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B2 adjective #2,801 가장 일반적인 11분 분량

toxic

연습하기 예시 노트와 팁 toxic 30초 만에
설명 toxic in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'toxic' is a difficult word. You can think of it as 'very, very bad' or 'dangerous.' It is like 'poison.' If you see a sign with a skull and crossbones on a bottle, that bottle is toxic. You should not touch it or drink it. It can make you very sick. Example: 'Don't drink that! It is toxic.' At this level, we only use it for physical things like chemicals or bad water. It is a word that tells you to stay away because something is not safe for your body. It is a 'danger' word.
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At the A2 level, you can start to use 'toxic' for things in nature and the environment. You might learn about 'toxic waste' or 'toxic chemicals' in school. It means something that is poisonous to people, animals, and plants. You can use it to describe why a river is dirty or why some plants are dangerous to eat. It is an adjective that describes a noun. For example, 'The toxic smoke from the fire was black.' It is still mostly used for physical things that you can see or smell, but you understand that it means 'harmful to life.'
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At the B1 level, you begin to see 'toxic' used in more abstract ways. You might hear it in stories or news reports. It doesn't just mean 'poison' anymore; it can mean 'very unpleasant.' For example, 'The atmosphere in the room was toxic.' This means the people were very angry or mean to each other. You can also use it to describe a 'toxic relationship,' which is a friendship or romance that makes you feel sad and stressed all the time. You are moving from literal poison to emotional poison. You know it is a strong word and use it to show that something is very unhealthy.
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At the B2 level, you should be comfortable using 'toxic' in both literal and metaphorical contexts. You understand common collocations like 'toxic masculinity,' 'toxic work environment,' and 'toxic assets.' You know that 'toxic' implies a systemic or pervasive problem. You can use it to discuss social issues, environmental policies, and psychological health. You also know the difference between 'toxic' and 'poisonous' (toxic is more general/technical, poisonous is often for nature). You can explain why a situation is toxic by giving examples of harmful behaviors or effects. It is a key word for discussing modern life and its challenges.
At the C1 level, you recognize the nuance and intensity of 'toxic.' You can use it to describe complex social phenomena, such as 'toxic partisanship' in politics or 'toxic positivity' in psychology. You understand how the word is used in finance and business to describe 'toxic debt.' You are also aware of synonyms like 'noxious,' 'pernicious,' and 'virulent,' and you can choose the best word for the situation. You might use 'toxic' to critique a culture or a system. Your usage is precise, and you avoid overusing the word, knowing that its power comes from its gravity. You can participate in high-level debates about 'toxic' influences in society.
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At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of 'toxic.' You understand its etymological roots and its historical evolution in the English language. You can use it with subtle irony or in highly technical academic papers. You are aware of the 'semantic bleaching' of the word in popular culture and can navigate between its colloquial and formal uses effortlessly. You can use 'toxic' to describe intricate psychological states or complex ecological feedback loops. You understand the word not just as a label, but as a powerful rhetorical tool that can shape public perception and policy. Your use of the word is sophisticated, accurate, and impactful.
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연습하기 예시 노트와 팁

toxic 30초 만에

  • Toxic means poisonous or harmful to life.
  • It describes harmful social dynamics and relationships.
  • It is used in finance for worthless, 'poisonous' assets.
  • It implies a deep, systemic, and destructive pattern of harm.

The word toxic is a multifaceted adjective that has evolved significantly from its purely biological and chemical origins to become a cornerstone of modern psychological and social discourse. At its most literal level, it refers to substances that are poisonous—those that can cause illness or death when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed. However, in contemporary English, particularly at the B2 level and above, its metaphorical usage is perhaps more frequent. It describes environments, behaviors, and relationships that are emotionally damaging, corrosive, or fundamentally unhealthy. When we call a workplace 'toxic,' we aren't suggesting the air is filled with literal poison gas, but rather that the social dynamics are so negative that they 'poison' the mental well-being of the employees.

Literal Meaning
Containing or being poisonous material especially when capable of causing death or serious debilitation.
Metaphorical Meaning
Extremely harsh, malicious, or harmful; often used to describe social dynamics or personality traits.
Economic Meaning
Relating to or being an asset that has fallen so much in value that it cannot be sold.

