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A1 noun #2,695 가장 일반적인 16분 분량

基準

kijun
연습하기 예시 노트와 팁 基準 30초 만에
설명 基準 in your Level:
At the A1 level, learners are just beginning to encounter the concept of rules and standards in Japanese. While 基準 is technically a more advanced word, introducing it early helps learners understand how Japanese society structures its rules. At this stage, learners should focus on recognizing the word as a noun meaning 'rule' or 'standard'. They do not need to produce complex sentences with it yet. The primary goal is passive recognition. For example, if a teacher says 'This is the kijun for the test,' the learner should understand that it means the passing score or the grading rule. Learners can practice associating 基準 with simple concepts like 'good' (いい) or 'bad' (悪い). A simple sentence like '基準は厳しいです' (The standard is strict) is a great starting point. Teachers can use visual aids, like a line on a board, to represent the 基準, showing that anything above the line is 'OK' and anything below is 'Not OK'. This visual representation helps solidify the concept of a benchmark. Furthermore, introducing basic compound words like 安全基準 (safety standard) in the context of everyday items (like toys or food) can make the vocabulary more relatable. At this level, the focus is entirely on building a foundational understanding of the word's meaning without getting bogged down in complex grammar or nuanced synonyms. The learner should simply know that 基準 is an important word for understanding how things are judged or measured in Japan.
As learners progress to the A2 level, they can begin to use 基準 in simple, active sentences. They should start learning the basic verbs that collocate with it, specifically 満たす (to meet) and 達する (to reach). At this stage, learners can construct sentences to describe whether something is acceptable or not based on a rule. For example, 'このテストは基準を満たしています' (This test meets the standard). They can also start using it to express simple comparisons or reasons. For instance, '私の基準では、これは高いです' (By my standards, this is expensive). This introduces the idea that 基準 can be used subjectively in simple conversational contexts, even if its primary use is objective. Learners at the A2 level should also be encouraged to read simple notices or signs that might contain the word, such as warnings about safety standards at a pool or rules for recycling. The focus shifts from mere recognition to basic application in daily life scenarios. Role-playing exercises where learners act as inspectors checking if items meet a certain 基準 can be very effective. Additionally, learners should be introduced to the negative forms, such as 基準を満たしていない (does not meet the standard), to expand their expressive capabilities. By the end of the A2 level, learners should feel comfortable using 基準 to talk about basic rules, requirements, and simple evaluations in their immediate environment.
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At the B1 level, 基準 becomes a crucial vocabulary word for navigating professional and academic environments in Japanese. Learners are expected to understand and use the word in more abstract and complex contexts. They should master the grammatical pattern '〜を基準にして' (based on ~) to explain their reasoning or describe a process. For example, '年齢を基準にしてクラスを分けます' (We divide the classes based on age). This level also demands a deeper understanding of compound nouns. Learners should actively use words like 評価基準 (evaluation criteria), 判断基準 (judgment criteria), and 採用基準 (hiring criteria) in discussions and writing. The B1 level is where the distinction between 基準 and its synonyms (like 標準 and 水準) should be explicitly taught and practiced. Learners need to know why they cannot say '生活基準' when they mean '生活水準'. In terms of listening and reading, B1 learners will encounter 基準 frequently in news reports, business emails, and instructional materials. They should be able to comprehend paragraphs discussing whether a company's products meet environmental standards or if a new policy changes the existing benchmarks. Practice exercises should involve summarizing articles or writing short essays where they must define a 基準 and argue whether it has been met. This level marks the transition from using 基準 for simple rules to using it as a tool for logical argumentation and professional communication.
