage highlights the cultural value placed on preparation and the belief that success is the result of diligent effort (功).

Colloquial Usage
Commonly used by parents and teachers when addressing children.
Formal Usage
Appears in academic reports to describe the curriculum or student workload.

“数学是他的弱项，他必须在数学功课上多花时间。” (Math is his weak point; he must spend more time on his math schoolwork.)

“这些功课对他来说太难了。” (These assignments are too difficult for him.)

“他在家温习功课。” (He is reviewing his schoolwork at home.)

Using 功课 (gōngkè) correctly involves understanding its typical verb pairings and the contexts in which it appears. As a noun, it most frequently follows verbs of action like 'doing,' 'writing,' or 'reviewing.' The most common verb is 做 (zuò), meaning 'to do.' In Mainland China, 写 (xiě), meaning 'to write,' is also extremely common when referring to written assignments.

Common Verb Pairings
做功课 (Do homework), 写功课 (Write homework), 温习功课 (Review schoolwork), 预习功课 (Preview lessons).

When using 功课 in a sentence, it often functions as the direct object. For example, 'I am doing homework' is 我在做功课 (Wǒ zài zuò gōngkè). You can also modify 功课 with adjectives or subject names to specify the type of work. For instance, 'English homework' is 英语功课 (Yīngyǔ gōngkè) and 'difficult homework' is 很难的功课 (hěn nán de gōngkè).

“老师布置了很多功课。” (The teacher assigned a lot of homework.)

In a metaphorical sense, 'doing your homework' (做功课) before an event implies thorough preparation. This is common in business, travel, and investment contexts. If you are going to Japan, you might 'do your homework' by researching the best places to eat and the local customs. In this case, 功课 represents the background research necessary for success.

Measure Words
一份功课 (An assignment), 些功课 (Some homework), 堆功课 (A pile of homework).

“买股票之前要先做功课。” (Before buying stocks, you must first do your research.)

Another nuance is the use of 功课 to describe a student's general academic standing. One might say 他的功课很好 (Tā de gōngkè hěn hǎo), which doesn't just mean his homework is good, but that his overall grades and academic performance are excellent. In this context, it is synonymous with 学业 (xuéyè) or 成绩 (chéngjì).

“别只顾着玩，快去写功课！” (Don't just play, go write your homework!)

The word 功课 (gōngkè) is ubiquitous in environments where learning and preparation are central. The most common setting is the home, specifically during the evening hours when parents interact with their children. It is a word that carries the weight of daily responsibility and the routine of student life.

At Home
Parents asking children: “功课做完了吗？” (Is your homework done?)
In Schools
Teachers announcing: “今天的功课是练习册第五页。” (Today's homework is page five of the workbook.)
In the Office
Colleagues discussing: “我们要为明天的会议做足功课。” (We need to do enough preparation for tomorrow's meeting.)

In pop culture, specifically in TV dramas and movies set in schools (like those from Taiwan or Hong Kong), 功课 is a constant theme. It represents the struggle of youth, the pressure of exams, and the bonding that happens when students help each other with difficult assignments. You will often hear characters complaining about having 'too much 功课' or asking to 'borrow someone's 功课' to copy (though this is discouraged!).

“我昨晚写功课写到深夜。” (I stayed up late last night doing homework.)

In the professional world, especially in finance and journalism, 'doing homework' is a badge of honor. A reporter might say they did their 功课 before interviewing a celebrity, meaning they read all previous interviews and background info. An investor might say they did their 功课 on a company's balance sheet. Here, the word signifies professional diligence and thoroughness.

“老师把功课收上去了。” (The teacher collected the homework.)

You will also encounter this word in religious or spiritual contexts, particularly in Buddhism or Taoism, where it refers to daily recitations or practices (called 早晚功课 zǎowǎn gōngkè). This reflects the original meaning of 'meritorious work'—a daily spiritual task to be completed with discipline.

“他每天都要做早功课。” (He does his morning [spiritual] practice every day.)

While 功课 (gōngkè) is a relatively simple word, learners often make mistakes regarding its usage compared to 作业 (zuòyè) and its application in different regions. Understanding these nuances is key to sounding natural.

Mistake 1: Overusing '功课' in Northern China
While understood, '作业' is much more common in Beijing and Northern provinces for daily school assignments.
Mistake 2: Confusing '功课' with '课程'
'课程' (kèchéng) refers to the curriculum or the course itself, while '功课' refers to the work within that course.
Mistake 3: Using the wrong verb
Avoid using '打' (dǎ) or '发' (fā) with homework. Use '做' (zuò) or '写' (xiě).

