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B1 noun #3,000 가장 일반적인 8분 분량

خمیر

khamir
연습하기 예시 노트와 팁 خمیر 30초 만에
설명 خمیر in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'خمیر' is a simple noun you learn when talking about food or daily routines. You mainly see it in 'خمیر دندان' (toothpaste) which you use every morning. You might also see it in a bakery (نانوایی) where bread is made. It's important to know that it means something soft and thick that you can shape with your hands. Think of it as the 'before' stage of bread. You mix flour and water, and you get 'خمیر'. It's a basic building block of many things we use every day. At this stage, just remember 'خمیر دندان' for your teeth and 'خمیر نان' for bread.
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At the A2 level, you start to use 'خمیر' with simple verbs. You learn that you 'درست کردن' (make) dough. You might talk about 'خمیر پیتزا' (pizza dough) when discussing your favorite foods. You also learn that 'خمیر' can be used for kids' toys, like 'خمیر بازی' (playdough). You begin to notice that 'خمیر' describes a texture—anything that is thick, soft, and squishy. If you are describing a recipe, you might say 'آب و آرد را مخلوط کنید تا خمیر شود' (Mix water and flour until it becomes dough). This level focuses on practical, everyday objects.
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At the B1 level, you move into the process of working with dough. You learn specific verbs like 'ورز دادن' (to knead) and 'ور آمدن' (to rise). You can explain how to make bread or a cake. You also understand that 'خمیر' is used in construction and repairs, like 'خمیر بتونه' (putty). You might encounter the word in a more descriptive way, such as 'نان خمیر است' to describe bread that isn't cooked properly. You are now comfortable using 'خمیر' in various contexts, from the kitchen to the hardware store, and you understand the importance of its consistency (غلظت).
At the B2 level, you begin to see the metaphorical side of 'خمیر'. You might hear the word 'خمیره' (essence/nature) and understand its connection to the physical dough. You can discuss more complex topics, like the chemical process of fermentation (تخمیر) that changes the 'خمیر'. You use the word in more professional or technical settings, such as 'خمیرهای صنعتی' (industrial pastes). You also start to use idioms or more advanced collocations, like 'از یک خمیر بودن' to describe two people with similar characters. Your vocabulary is becoming more nuanced and less literal.
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At the C1 level, 'خمیر' appears in literature and formal essays. You might read poems where the human body is compared to 'خمیر' being shaped by a divine potter. You understand the subtle differences between 'خمیر', 'گل', and 'لعاب'. You can use the word to describe complex textures in art or science. You are aware of the historical etymology of the word and its roots in Arabic. You can participate in deep discussions about 'سرشت و خمیره انسان' (the nature and essence of man). The word is no longer just about bread; it's a tool for abstract thought and sophisticated description.
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At the C2 level, you have a complete mastery of 'خمیر' and all its derivatives. You can analyze classical Persian texts where the word is used in archaic ways. You understand the most technical applications in chemistry, medicine (like 'خمیرهای دارویی'), and engineering. You can use the word with perfect idiomatic precision, catching every nuance in both spoken and written Persian. You might even use it in creative writing to evoke specific sensory details or philosophical ideas. The word 'خمیر' is now a versatile instrument in your linguistic repertoire, used for everything from baking to metaphysics.
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خمیر 30초 만에

  • Khamir means dough or paste in Persian.
  • Commonly used for bread (khamir-e nan) and toothpaste (khamir dandan).
  • Key verbs include 'varz dādan' (knead) and 'var āmadan' (rise).
  • Metaphorically refers to a person's innate nature or essence.

The Persian word خمیر (Khamir) is a versatile noun that primarily refers to dough or paste. At its most basic level, it describes a thick, soft, and malleable mixture of a dry substance (like flour, clay, or powder) and a liquid (usually water or oil). In the context of the Persian kitchen, it is the essential precursor to bread, pastries, and pasta. However, the term extends far beyond the culinary world, encompassing industrial materials, hygiene products, and even philosophical concepts regarding human nature.

Culinary Context
The raw mixture of flour and water used for baking bread (نان) or sweets (شیرینی).
Hygiene & Utility
Used in compounds like 'خمیر دندان' (toothpaste) or 'خمیر ریش' (shaving cream).
Artistic & Industrial
Refers to modeling clay, putty, or any viscous substance used in construction or art.

نانوا خمیر را با دقت ورز می‌داد تا نان باکیفیتی بپزد.