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Reaching the B2 level means the learner can use 基準 with a high degree of fluency and precision, comparable to how it is used in native-level professional discourse. At this stage, the focus is on nuance, register, and complex collocations. Learners should effortlessly use verbs like 設ける (to establish), 引き上げる (to raise), and 下回る (to fall below) in conjunction with 基準. They should be able to engage in debates about whether certain standards are fair, outdated, or need revision. For example, '現行の安全基準は時代遅れであり、早急に見直す必要がある' (The current safety standards are outdated and need to be reviewed urgently). B2 learners must also be comfortable with the passive voice and causative forms related to standards, such as 基準が設けられる (a standard is established) or 基準を満たさせる (to make something meet the standard). In reading, they should be able to tackle technical documents, legal texts, or detailed news analyses that heavily feature the word and its compounds. The ability to distinguish between subtle synonyms like 規格 (technical spec) and 基準 (benchmark) is expected to be solid. Furthermore, learners should understand the cultural weight of 基準 in Japanese society—how strict adherence to standards is a hallmark of Japanese manufacturing and social organization. Writing tasks at this level should involve drafting formal proposals or reports that clearly define evaluation criteria and assess outcomes based on those benchmarks.
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At the C1 level, the learner's command of 基準 is expected to be sophisticated and highly nuanced. They should be able to comprehend and produce complex, abstract arguments involving standards in specialized fields such as law, economics, engineering, or sociology. The vocabulary surrounding 基準 expands to include highly formal and specific terms like 基準値 (standard value), 基準点 (reference point), and 審査基準 (screening criteria). C1 learners can effortlessly navigate texts that discuss the philosophical or ethical implications of setting standards, such as '美の基準の変遷' (the evolution of beauty standards) or '国際基準との整合性' (consistency with international standards). They are capable of understanding implicit references to standards even when the word itself is not explicitly defined in the text. In spoken Japanese, they can lead meetings, negotiate contracts, or give presentations where defining and defending a 基準 is central to the discussion. They understand the rhetorical power of invoking a 'global standard' (世界基準) versus a 'domestic standard' (国内基準) in business negotiations. At this level, mistakes with particles or basic collocations are rare; the focus is entirely on stylistic elegance and rhetorical effectiveness. Learners should practice reading academic papers or government white papers and writing critical essays that challenge existing standards or propose new, complex frameworks for evaluation.
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The C2 level represents near-native mastery. At this ultimate stage of proficiency, the learner's understanding of 基準 transcends basic definitions and grammar; it encompasses a deep, intuitive grasp of its cultural, historical, and highly specialized applications. C2 learners can read and fully comprehend dense legal statutes, advanced scientific papers, and complex literary texts where 基準 is used in highly specific or metaphorical ways. They can discuss the minutiae of JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) or ISO regulations with the appropriate technical jargon. They understand how the concept of 基準 interacts with other deeply ingrained Japanese cultural concepts like 建前 (tatemae - public facade) and 本音 (honne - true feelings) when standards are officially set but unofficially bypassed. In writing and speaking, they can manipulate the word to create subtle nuances, irony, or powerful rhetorical effects. They can invent new compound words using 基準 that, while perhaps not in the dictionary, are perfectly understandable and natural to a native speaker. They can debate the epistemological basis of how a 基準 is formed in society. At this level, there are no 'practice exercises' in the traditional sense; the learner engages with the language exactly as a highly educated native speaker would, using 基準 as a precise surgical tool in intellectual, professional, and creative discourse.
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基準 30초 만에