Understanding the gravity of 'toxic' requires recognizing its intensity. It is stronger than 'unpleasant' or 'difficult.' If a situation is toxic, it implies a level of harm that requires removal or significant intervention. In environmental science, toxic waste is a critical concern for public health, requiring specialized disposal. In social science, 'toxic masculinity' refers to a set of cultural norms that can be harmful to both men and society at large. The word carries a heavy weight, signaling danger and the need for caution.

The factory was fined heavily for dumping toxic chemicals into the local river system, affecting the water supply for miles.

She finally decided to leave her toxic relationship after realizing that her partner's constant criticism was destroying her self-esteem.

The board of directors struggled to manage the toxic assets that had accumulated during the financial crisis.

A toxic work culture often involves high levels of stress, lack of trust, and frequent burnout among staff members.

Scientists are studying the toxic effects of certain pesticides on the declining bee population.

In the 21st century, the word was even named 'Word of the Year' by Oxford Dictionaries because of its explosion in usage across various domains. It captures a sense of pervasive harm that is hard to escape. Whether discussing the 'toxic' atmosphere of political debate or the 'toxic' ingredients in processed foods, the word serves as a red flag. It warns the listener or reader that the subject is not just bad, but actively destructive. For a B2 learner, mastering this word means knowing when to use it for physical danger versus emotional distress, and understanding that it implies a systemic problem rather than a one-time issue.

Using 'toxic' correctly involves understanding its role as an attributive adjective (placed before a noun) and a predicative adjective (placed after a linking verb). It is most frequently paired with nouns that represent either physical substances or abstract social structures. For instance, 'toxic waste' and 'toxic fumes' are standard collocations in environmental science. Conversely, 'toxic friendship' and 'toxic environment' are standard in psychology and business. When you use 'toxic,' you are making a strong judgment. It is not a neutral word; it implies that the subject is inherently bad and should be avoided or neutralized.

As an Attributive Adjective
Used directly before the noun: 'The toxic spill caused an evacuation.'
As a Predicative Adjective
Used after a verb like 'is' or 'seems': 'The atmosphere in the office has become toxic.'
Degree Modifiers
Commonly used with 'highly,' 'extremely,' or 'potentially': 'This substance is highly toxic.'

One of the most important aspects of using 'toxic' is context. If you are in a chemistry lab, 'toxic' refers to safety protocols. If you are in a HR meeting, 'toxic' refers to behavior like bullying or harassment. It is also important to note that 'toxic' can be used to describe financial instruments. During the 2008 financial crisis, 'toxic assets' became a household term, referring to investments that were worth nothing and were 'poisoning' the balance sheets of banks. This shows the word's versatility in describing anything that causes systemic failure.

The lead paint used in old houses can be toxic if ingested by young children.

Social media platforms are often criticized for fostering toxic online communities where cyberbullying is common.

The relationship was so toxic that both parties felt drained and unhappy every time they met.

When writing, consider the impact of the word. Because it is so strong, overusing it can lead to 'semantic bleaching,' where the word loses its power. If every minor disagreement is called 'toxic,' the word no longer effectively describes truly dangerous situations. Therefore, reserve 'toxic' for cases where there is a clear pattern of harm or a genuine threat to health and safety. In academic writing, 'toxic' is often replaced by more specific terms like 'noxious,' 'virulent,' or 'detrimental,' depending on the field of study. However, in journalism and general communication, 'toxic' remains the most evocative and widely understood term for pervasive harm.

You will encounter the word 'toxic' in a wide variety of settings, ranging from scientific documentaries to celebrity gossip columns. In the news, it is frequently used in reports about environmental disasters, such as oil spills or chemical leaks. Journalists use the word to emphasize the danger to local wildlife and human populations. You might hear a news anchor say, 'Emergency crews are working to contain the toxic plume moving toward the city.' This usage is literal and urgent, signaling a physical threat that requires immediate action.

In the Workplace
Discussions about company culture, management styles, and employee retention.
In Social Media
Comments sections, discussions about 'cancel culture,' and influencer drama.
In Healthcare
Toxicology reports, discussions about side effects of medications, or poisoning cases.