— The baker was kneading the dough carefully to bake high-quality bread.

Chemically and physically, 'خمیر' represents a state of matter that is neither fully solid nor liquid. It is characterized by its plasticity—the ability to be shaped and to retain that shape. In Persian culture, the quality of the dough is often seen as a metaphor for the foundation of a project or the character of a person. If the 'dough' is bad, the final product (the 'bread') will inevitably be flawed. This leads to the concept of 'خمیره' (Khamireh), which refers to the innate essence or 'leaven' of a human being.

برای درست کردن پیتزا، ابتدا باید خمیر را آماده کنید.

— To make pizza, you must first prepare the dough.

این خمیر بازی برای کودکان کاملاً بی‌خطر است.

— This playdough is completely safe for children.

Furthermore, the word is used in various technical fields. In dentistry, 'خمیر دندان' is the standard term for toothpaste. In construction, 'خمیر بندکشی' refers to the grout or paste used between tiles. The word's root is shared with 'تخمیر' (fermentation), highlighting the biological process that many doughs undergo to rise and become light. Understanding 'خمیر' is essential for anyone navigating a Persian grocery store, a kitchen, or even a hardware shop.

او مقداری خمیر روی زخم گذاشت تا دردش آرام شود.

— He put some paste on the wound to soothe the pain.
Scientific Aspect
The viscosity and elasticity of 'خمیر' are studied in rheology, particularly in food science.
Metaphorical Aspect
It represents the 'raw material' of life, suggesting that something is still in its formative stages.

آیا خمیر نان به اندازه کافی پف کرده است؟

— Has the bread dough risen enough?

Using the word خمیر correctly involves understanding its primary collocations and the verbs that typically accompany it. Whether you are baking, cleaning, or discussing someone's personality, the word functions as the core of many essential Persian expressions. The most common verb associated with culinary dough is ورز دادن (to knead). Without kneading, the dough won't develop the necessary structure.

ورز دادن (Varz dādan)
To knead dough. Example: 'خمیر را خوب ورز بده' (Knead the dough well).
ور آمدن (Var āmadan)
To rise (for dough). Example: 'خمیر هنوز ور نیامده است' (The dough hasn't risen yet).
پهن کردن (Pahn kardan)
To roll out dough. Example: 'خمیر را با وردنه پهن کن' (Roll out the dough with a rolling pin).

In daily life, you will encounter 'خمیر' in several compound nouns. These are formed by adding a modifier after the word. For instance, خمیر دندان (toothpaste) is perhaps the most frequent non-food usage. You don't 'eat' this dough; you use it for hygiene. Similarly, خمیر ریش (shaving cream/paste) is used in grooming. In these cases, 'خمیر' describes the texture of the product rather than its ingredients.

نکته: در فارسی محاوره‌ای، گاهی به نانی که خوب پخته نشده و وسطش نرم مانده است، می‌گویند 'نان خمیر است'.

— Note: In colloquial Persian, bread that is underbaked and soft in the middle is described as 'khamir' (doughy).

When discussing art or repairs, you might use خمیر مجسمه‌سازی (sculpting clay) or خمیر بتونه (putty for filling holes). The word implies a substance that is thick enough to hold its shape but soft enough to be manipulated. If a substance is too watery, it is no longer 'خمیر'; it becomes 'مایع' (liquid) or 'لعاب' (glaze). If it is too hard, it becomes 'جامد' (solid).

In a metaphorical sense, you might hear the phrase از یک خمیر بودن (to be from the same dough), meaning two people have the same nature or character. This is similar to the English expression 'cut from the same cloth'. It suggests a shared origin or a deep-seated similarity in temperament. This usage is more common in literature and formal speech than in everyday street Persian.

You will encounter the word خمیر in a variety of environments, ranging from the most traditional to the highly modern. The most iconic place to hear this word is in a نانوایی (Nanva'i - Bakery). Iran has several types of traditional bread like Sangak, Barbari, and Lavash. Each requires a specific type of 'خمیر'. You might hear a baker shouting to his assistant, 'خمیر را بیار!' (Bring the dough!).

At the Bakery
Hearing about the 'چانه' (dough ball) or the 'ور آمدن' (rising) process.
In the Bathroom
Seeing 'خمیر دندان' (toothpaste) on the sink every morning.
In Art Class
Using 'خمیر بازی' (playdough) or 'خمیر گل‌چینی' (cold porcelain paste).