  • A formal noun meaning standard, criterion, or benchmark used for evaluation.
  • Commonly paired with verbs like 満たす (meet), 設ける (establish), and 達する (reach).
  • Frequently used as a suffix in compound words like 安全基準 (safety standard).
  • Distinct from 水準 (level) and 規格 (technical specification) in its specific usage.

The Japanese word 基準 (kijun) fundamentally translates to a standard, criterion, or benchmark. In any society, but particularly in Japan where conformity, quality control, and societal expectations play a massive role, understanding the concept of a benchmark is absolutely essential for both language learners and cultural observers. When we talk about 基準, we are discussing the specific, often quantifiable rules or requirements that something must meet in order to be accepted, classified, or judged in a certain way. This can apply to a wide variety of contexts, ranging from industrial manufacturing standards to personal moral compasses. To fully grasp the depth of this word, one must consider how standards govern our daily lives. Every product you buy, every test you take, and every professional evaluation you undergo is based on a specific 基準. Without these benchmarks, society would struggle to maintain consistency, safety, and fairness. In the context of learning Japanese, mastering this word opens up a vast array of expressions related to judgment, evaluation, and measurement.

この製品は厳しい安全基準を満たしています。

Furthermore, the characters that make up the word provide insight into its meaning. The first character, 基 (ki), means foundation or basis. It is the same character used in words like 基礎 (kiso, foundation) and 基本 (kihon, basics). The second character, 準 (jun), means to conform, level, or standard, appearing in words like 準備 (junbi, preparation) and 水準 (suijun, level). Together, they literally form the 'foundational standard' upon which other things are measured. This etymological breakdown helps learners remember that 基準 is not just an arbitrary rule, but a foundational benchmark necessary for operation. In business Japanese, you will frequently encounter this term in meetings, quality assurance reports, and performance reviews. It is a highly versatile noun that pairs with several specific verbs, which we will explore in later sections.

Etymology Breakdown
基 (Foundation) + 準 (Standard) = Foundational Benchmark.

新しい評価基準が導入された。

When comparing 基準 to similar words in English, 'criterion' is often the most accurate translation when discussing evaluations, while 'standard' is better for manufacturing or safety contexts. For example, a 'safety standard' is 安全基準 (anzen kijun), and an 'evaluation criterion' is 評価基準 (hyouka kijun). Notice how 基準 acts as a suffix in these compound words. This is a very common usage pattern in Japanese. By attaching 基準 to another noun, you instantly create a new, specific type of standard. This makes it an incredibly productive word for vocabulary building. If you know the word for 'selection' (選考 - senkou), you can easily understand 'selection criteria' (選考基準 - senkou kijun).

独自の基準で選ぶ。

In everyday conversation, while it might sound slightly formal, it is still widely used. People might talk about their personal standards for choosing a partner, a restaurant, or a smartphone. In these cases, 基準 elevates the conversation, showing that the speaker has thought carefully about their requirements. It implies a level of objectivity, even when applied to subjective matters. This objective nuance is key to using the word correctly. You wouldn't use 基準 for a fleeting whim; you use it for an established, reliable measure.

Subjective vs Objective
While personal standards exist, the word itself carries an objective, measurable nuance.

美の基準は時代によって変わる。

To truly master 基準, one must practice it in various contexts. Reading news articles about government regulations, environmental policies, or corporate guidelines will expose you to the word repeatedly. You will see it used to describe the acceptable levels of pollutants, the requirements for receiving subsidies, or the benchmarks for economic growth. Each of these contexts reinforces the core meaning: a line drawn in the sand that determines success, failure, acceptance, or rejection.

合格基準に達していない。

Real World Application
Use this word when discussing rules, regulations, and formal evaluations in the workplace.

In conclusion, 基準 is a pillar of Japanese vocabulary. It bridges the gap between basic conversational Japanese and advanced, professional discourse. By understanding its roots, its common pairings, and its objective nuance, learners can significantly enhance their ability to express complex thoughts regarding evaluation and measurement. Whether you are aiming to work in Japan, pass a proficiency test, or simply understand the news better, a deep and thorough comprehension of 基準 is an absolute necessity. Continue to look for this word in your daily reading and listening practice, and you will soon find it to be an indispensable part of your Japanese vocabulary arsenal.