Another common error is using 功课 to refer to physical labor or chores. For housework (cleaning, cooking), the correct term is 家务 (jiāwù). 功课 is strictly for mental, academic, or preparatory work. If you tell a Chinese person you are 'doing 功课' while holding a mop, they will be very confused!

“错误：我在做家里的功课。(Incorrect: I am doing home 'homework' [meaning chores].)”

Learners also sometimes forget that 功课 can be used for adults. Don't assume it's only for kids. If you are preparing for a presentation, saying '我在做功课' is perfectly appropriate and shows a high level of Chinese proficiency by using the word metaphorically.

“不要把功课和课本混淆。” (Don't confuse homework with textbooks [kèběn].)

Finally, pay attention to the measure words. Using '一个功课' is technically understandable but '一份功课' sounds much more professional and native. '份' implies a set or a copy of something, which fits the nature of an assignment perfectly.

To truly master 功课 (gōngkè), one must understand its relationship with similar terms in the Chinese lexicon. These words often overlap but carry distinct connotations and are used in specific contexts.

作业 (zuòyè)
The most direct synonym. It is more formal and used widely in Mainland China. It can also refer to industrial operations or tasks.
学业 (xuéyè)
Refers to one's overall studies or academic career. You wouldn't 'do' your 学业, but you would 'complete' it.
课题 (kètí)
Refers to a specific research topic or a project, often at a higher academic or professional level.
任务 (rènwù)
A general term for a 'task' or 'mission'. It is broader than 功课 and can be used in military, business, or gaming contexts.

When comparing 功课 and 作业, think of 功课 as having a slightly more 'personal' or 'daily' feel, especially in Southern dialects. 作业 is what the teacher 'assigns' (布置作业), while 功课 is what the student 'has' or 'does' (做功课). However, in many modern contexts, the distinction is fading.

“他的学业非常优秀，因为他每天都认真做功课。” (His academic career is excellent because he does his homework seriously every day.)

Another related word is 练习 (liànxí), which means 'practice' or 'exercise'. While 功课 is the assignment itself, 练习 is the act of practicing. A 功课 might consist of several 练习. For example, '今天的功课是三个数学练习' (Today's homework is three math exercises).

“这个科研课题需要很多准备功课。” (This research project requires a lot of preparatory work.)

Lastly, 课业 (kèyè) is a more formal term often used in official documents to refer to 'schoolwork' or 'academic load'. It is rarely used in spoken conversation but frequently seen in news reports about student stress.

How Formal Is It?

難易度

知っておくべき文法

Resultative complements (做完, 写好)

Measure words for abstract nouns

Topic-comment structure

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レベル別の例文

1

我有功课。

I have homework.

Subject + Verb + Object.

2

他在做功课。

He is doing homework.

Present continuous with '在'.

3

功课很多。

There is a lot of homework.

Adjective '多' acting as a predicate.

4

这是我的功课。

This is my homework.

Possessive '的'.

5

你不做功课吗？

Aren't you doing homework?

Negative question with '不'.

6

我要写功课。

I need to write homework.

Modal verb '要'.

7

功课不难。

The homework is not difficult.

Negative '不' with adjective '难'.

8

老师，这是功课。

Teacher, this is the homework.

Direct address + demonstrative sentence.

1

我每天下午做功课。

I do homework every afternoon.

Time expression before the verb.

2

你的数学功课做了吗？

Have you done your math homework?

Topic-comment structure with '了' for completion.

3

他不喜欢写功课。

He doesn't like writing homework.

Verb '喜欢' + another verb phrase.

4

我们要温习功课。

We need to review our schoolwork.

Verb '温习' (review).

5

这份功课很难。

This assignment is very difficult.

Measure word '份'.

6

妈妈帮我做功课。

Mom helps me with my homework.

Verb '帮' (help).

7

功课做完了可以玩。

You can play after finishing your homework.

Conditional structure implied by sequence.

8

他忘了带功课。

He forgot to bring his homework.

Verb '忘' (forget) + '带' (bring).

1

去面试前要先做功课。

You need to do your 'homework' (preparation) before an interview.

Metaphorical use of '做功课'.

2

他的功课一直很好。

His schoolwork (academic performance) has always been good.

Adverb '一直' (always).

3

这些功课对他很有帮助。

These assignments are very helpful to him.

Structure '对...有帮助'.

4

老师布置了太多的功课。

The teacher assigned too much homework.

Verb '布置' (assign).

5

买房之前，我们要多做功课。

Before buying a house, we need to do more research.

Metaphorical use in a financial context.

6

他正在温习明天的功课。

He is reviewing tomorrow's lessons.