In modern supermarkets (سوپرمارکت), you will find pre-made doughs in the freezer section. Labels like خمیر آماده پیتزا (ready-made pizza dough) or خمیر یوفکا (phyllo dough) are common. If you are watching a Persian cooking show on YouTube or TV, the chef will spend a significant amount of time explaining how to achieve the perfect consistency for the 'خمیر'. They might say, 'خمیر نباید به دست بچسبد' (The dough should not stick to your hand).

مادربزرگ همیشه می‌گفت: 'راز نان خوشمزه در خوب ورز دادن خمیر است'.

— Grandmother always said: 'The secret to delicious bread is in kneading the dough well.'

Another common place is the dentist's office. The dentist might talk about 'خمیر دندان مخصوص' (special toothpaste) for sensitive teeth. In a more industrial or DIY setting, like a hardware store (ابزارفروشی), you might ask for 'خمیر اپوکسی' (epoxy putty) to fix a leak. The word is ubiquitous because the physical state it describes—a thick, moldable paste—is so common in human technology and daily life.

While خمیر is a straightforward noun, learners often make specific errors regarding its pronunciation, its metaphorical use, and its distinction from similar-sounding words. One common mistake is confusing 'خمیر' (Khamir) with خمیره (Khamireh). While they share the same root, 'خمیر' is the physical dough, whereas 'خمیره' is the abstract essence or character. You wouldn't say 'خمیره نان' to mean bread dough; that would sound very strange.

Mistake 1: Incorrect Verb
Using 'ساختن' (to make) instead of 'درست کردن' or 'ورز دادن'. While you 'make' dough, Persians specifically 'knead' it (ورز دادن) or 'prepare' it (آماده کردن).
Mistake 2: Pronunciation
Confusing the 'Kh' sound (like the German 'ch' in 'Bach') with a simple 'H'. It is 'Khamir', not 'Hamir'.

Another frequent error occurs when describing undercooked food. Learners might try to use the word 'خام' (raw). While 'raw' is technically correct for uncooked dough, if you are eating bread that is soggy in the middle, the idiomatic way to describe it is by saying 'این نان خمیر است'. Using 'خام' here would imply the bread hasn't been in the oven at all, whereas 'خمیر' implies it was baked but remains doughy inside.

غلط: من خمیر دندان را می‌خورم. (I eat toothpaste.)
درست: من با خمیر دندان مسواک می‌زنم. (I brush with toothpaste.)

In the context of 'toothpaste', remember that 'خمیر دندان' is a compound. Some learners mistakenly say 'صابون دندان' (tooth soap) or just 'خمیر' alone. Without the word 'دندان' (tooth), 'خمیر' could mean anything from pizza dough to industrial putty. Context is key, but in a bathroom setting, 'خمیر' is often used as a shorthand, though 'خمیر دندان' is the correct full term.

To truly master خمیر, it is helpful to understand the words that surround it in the semantic field of textures and cooking. The most immediate relative is آرد (Ard - Flour). Without 'آرد', there is no 'خمیر'. Another related word is مایه خمیر (Māye-ye Khamir), which means yeast or leaven. This is the biological agent that makes the dough rise.

گل (Gel)
Mud or clay. While 'خمیر' is usually man-made, 'گل' is natural, though 'خمیر مجسمه‌سازی' is a type of refined 'گل'.
چسب (Chasb)
Glue. Some pastes (خمیر) act as adhesives, but 'چسب' is the general term for anything that sticks things together.
پودر (Powder)
The dry state before liquid is added to create 'خمیر'.

In terms of consistency, لعاب (Lo'āb) refers to a thinner, more glaze-like substance, often used in pottery or cooking (like the starchiness of well-cooked rice). فرنی (Ferni) is a thick pudding that has a similar texture to some pastes but is specifically a food item. If a 'خمیر' becomes too thin, it might be called a مایع غلیظ (thick liquid).

تفاوت خمیر و گل در این است که خمیر معمولاً از مواد خوراکی یا شیمیایی ساخته می‌شود.

— The difference between dough and clay is that dough is usually made from edible or chemical materials.

For those interested in the abstract, ذات (Zāt) and سرشت (Seresht) are synonyms for the metaphorical 'خمیره' (essence). While 'خمیر' is the physical stuff, 'سرشت' is the poetic way to describe the 'dough' from which a human soul is molded. In classical Persian poetry, you will often find the creator described as a potter molding the 'خمیر' of humanity.