Using 基準 correctly in Japanese requires an understanding of the specific verbs and particles that naturally collocate with it. Because 基準 represents a standard or a benchmark, the actions associated with it usually involve setting it, meeting it, falling below it, or using it as a basis for judgment. Let us explore these verb pairings in detail, as they are the key to sounding natural. The most common verb used with 基準 is 満たす (mitasu), which means 'to satisfy' or 'to meet'. When you want to say that a product meets safety standards, you say 安全基準を満たす (anzen kijun o mitasu). This phrase is ubiquitous in manufacturing, software development, and quality assurance. Another crucial verb is 設ける (moukeru), meaning 'to establish' or 'to set up'. When a company creates a new set of rules, they are 基準を設ける (kijun o moukeru). This implies a deliberate, formal action of creating a benchmark.

新しい基準を設ける必要がある。

When a standard is reached but perhaps not exceeded, the verb 達する (tassuru), meaning 'to reach', is often used. For example, 基準に達する (kijun ni tassuru) means to reach the standard. Notice the particle change here: we use に (ni) instead of を (o) because 達する is an intransitive action directed at a point. Conversely, if something fails to meet the standard, you can use 下回る (shitamawaru), meaning 'to fall below'. 基準を下回る (kijun o shitamawaru) is a polite and objective way to state that something is subpar. This is much preferred in business settings over saying something is simply 'bad' (悪い).

Particle Usage
Pay close attention to whether the verb requires を (o) or に (ni).

売上が基準を下回った。

Another extremely common way to use 基準 is with the particle に (ni) or にして (ni shite) to mean 'based on'. For instance, 基準にして (kijun ni shite) means 'using [something] as a standard'. If you are sorting apples by size, you might use a specific apple as the standard: このりんごを基準にして分ける (Kono ringo o kijun ni shite wakeru - Sort them using this apple as the standard). This structure is incredibly useful for explaining methodologies, processes, and decision-making frameworks. It clearly communicates the rationale behind an action.

法律を基準にして判断する。

In compound nouns, 基準 acts as a suffix, and understanding these compounds is vital for expanding your vocabulary. We have already mentioned 安全基準 (safety standard) and 評価基準 (evaluation standard). Others include 判断基準 (handan kijun - criterion for judgment), 採用基準 (saiyou kijun - hiring criteria), and 生活基準 (seikatsu kijun - standard of living). When you see these compounds, treat them as a single noun block. You can then attach the verbs we discussed earlier to these blocks. For example, 採用基準を満たす (to meet the hiring criteria). This modular approach to Japanese vocabulary makes it much easier to construct complex, professional sentences.

Compound Nouns
基準 frequently attaches to the end of other nouns to create specific standards.

会社の採用基準は厳しい。

It is also important to note the register and tone of 基準. It is a formal word, heavily used in written Japanese (書き言葉 - kakikotoba) and formal spoken Japanese (改まった話し言葉 - aratamatta hanashikotoba). While you can use it in casual conversation, it might sound a bit stiff if overused for trivial matters. For example, saying 'My standard for choosing a pencil is...' using 基準 might sound overly dramatic, whereas using it for choosing a university or a job is perfectly appropriate. Understanding this nuance of scale and importance is crucial for sounding like a native speaker.

世界基準のサービスを提供する。

Register
Formal and objective. Best suited for business, academia, and serious discussions.

To summarize, using 基準 effectively involves mastering its collocations (満たす, 設ける, 達する, 下回る), understanding its use as a grammatical base (〜を基準にして), and recognizing its role in compound nouns. By practicing these specific patterns, you will transition from simply knowing the translation of the word to actually being able to deploy it accurately in complex Japanese sentences. This will drastically improve your ability to communicate in professional and academic environments, where precision and clarity are paramount.

The word 基準 is ubiquitous in Japanese society, appearing across a wide spectrum of contexts ranging from daily news broadcasts to corporate boardrooms, and from educational institutions to manufacturing plants. Understanding where and how this word is used in the real world provides invaluable context for language learners. One of the most common places you will hear 基準 is in the news, particularly concerning government regulations, public health, and environmental policies. For example, when discussing air quality, news anchors will frequently mention 環境基準 (kankyou kijun - environmental standards). If a factory emits pollutants that exceed the legal limit, the report will state that the emissions 基準を超えた (kijun o koeta - exceeded the standard). Similarly, during public health crises, you will hear about 感染基準 (kansen kijun - infection benchmarks) used to determine when to issue state of emergency declarations.