Time word '明天' modifying '功课'.

7

如果你不做功课，成绩会下降。

If you don't do your schoolwork, your grades will drop.

Conditional '如果...会'.

8

我还没做完今天的功课。

I haven't finished today's homework yet.

Negative '还没' with resultative verb '做完'.

1

为了这次演讲，他做足了功课。

He did plenty of preparation for this speech.

Resultative '做足' (do enough/plenty).

2

现在的学生功课压力很大。

Students nowadays have a lot of pressure from schoolwork.

Noun '压力' (pressure) modified by '功课'.

3

他在投资方面做了不少功课。

He did quite a bit of research in terms of investment.

Structure '在...方面'.

4

这份功课要求我们进行实地考察。

This assignment requires us to conduct a field study.

Verb '要求' (require) + '进行' (conduct).

5

他把所有的功课都整理好了。

He has organized all his schoolwork.

'把' construction for disposal.

6

我们要学会从失败中做功课。

We need to learn to 'do our homework' (learn lessons) from failure.

Metaphorical use for life lessons.

7

老师对功课的要求非常严格。

The teacher's requirements for homework are very strict.

Structure '对...的要求'.

8

他利用周末时间预习下周的功课。

He uses his weekend to preview next week's lessons.

Verb '利用' (utilize/use).

1

这种早晚功课是僧侣的日常修行。

This kind of morning and evening practice is the daily cultivation of monks.

Religious context of '功课'.

2

他在这项研究上花了大量的功课。

He put a massive amount of 'homework' (preparatory effort) into this research.

Quantifier '大量的' (massive amount).

3

教育改革旨在减轻学生的功课负担。

Educational reform aims to reduce the burden of schoolwork on students.

Formal term '负担' (burden).

4

在谈判桌上，谁做的功课多，谁就有优势。

At the negotiation table, whoever has done more preparation has the advantage.

Comparative structure with '谁...谁'.

5

他不仅完成了功课，还进行了深入的思考。

He not only finished the assignment but also engaged in deep reflection.

Conjunction '不仅...还'.

6

这份功课体现了他对该学科的深刻理解。

This schoolwork reflects his profound understanding of the subject.

Verb '体现' (reflect/embody).

7

历史是一门需要不断做功课的学问。

History is a field of study that requires constant 'homework' (research).

Metaphorical use for academic discipline.

8

他总是能提前把功课做在前面。

He always manages to do the preparatory work ahead of time.

Idiomatic phrasing '做在前面'.

1

儒家思想中，格物致知便是修身的功课。

In Confucian thought, investigating things to extend knowledge is the 'homework' (task) of self-cultivation.

Philosophical/Classical context.

2

他那番言论显然是经过深思熟虑和充分功课的。

His remarks were clearly the result of careful consideration and thorough preparation.

Abstract noun usage.

3

这种日常的心理建设也是一种必不可少的功课。

This kind of daily psychological building is also an essential 'homework' (task).

Metaphorical use for mental health.

4

该剧对时代背景的还原可见其功课之深。

The drama's restoration of the historical background shows the depth of their research.

Formal structure '可见其...之深'.

5

他将人生的磨难视为磨砺意志的功课。

He regards life's hardships as 'homework' (tasks) to temper his will.

Metaphorical/Philosophical use.

6

在文学创作中，对语言的推敲是永无止境的功课。

In literary creation, the refinement of language is an endless 'homework' (task).

Abstract/Artistic context.

7

政府在制定政策前应做足社会调研的功课。

The government should do sufficient 'homework' (research) on social surveys before formulating policies.

Political/Administrative context.

8

他在这部学术著作中展现了极其扎实的文献功课。

In this academic work, he demonstrated extremely solid 'homework' (research) on literature.

Specialized academic usage.

よく使う組み合わせ

做功课 (do homework)
写功课 (write homework)
温习功课 (review schoolwork)
预习功课 (preview lessons)
很多功课 (a lot of homework)
功课压力 (homework pressure)
功课优异 (excellent schoolwork)
补功课 (make up homework)
收功课 (collect homework)
布置功课 (assign homework)

よく使うフレーズ

做足功课 (do enough preparation)
早晚功课 (morning and evening spiritual practice)
功课表 (school timetable/schedule)
课外功课 (extracurricular work)
必修功课 (required schoolwork/task)
人生的功课 (life's lessons)
家庭功课 (home assignments)
功课好 (good grades/academic standing)
没做功课 (unprepared/didn't do homework)
交功课 (hand in homework)

よく混同される語

功课 vs 作业 (zuòyè)

More formal, used in Mainland China, can refer to industrial tasks.