In the realm of self-help and psychology, 'toxic' is a buzzword. Podcasts, YouTube videos, and articles frequently discuss 'how to spot a toxic person' or 'recovering from a toxic childhood.' In these contexts, the word is used to categorize behaviors like gaslighting, manipulation, and emotional abuse. It has become a tool for people to label and understand their negative experiences. Similarly, in political commentary, you will hear about 'toxic partisanship' or 'toxic rhetoric,' referring to a style of communication that is so aggressive and polarized that it prevents productive governance and social harmony.

'We need to address the toxic positivity in this office that prevents us from discussing real problems,' the consultant noted.

The documentary highlighted the toxic levels of mercury found in certain species of deep-sea fish.

Many gamers complain about the toxic behavior of players in competitive online matches.

Finally, in the financial world, 'toxic' is used to describe debt or assets that are unlikely to be repaid and could cause a financial institution to fail. This usage became extremely common during the global financial crisis of 2008. Whether you are reading a biology textbook, a management manual, or a lifestyle blog, 'toxic' is a word that bridges the gap between the physical and the metaphorical, always carrying a warning of danger. Its prevalence in modern English makes it an essential word for any B2 learner to recognize and understand in its various shades of meaning.

One of the most common mistakes learners make with the word 'toxic' is confusing it with 'intoxicated.' While both words share the same root (the Greek word for poison), they have very different meanings and grammatical functions. 'Toxic' is an adjective describing a substance or situation that is poisonous. 'Intoxicated' is an adjective (often used as a past participle) describing a person who is under the influence of alcohol or drugs. You would say 'The chemicals are toxic,' but 'The man was intoxicated.' Using 'toxic' to describe a drunk person is a frequent error that can lead to confusion.

Toxic vs. Poisonous
'Toxic' is often used for chemicals and environments; 'poisonous' is often used for organisms like snakes or mushrooms.
Toxic vs. Intoxicated
'Toxic' describes the substance; 'intoxicated' describes the state of the person who took it.
Overuse
Using 'toxic' for anything slightly annoying can weaken your writing. Use 'difficult' or 'unpleasant' for minor issues.

Another mistake is the incorrect use of prepositions. While 'toxic to' is common (e.g., 'This gas is toxic to humans'), learners sometimes try to use 'toxic with' or 'toxic for' in ways that sound unnatural. Additionally, some learners use 'toxic' as a noun. While 'toxin' is the noun form (referring to the poisonous substance itself), 'toxic' is strictly an adjective. You cannot say 'The toxic in the water is high'; you must say 'The level of toxins in the water is high' or 'The water is toxic.'

Incorrect: He was so toxic after the party he couldn't drive home.

Correct: He was so intoxicated after the party he couldn't drive home.

Incorrect: The toxic of the snake is very strong.

Correct: The venom (or toxin) of the snake is very strong.

Finally, be careful with the intensity of the word. Calling a friend 'toxic' because they forgot your birthday is an exaggeration. 'Toxic' implies a deep, systemic pattern of harm. Using it too lightly can make you sound dramatic or imprecise. In professional settings, calling a colleague 'toxic' is a very serious accusation that should be backed up with specific examples of harmful behavior. Understanding the weight of this word will help you use it more effectively and avoid social or professional misunderstandings.

While 'toxic' is a very versatile word, English offers several synonyms that might be more precise depending on the context. Understanding these nuances is key to reaching a C1 or C2 level of proficiency. For example, 'poisonous' is the most direct synonym, but it is usually reserved for biological contexts—plants, animals, and substances that cause harm when eaten or touched. 'Venomous,' on the other hand, specifically refers to animals that inject poison through a bite or sting, like snakes or spiders. You wouldn't call a snake 'toxic' in a scientific context; you would call it 'venomous.'

Noxious
Usually refers to harmful gases or smells: 'The noxious fumes from the fire made us dizzy.'
Pernicious
Describes something that has a harmful effect in a gradual or subtle way: 'The pernicious influence of social media on body image.'
Virulent
Often used for diseases or extremely bitter speech: 'A virulent strain of the flu' or 'a virulent attack on his character.'