水質基準を満たした水道水。

In the corporate world, 基準 is a daily vocabulary word. Japan is famous for its meticulous attention to quality and detail, and this is governed by strict standards. In manufacturing, 品質基準 (hinshitsu kijun - quality standards) dictate whether a product can be shipped or must be discarded. During meetings, managers will discuss whether a project meets the 評価基準 (hyouka kijun - evaluation criteria) set by the clients. Human resources departments rely heavily on 採用基準 (saiyou kijun - hiring criteria) when filtering through thousands of resumes. If you are working in a Japanese company, understanding these terms is not optional; it is a fundamental requirement for participating in business discussions and understanding your own performance evaluations.

Business Context
Essential for quality control, HR, and performance reviews.

社内のセキュリティ基準を更新する。

Education is another sector where 基準 is heavily utilized. The Japanese education system is highly standardized, with clear benchmarks for student achievement. Teachers and administrators constantly refer to 指導基準 (shidou kijun - teaching standards) and 評価基準 (hyouka kijun - grading criteria). When students take entrance exams for high schools or universities, they are acutely aware of the 合格基準 (goukaku kijun - passing standard). Parents will often discuss whether their child's test scores have reached the necessary 基準 for their desired school. This creates a culture where the concept of meeting a standard is ingrained from a very young age, explaining why the word is so deeply embedded in the national psyche.

大学の入学基準が変更された。

Beyond formal institutions, 基準 also appears in consumer contexts. When shopping for appliances, cars, or even food, consumers look for products that meet certain standards. The JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) mark is a prime example of a national 基準 that consumers trust. Real estate listings will often mention if a building meets the latest 耐震基準 (taishin kijun - earthquake resistance standards), which is a critical selling point in earthquake-prone Japan. Even in casual conversations about lifestyle, people might discuss their 生活基準 (seikatsu kijun - standard of living) or their personal 基準 for choosing a romantic partner. While slightly more formal than saying 'what I like', it emphasizes a non-negotiable requirement.

Consumer Context
Used to denote safety, quality, and legal compliance of products.

この建物は新しい耐震基準で建てられている。

Finally, in the realm of sports and international competitions, 基準 is used to define the rules of qualification. Athletes strive to meet the 参加基準 (sanka kijun - participation standard) or 派遣基準 (haken kijun - dispatch standard) to represent their country in the Olympics or World Championships. Referees and judges use strict 判定基準 (hantei kijun - judging criteria) to award points or penalize fouls. In all these scenarios, 基準 represents an objective, unyielding line that separates success from failure, qualification from disqualification. By paying attention to these various contexts—news, business, education, consumerism, and sports—you will develop a rich, multidimensional understanding of how 基準 functions as a cornerstone of Japanese communication.

オリンピックの選考基準は非常に厳しい。

Sports Context
Crucial for understanding qualification and judging rules.

When learning the word 基準, Japanese learners frequently encounter a few specific pitfalls. These mistakes usually stem from confusing 基準 with other words that have similar English translations, or from misusing the particles and verbs that collocate with it. A very common error is confusing 基準 (kijun - standard/criterion) with 基礎 (kiso - foundation/basics) or 基本 (kihon - basics/fundamentals). Because they all share the kanji 基 (ki), learners often mix them up. However, their usages are distinct. 基礎 refers to the literal or figurative base upon which something is built, like the foundation of a house or basic grammar rules. 基本 refers to the fundamental principles or standard practices. 基準, on the other hand, is specifically a benchmark used for measurement or judgment. You would say 'learn the basics' (基本を学ぶ), not 'learn the standards' (基準を学ぶ) in that context.