How Formal Is It?

난이도

알아야 할 문법

Ezafe construction for compound nouns.

Compound verbs with 'dādan' and 'kardan'.

Subjunctive mood after 'bāyad' and 'tā'.

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수준별 예문

1

من هر صبح با خمیر دندان مسواک می‌زنم.

I brush my teeth with toothpaste every morning.

Compound noun: khamir + dandan.

2

نانوا خمیر را در تنور گذاشت.

The baker put the dough in the oven.

Simple past tense.

3

این خمیر نان است.

This is bread dough.

Simple 'is' sentence.

4

بچه‌ها خمیر بازی را دوست دارند.

Children like playdough.

Compound noun: khamir + bazi.

5

آیا خمیر دندان داری؟

Do you have toothpaste?

Question form with 'āyā'.

6

مادرم خمیر درست می‌کند.

My mother is making dough.

Present continuous sense.

7

خمیر سفید است.

The dough is white.

Adjective usage.

8

کمی خمیر به من بده.

Give me some dough.

Imperative mood.

1

برای پیتزا باید خمیر بخریم.

We should buy dough for the pizza.

Modal verb 'bāyad'.

2

خمیر را با دست مخلوط کن.

Mix the dough with your hand.

Imperative with 'bā'.

3

این خمیر خیلی نرم است.

This dough is very soft.

Adverb 'kheyli' + adjective.

4

او با خمیر یک ماشین ساخت.

He made a car with playdough.

Past tense 'sākht'.

5

خمیر دندان من تمام شده است.

My toothpaste has run out.

Present perfect tense.

6

نانوا خمیر را به چانه‌های کوچک تقسیم کرد.

The baker divided the dough into small balls.

Compound verb 'taqsim kardan'.

7

آیا این خمیر برای شیرینی است؟

Is this dough for sweets?

Preposition 'barāye'.

8

خمیر را در یخچال بگذار.

Put the dough in the refrigerator.

Imperative with 'dar'.

1

خمیر باید نیم ساعت استراحت کند تا ور بیاید.

The dough must rest for half an hour to rise.

Subjunctive mood 'var āyād'.

2

اگر خمیر را زیاد ورز بدهی، نان سفت می‌شود.

If you knead the dough too much, the bread will become hard.

Conditional sentence Type 1.

3

این نان هنوز خمیر است و خوب پخته نشده.

This bread is still doughy and hasn't been cooked well.

Using 'khamir' as an adjective.

4

برای درزگیری پنجره از خمیر مخصوص استفاده کردیم.

We used a special paste to seal the window.

Compound noun 'darzgiri'.

5

خمیر یوفکا برای درست کردن باقلوا عالی است.

Phyllo dough is excellent for making baklava.

Specific type of dough.

6

او خمیر را با وردنه کاملاً پهن کرد.

She rolled out the dough completely with a rolling pin.

Instrumental 'bā vardan-e'.

7

مایه خمیر باعث می‌شود نان سبک و پوک شود.

Yeast causes the bread to become light and airy.

Subject-verb agreement.

8

خمیر دندان‌های زغالی این روزها پرطرفدار هستند.

Charcoal toothpastes are popular these days.

Plural compound noun.

1

خمیره وجودی او با مهربانی سرشته شده است.

His very essence is kneaded with kindness.

Metaphorical use of 'khamireh'.

2

این دو برادر واقعاً از یک خمیر هستند.

These two brothers are truly cut from the same cloth.

Idiomatic expression.

3

تخمیر باعث تغییر ساختار شیمیایی خمیر می‌شود.

Fermentation causes a change in the chemical structure of the dough.

Scientific terminology.

4

خمیر بتونه برای صاف کردن سطوح قبل از رنگ‌آمیزی لازم است.

Putty is necessary for smoothing surfaces before painting.

Technical usage.

5

غلظت خمیر باید به گونه‌ای باشد که به دست نچسبد.

The consistency of the dough should be such that it doesn't stick to the hand.

Complex sentence structure.

6

او تمام خمیرهای بازی را با هم مخلوط کرد و رنگ عجیبی درست شد.

He mixed all the playdoughs together and a strange color was created.

Pluralization of 'khamir'.

7

در این صنعت، از خمیر کاغذ برای تولید کارتن استفاده می‌شود.