In metaphorical contexts, words like 'harmful,' 'detrimental,' and 'deleterious' are common. 'Harmful' is a general term, while 'detrimental' and 'deleterious' are more formal and often used in academic or legal writing. For example, 'Smoking is detrimental to your health' sounds more professional than 'Smoking is toxic to your health.' If you are describing a bad relationship, you might use 'destructive' or 'corrosive.' 'Corrosive' is a powerful metaphor, suggesting that the relationship is slowly 'eating away' at a person's happiness, much like acid eats away at metal.

The noxious exhaust from the old bus filled the street with black smoke.

The pernicious effects of the new law were not felt until years later.

His virulent criticism of the project demotivated the entire team.

Choosing the right word depends on what you want to emphasize. Use 'toxic' for general harmfulness, especially in social or environmental contexts. Use 'noxious' for bad smells or gases. Use 'pernicious' for subtle, long-term harm. Use 'virulent' for intense, aggressive harm. By expanding your vocabulary beyond 'toxic,' you can describe negative situations with much greater precision and sophistication. This is a hallmark of advanced English communication, allowing you to convey the exact nature and intensity of the harm you are describing.

How Formal Is It?

발음 가이드

라임이 맞는 단어
exotic, chaotic

난이도

알아야 할 문법

Adjective order

Attributive vs Predicative adjectives

Countable vs Uncountable nouns (with 'waste')

Modal verbs for warning (must, should)

Gerunds as subjects (Exposure to...)

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수준별 예문

1

The water is toxic. Do not drink it.

L'eau est toxique. Ne la buvez pas.

Subject + is + adjective.

2

This green liquid is toxic.

Ce liquide vert est toxique.

Demonstrative adjective 'This' + noun.

3

Is this plant toxic?

Cette plante est-elle toxique ?

Question form with 'is'.

4

Toxic things are dangerous.

Les choses toxiques sont dangereuses.

Plural subject + are.

5

The air here is toxic.

L'air ici est toxique.

Adverb 'here' after the noun.

6

Don't touch that! It's toxic.

Ne touche pas à ça ! C'est toxique.

Imperative 'Don't touch'.

7

Some mushrooms are toxic.

Certains champignons sont toxiques.

Quantifier 'Some'.

8

Toxic chemicals are bad.

Les produits chimiques toxiques sont mauvais.

Adjective before noun.

1

The factory produces toxic waste.

L'usine produit des déchets toxiques.

Present simple tense.

2

Toxic fumes came from the fire.

Des fumées toxiques provenaient de l'incendie.

Past simple tense.

3

We must clean up the toxic spill.

Nous devons nettoyer le déversement toxique.

Modal verb 'must'.

4

The snake's bite is toxic.

La morsure du serpent est toxique.

Possessive 's.

5

Are these cleaning products toxic?

Ces produits de nettoyage sont-ils toxiques ?

Plural question.

6

Toxic substances can hurt animals.

Les substances toxiques peuvent blesser les animaux.

Modal 'can' for possibility.

7

The soil is toxic because of the oil.

Le sol est toxique à cause du pétrole.

Conjunction 'because of'.

8

Wear a mask to avoid toxic dust.

Portez un masque pour éviter la poussière toxique.

Infinitive of purpose 'to avoid'.

1

He decided to leave his toxic job.

Il a décidé de quitter son travail toxique.

Metaphorical usage.

2

The atmosphere in the meeting was toxic.

L'ambiance à la réunion était toxique.

Describing social environment.

3

I think my friendship with her is toxic.

Je pense que mon amitié avec elle est toxique.

Opinion phrase 'I think'.

4

Social media can be a toxic place.

Les réseaux sociaux peuvent être un endroit toxique.

Generalizing with 'can be'.

5

She realized the relationship was toxic.

Elle a réalisé que la relation était toxique.

Reporting clause with 'that' (omitted).

6

Toxic people often blame others for their problems.

Les personnes toxiques rejettent souvent la faute sur les autres.

Adverb of frequency 'often'.

7

The company culture was becoming toxic.

La culture d'entreprise devenait toxique.

Past continuous 'was becoming'.

8

How do you deal with toxic family members?

Comment gérez-vous les membres de votre famille toxiques ?

Phrasal verb 'deal with'.

1

The lake was contaminated with toxic runoff from the farm.

Le lac était contaminé par les eaux de ruissellement toxiques de la ferme.

Passive voice 'was contaminated'.

2

Toxic masculinity can prevent men from expressing their emotions.