功课 vs 课程 (kèchéng)

Refers to the course or curriculum, not the homework.

功课 vs 课本 (kèběn)

The physical textbook.

慣用句と表現

"勤能补拙 (diligence can make up for lack of talent - often applied to doing 功课)"
"废寝忘食 (to neglect sleep and food - often describing someone doing 功课 intensely)"
"格物致知 (investigating things to gain knowledge - the philosophical root of 功课)"
"熟能生巧 (practice makes perfect - the goal of 功课)"
"学无止境 (learning is infinite - the nature of 功课)"
"磨刀不误砍柴工 (sharpening the axe doesn't delay the woodcutting - doing 'homework' before a task)"
"有备无患 (preparedness prevents trouble - the result of doing 功课)"
"循序渐进 (step by step progress - how to handle 功课)"
"温故知新 (reviewing the old to know the new - the purpose of 温习功课)"
"业精于勤 (excellence in work comes from diligence)"

間違えやすい

功课 vs

功课 vs

功课 vs

功课 vs

功课 vs

文型パターン

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使い方

regional

功课 is more common in Southern China/Taiwan; 作业 is more common in Northern China.

plurality

Chinese doesn't distinguish singular/plural, so '功课' can mean one assignment or many.

metaphorical

Always use '做' with the metaphorical meaning (preparation).

よくある間違い
  • Using '打功课' instead of '写功课'.
  • Using '功课' to mean 'housework' (cleaning).
  • Confusing '功课' (homework) with '课程' (the course itself).
  • Forgetting to use '了' when the homework is finished.
  • Using '一个功课' instead of '一份功课'.

ヒント

Context is King

Pay attention to whether the speaker is a student or an adult to determine the meaning.

Verb Choice

Use '写' for written work and '做' for general tasks or preparation.

Measure Words

Use '份' (fèn) when referring to a specific set of homework papers.

Respect the Effort

Remember that '功' implies effort; using this word shows you value the work involved.

Resultatives

Always pair with '做完' (zuò wán) to say you have finished your homework.

Regional Accents

In Taiwan, you'll hear 'gōngkè' much more frequently than 'zuòyè'.

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Learn '温习' (review) and '预习' (preview) alongside '功课'.

Kung Fu Class

Homework is the 'Kung Fu' (effort) you do for your 'Class'.

Due Diligence

Use '做功课' in meetings to show you've researched the topic.

Daily Routine

Understand that '功课' can also mean a daily disciplined practice.

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語源

Originally referred to the 'merit' (功) gained through 'study/lessons' (课). In Buddhist contexts, it meant the daily required spiritual tasks. In modern times, it shifted to mean school assignments.

文化的な背景

The term is still used in temples for daily chanting.

Taiwanese Mandarin uses 功课 almost exclusively for homework, while Mainland Mandarin uses both 功课 and 作业.

The high volume of 功课 is a major topic of social debate in China.

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実際の使用場面

会話のきっかけ

"你今天的功课多吗？ (Do you have much homework today?)"

"你最不喜欢的功课是什么？ (What is your least favorite schoolwork?)"

"为了这次旅行，你做了哪些功课？ (What research did you do for this trip?)"

"你通常几点开始做功课？ (What time do you usually start your homework?)"

"你觉得做功课有帮助吗？ (Do you think doing homework is helpful?)"

日記のテーマ

描述你每天做功课的过程。 (Describe your daily process of doing homework.)

你认为老师应该布置功课吗？为什么？ (Do you think teachers should assign homework? Why?)

写一次你因为没做功课而遇到的麻烦。 (Write about a time you got into trouble for not doing homework.)

如果你是老师，你会布置什么样的功课？ (If you were a teacher, what kind of homework would you assign?)

谈谈你为实现梦想所做的‘功课’。 (Talk about the 'homework' you've done to achieve your dreams.)

よくある質問

10 問

They both mean homework. 功课 is more colloquial and common in Southern China/Taiwan, while 作业 is more formal and common in Mainland China.

No, for housework like cleaning or cooking, use '家务' (jiāwù).

In Chinese, nouns aren't strictly countable, but you can use measure words like '份' (fèn) to refer to specific assignments.

Yes, adults use it metaphorically to mean 'preparation' or 'research' for a task or meeting.

The most common verbs are '做' (zuò - to do) and '写' (xiě - to write).

In the phrase '他的功课很好', it refers to his overall academic performance and grades.

No, '功课' can be singular or plural depending on the context.

It means to do thorough preparation or research before something.

Yes, to refer to the research done before a deal or presentation.

It refers to the daily morning and evening spiritual practices in Buddhism or Taoism.

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