In this industry, paper pulp is used to produce cardboard.

Industrial term 'khamir-e kāghaz'.

8

خمیر دندان باید حاوی فلوراید باشد تا از پوسیدگی جلوگیری کند.

Toothpaste must contain fluoride to prevent decay.

Formal/Scientific register.

1

شاعر در اشعارش، انسان را خمیری در دستان خالق توصیف می‌کند.

The poet describes man as dough in the hands of the Creator.

Literary metaphor.

2

اصالت و خمیره پاک او در رفتارش کاملاً مشهود است.

His noble origin and pure essence are completely evident in his behavior.

Abstract noun 'khamireh'.

3

بررسی رئولوژیکی خمیر نان در نانوایی‌های صنعتی اهمیت زیادی دارد.

The rheological study of bread dough is of great importance in industrial bakeries.

Academic/Technical terminology.

4

او با چنان مهارتی خمیر را ورز می‌داد که گویی با آن نجوا می‌کند.

He kneaded the dough with such skill as if he were whispering to it.

Simile usage 'guyi'.

5

خمیره این داستان بر اساس واقعیت‌های تاریخی بنا شده است.

The essence of this story is built upon historical realities.

Metaphorical 'khamireh' for a story.

6

تفاوت‌های بنیادین در خمیره فرهنگی جوامع باعث سوءتفاهم می‌شود.

Fundamental differences in the cultural fabric (essence) of societies cause misunderstandings.

Sociological context.

7

در متون کهن، از خمیر به عنوان نمادی از آفرینش یاد شده است.

In ancient texts, dough is mentioned as a symbol of creation.

Passive voice 'yād shodeh ast'.

8

خمیر دندان‌های گیاهی بدون مواد شیمیایی، بازار جدیدی ایجاد کرده‌اند.

Herbal toothpastes without chemicals have created a new market.

Economic/Business context.

1

حکیمان معتقد بودند که خمیره مایه هر موجودی، چهار عنصر اصلی است.

The sages believed that the essential leaven of every being is the four primary elements.

Philosophical/Archaic register.

2

او در رساله‌اش به واکاوی مفهوم 'خمیره' در فلسفه اشراق می‌پردازد.

In his treatise, he explores the concept of 'essence' in Illuminationist philosophy.

High academic Persian.

3

تغییرات آنزیمی در خمیر ترش، طعم منحصر به فردی به نان می‌بخشد.

Enzymatic changes in sourdough impart a unique flavor to the bread.

Advanced food science terminology.

4

خمیره کلام او چنان نافذ بود که بر جان شنوندگان می‌نشست.

The essence of his words was so piercing that it settled in the souls of the listeners.

Poetic/Rhetorical usage.

5

در فرآیند تولید کاغذ، کنترل کیفیت خمیر سلولز حیاتی است.

In the paper production process, quality control of the cellulose pulp is vital.

Industrial/Engineering context.

6

او با نگاهی پدیدارشناسانه به بررسی 'خمیره' زمان پرداخت.

He examined the 'essence' of time with a phenomenological gaze.

Philosophical terminology.

7

خمیر دندان‌های نانوتکنولوژی، انقلابی در بهداشت دهان ایجاد کرده‌اند.

Nanotechnology toothpastes have revolutionized oral hygiene.

Cutting-edge technology context.

8

سرشت و خمیره آدمی در بوته آزمایش‌های سخت آشکار می‌گردد.

The nature and essence of man are revealed in the crucible of hard trials.

Classical literary style.

자주 쓰는 조합

خمیر نان
خمیر دندان
خمیر پیتزا
خمیر بازی
خمیر ریش
ورز دادن خمیر
ور آمدن خمیر
پهن کردن خمیر
مایه خمیر
خمیر بتونه

자주 쓰는 구문

خمیر دندان زدن
خمیر را چانه گرفتن
نان خمیر شده
خمیر آماده
خمیر مجسمه‌سازی
خمیر مایه حیات
خمیر را پهن کن
خمیر سفت
خمیر شل
خمیر بی‌نمک

자주 혼동되는 단어

خمیر vs خمیره (Essence)

خمیر vs خام (Raw)

خمیر vs خمیرگیر (Mixer)

관용어 및 표현

"از یک خمیر بودن"
"خمیره کسی با چیزی سرشته شدن"
"نانش خمیر است"
"خمیر کردن کار"
"مثل خمیر نرم بودن"
"خمیر مایه فتنه"
"خمیر مایه پیشرفت"
"در خمیر ماندن"
"خمیره پاک داشتن"
"خمیره بد"

혼동하기 쉬운

خمیر vs خمیره

Abstract essence vs physical dough.