La masculinité toxique peut empêcher les hommes d'exprimer leurs émotions.

Abstract concept as subject.

3

The bank had to sell off its toxic assets quickly.

La banque a dû vendre rapidement ses actifs toxiques.

Financial terminology.

4

The debate turned toxic after the personal attacks started.

Le débat est devenu toxique après le début des attaques personnelles.

Verb 'turn' meaning 'become'.

5

Exposure to toxic chemicals can lead to long-term health issues.

L'exposition à des produits chimiques toxiques peut entraîner des problèmes de santé à long terme.

Gerund 'Exposure' as subject.

6

The team's performance suffered due to a toxic environment.

La performance de l'équipe a souffert à cause d'un environnement toxique.

Prepositional phrase 'due to'.

7

They are trying to neutralize the toxic effects of the drug.

Ils essaient de neutraliser les effets toxiques du médicament.

Present continuous 'are trying'.

8

A toxic mix of pride and anger led to the conflict.

Un mélange toxique de fierté et de colère a mené au conflit.

Noun phrase 'A toxic mix of'.

1

The discourse on the forum has become increasingly toxic.

Le discours sur le forum est devenu de plus en plus toxique.

Adverb 'increasingly' modifying the adjective.

2

We must address the toxic positivity that stifles genuine feedback.

Nous devons nous attaquer à la positivité toxique qui étouffe les commentaires sincères.

Relative clause 'that stifles'.

3

The accumulation of toxic debt triggered a systemic collapse.

L'accumulation de dettes toxiques a déclenché un effondrement systémique.

Complex noun phrase.

4

Her leadership style was criticized for being toxic and exclusionary.

Son style de leadership a été critiqué pour être toxique et exclusif.

Parallel adjectives.

5

The city is grappling with the legacy of toxic industrial practices.

La ville est aux prises avec l'héritage de pratiques industrielles toxiques.

Phrasal verb 'grappling with'.

6

The toxic nature of the allegations made it difficult to remain neutral.

La nature toxique des allégations a rendu difficile le fait de rester neutre.

Structure 'made it + adj + to infinitive'.

7

The plant's defense mechanism involves secreting a toxic sap.

Le mécanisme de défense de la plante consiste à sécréter une sève toxique.

Gerund 'secreting' after 'involves'.

8

The political climate is so toxic that compromise is seen as weakness.

Le climat politique est si toxique que le compromis est considéré comme une faiblesse.

Result clause 'so... that'.

1

The pervasive toxicity of the corporate culture necessitated a total overhaul.

La toxicité envahissante de la culture d'entreprise a nécessité une refonte totale.

Noun form 'toxicity'.

2

He dissected the toxic tropes prevalent in 19th-century literature.

Il a disséqué les tropes toxiques répandus dans la littérature du XIXe siècle.

Academic verb 'dissected'.

3

The ecosystem is reeling from the toxic synergy of pollution and climate change.

L'écosystème est ébranlé par la synergie toxique de la pollution et du changement climatique.

Metaphorical verb 'reeling'.

4

The author explores the toxic intersection of fame and mental health.

L'auteur explore l'intersection toxique de la célébrité et de la santé mentale.

Abstract noun 'intersection'.

5

The toxic assets were sequestered in a 'bad bank' to protect the economy.

Les actifs toxiques ont été mis sous séquestre dans une 'bad bank' pour protéger l'économie.

Specialized financial vocabulary.

6

The virulent and toxic rhetoric served only to further polarize the electorate.

La rhétorique virulente et toxique n'a servi qu'à polariser davantage l'électorat.

Double adjectives for emphasis.

7

The study elucidates the toxic effects of microplastics on marine microorganisms.

L'étude élucide les effets toxiques des microplastiques sur les micro-organismes marins.

Formal verb 'elucidates'.

8

The toxic fallout from the scandal ruined several high-profile careers.

Les retombées toxiques du scandale ont ruiné plusieurs carrières de haut niveau.

Metaphorical 'fallout'.