خمیر vs خام

Uncooked vs doughy texture.

خمیر vs خمره

A large jar vs dough.

خمیر vs خمار

Drowsy/Hungover vs dough.

خمیر vs خمیرگیر

The machine/person vs the substance.

문장 패턴

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사용법

Culinary

Essential for bread and pastry talk.

Industrial

Refers to any thick paste (putty, pulp).

Metaphorical

Relates to the core nature of a person.

자주 하는 실수
  • Saying 'Hamir' instead of 'Khamir'.
  • Using 'Khamireh' for bread dough.
  • Using 'Sākhtan' instead of 'Varz dādan' for kneading.
  • Forgetting the Ezafe in 'Khamir-e dandan'.
  • Calling toothpaste 'Sabun-e dandan'.

팁

Baking Terms

Learn 'ورز دادن' and 'ور آمدن' together with 'خمیر' to sound like a pro in the kitchen.

Morning Routine

Label your toothpaste as 'خمیر دندان' to remember the word every morning.

Deep Meaning

Use 'خمیره' when talking about someone's character to show advanced language skills.

Ezafe Rule

Always remember the 'e' sound connecting 'خمیر' to its modifier (e.g., Khamir-e pitzā).

Supermarket

Look for 'خمیر آماده' in the freezer section for quick meals.

Creative Play

'خمیر بازی' is a great topic for talking to children in Persian.

The 'Kh' Sound

Don't be afraid to make a raspy sound for the 'Kh' in Khamir.

Similarity

Say 'ما از یک خمیر هستیم' to a close friend to express deep connection.

Avoid 'Raw'

Use 'خمیر' instead of 'خام' for underbaked bread texture.

Fermentation

Link 'خمیر' to 'تخمیر' (fermentation) to understand the biological root.

암기하기

기억법

Khamir sounds like 'Creamier' - a thick, paste-like consistency.

어원

Arabic (خ م ر)

문화적 맥락

Bread is never thrown away; if it becomes 'khamir' (soggy), it is still treated with respect.

Persian miniatures often depict the 'Khamir-gir' (dough maker) in village scenes.

The Nanva'i is where people discuss news while waiting for the dough to be baked.

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

대화 시작하기

"آیا تا به حال خودت خمیر نان درست کرده‌ای؟"

"بهترین مارک خمیر دندان در ایران چیست؟"

"چرا بعضی نان‌ها خمیر می‌مانند؟"

"خمیر بازی مورد علاقه تو در کودکی چه بود؟"

"چطور می‌توان خمیر پیتزای ترد درست کرد؟"

일기 주제

طرز تهیه یک خمیر ساده را به فارسی بنویسید.

درباره خاطره‌ای از نانوایی‌های سنتی ایران بنویسید.

به نظر شما خمیره وجودی یک انسان خوب چیست؟

تفاوت خمیر دندان‌های مختلف را مقایسه کنید.

اگر یک مجسمه‌ساز بودید، با خمیر چه می‌ساختید؟

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

خمیر جسم فیزیکی است (مثل خمیر نان)، اما خمیره به معنای ذات و سرشت انسان است.

در فارسی به آن 'خمیر دندان' (Khamir-e Dandan) می‌گوییم.

خیر، برای پیتزا، شیرینی، مجسمه‌سازی و حتی در صنعت کاغذ هم استفاده می‌شود.

رایج‌ترین فعل‌ها 'ورز دادن' (knead) و 'درست کردن' (make) هستند.

یعنی نانی که خوب پخته نشده و وسط آن نرم و خیس مانده است.

همان مخمر (Yeast) است که باعث پف کردن خمیر می‌شود.

وسیله‌ای برای بازی کودکان که شبیه گل است اما رنگی و نرم‌تر است.

بله، ریشه آن عربی است اما در فارسی بسیار رایج است.

با استفاده از 'وردنه' (Rolling pin) خمیر را پهن می‌کنند.

برای پر کردن سوراخ‌ها و صاف کردن دیوار قبل از رنگ زدن استفاده می‌شود.

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셀프 테스트 180 질문

/ 180 correct

Perfect score!

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