동의어

poisonous harmful deadly noxious venomous hazardous

반의어

safe harmless healthy

자주 쓰는 조합

toxic waste
toxic relationship
toxic environment
toxic masculinity
toxic chemicals
toxic assets
toxic positivity
toxic fumes
toxic culture
toxic substance

자주 쓰는 구문

toxic work environment
cut out toxic people
toxic levels of
highly toxic
potentially toxic
toxic shock syndrome
remove toxic elements
toxic combination
toxic atmosphere
toxic behavior

자주 혼동되는 단어

toxic vs Intoxicated (being drunk)

toxic vs Toxin (the noun form)

toxic vs Venomous (specifically for injected poison)

관용어 및 표현

"toxic mix"
"poison the well"
"toxic debt"
"toxic assets"
"toxic brew"
"toxic cloud"
"toxic spillover"
"toxic legacy"
"toxic byproduct"
"toxic overload"

혼동하기 쉬운

toxic vs

toxic vs

toxic vs

toxic vs

toxic vs

문장 패턴

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사용법

technical

In biology, toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism.

metaphorical

In psychology, it refers to chronic negativity that affects others.

자주 하는 실수
  • Using 'toxic' instead of 'intoxicated' for someone who is drunk.
  • Using 'toxic' as a noun (e.g., 'the toxic in the air').
  • Overusing the word for minor inconveniences.
  • Confusing 'toxic' with 'venomous' in biological contexts.
  • Misspelling it as 'toxick' or 'toxice'.

팁

Learn the Noun

Learning 'toxicity' alongside 'toxic' will help you discuss scientific or psychological topics more fluently. For example, 'The toxicity of the soil is high.'

Be Careful with Labels

Calling a person 'toxic' is a heavy label. Use it only when there is a consistent pattern of harmful behavior, not just a one-time mistake.

Workplace Culture

In a job interview, if you mention a 'toxic environment,' be prepared to describe it professionally without sounding like you are just complaining.

Eco-Awareness

When reading about the environment, 'toxic' usually refers to man-made pollutants. This is a common topic in B2-level reading exams.

Economic Literacy

Understanding 'toxic assets' is helpful for reading financial news or understanding the history of the 2008 global financial crisis.

Medical Context

In medicine, 'toxic' can describe the side effects of a treatment. 'The chemotherapy was toxic to the cancer cells but also affected healthy ones.'

Adjective Placement

Remember that 'toxic' can come before the noun (toxic waste) or after a verb (the waste is toxic). Both are equally common.

Use Noxious for Gases

If you are specifically talking about bad-smelling or harmful air, 'noxious' is often a more precise and sophisticated choice than 'toxic'.

The Arrow Tip

Think of the Greek 'toxikon' (arrow poison). A toxic situation 'pierces' your well-being just like a poisoned arrow.

암기하기

어원

Greek

문화적 맥락

A major topic in HR and management studies regarding 'toxic leadership'.

Frequently used to describe 'toxic' fandoms or communities.

Oxford Word of the Year 2018.

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

대화 시작하기

"Have you ever worked in a toxic environment?"

"What are the signs of a toxic friendship?"

"How can we reduce toxic waste in our city?"

"Do you think social media is becoming more toxic?"

"What's the best way to deal with a toxic person?"

일기 주제

Describe a time you encountered a toxic situation and how you handled it.

What does 'toxic positivity' mean to you?

How can we protect the environment from toxic chemicals?

Reflect on a relationship that felt toxic. What did you learn?

Is the word 'toxic' overused today? Why or why not?

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

Toxic is a broader, more technical term often used for chemicals and environments. Poisonous is usually used for things that are harmful if eaten or touched, like plants or animals.

Yes, metaphorically. A toxic person is someone whose behavior causes emotional harm or stress to those around them.

It can be used in both formal (scientific/financial) and informal (social) contexts, but it is always a strong word.

These are financial investments that have lost almost all their value and cannot be sold, 'poisoning' a bank's finances.

It refers to certain traditional cultural norms for men that can be harmful to society and to men themselves, such as suppressing emotions.

It is pronounced TOX-ik, with the stress on the first syllable.

Yes, the word inherently implies harm or danger.

The noun form is 'toxicity' (the state of being toxic) or 'toxin' (the poisonous substance).

Yes, 'toxic fumes' or 'toxic smells' refer to odors that are harmful to breathe.

Because its usage increased significantly across many different topics, from the environment to politics to relationships.

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셀프 테스트 180 질문

/ 180 correct

Perfect score!

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