❌ 基礎を満たす。
⭕ 基準を満たす。

Another frequent mistake is confusing 基準 with 水準 (suijun - level/standard). While both can be translated as 'standard', 水準 refers to a level of quality, achievement, or value, often on a vertical scale (high or low). For example, 生活水準 (seikatsu suijun) means 'standard of living' (how high or low your living conditions are). 基準 is the actual rule or line you must cross. You can have a high 水準, but you meet or fail a 基準. Saying 基準が高い (the standard is high) is acceptable when referring to strict rules, but if you are talking about the general level of education in a country, 教育水準 (kyouiku suijun) is the correct term, not 教育基準.

基準 vs 水準
基準 is the rule or benchmark. 水準 is the level of quality or achievement.

❌ 生活基準が高い。
⭕ 生活水準が高い。

Grammatically, learners often struggle with the correct particles when using verbs with 基準. As mentioned in the usage section, the verb determines the particle. A common mistake is using を (o) when に (ni) is required, or vice versa. For example, saying 基準を達する is incorrect; it must be 基準に達する (kijun ni tassuru - to reach the standard). Conversely, saying 基準に満たす is wrong; it must be 基準を満たす (kijun o mitasu - to meet the standard). Memorizing the verb-particle pair as a single unit is the best way to avoid this error. Do not just memorize 'mitasu = meet'; memorize 'kijun o mitasu = meet the standard'.

❌ 基準を達した。
⭕ 基準に達した。

Furthermore, learners sometimes use 基準 in situations that are too casual or subjective. Because 基準 implies an objective, often formal benchmark, using it to describe simple personal preferences can sound unnatural or overly rigid. For instance, if someone asks why you chose a particular flavor of ice cream, saying '私の基準は...' (My criterion is...) sounds robotic and strange. In such casual contexts, it is better to use simpler words like 理由 (riyuu - reason) or 決め手 (kimete - deciding factor). Reserve 基準 for situations where a clear, defined rule or standard is actually being applied, such as choosing a university, evaluating a product, or discussing professional requirements.

Overuse in Casual Contexts
Avoid using 基準 for trivial personal preferences; it sounds too formal.

❌ 好きな映画の基準はアクションです。
⭕ アクション映画が好きです。

Lastly, pronunciation mistakes can occur, specifically regarding pitch accent. 基準 is pronounced with a 'heiban' (flat) pitch accent, meaning it starts low on 'ki' and goes high and stays high on 'jun' (ki-JUN). Pronouncing it with a drop in pitch can make it sound unnatural, although it will likely still be understood in context. Paying attention to the pitch accent of common compound words like 安全基準 (anzen kijun) is also important for sounding fluent. By being aware of these common pitfalls—confusing similar kanji, mixing up 基準 and 水準, using incorrect particles, overusing it in casual speech, and ignoring pitch accent—learners can significantly improve their accuracy and sound much more natural when using this essential Japanese word.

正しい発音で基準と言う。

Pitch Accent
Remember the 'heiban' (flat) pitch: ki-JUN.

The Japanese language is rich with vocabulary related to standards, levels, and rules. To use 基準 effectively, it is crucial to understand how it differs from its synonyms. The most common similar words are 標準 (hyoujun), 水準 (suijun), 規格 (kikaku), and 規範 (kihan). Let us break down the nuances of each. 標準 (hyoujun) translates to 'standard' or 'average'. It refers to what is normal, typical, or widely accepted as the default. For example, 標準語 (hyoujungo) means 'standard language' (the default dialect), and 標準サイズ (hyoujun saizu) means 'standard size'. While 基準 is a benchmark you must meet or a rule for judgment, 標準 is simply the average or the normal state of things. You evaluate things based on a 基準, but you compare things to the 標準 to see if they are normal.

これは基準ではなく、標準的なサイズです。

Next is 水準 (suijun), which translates to 'level' or 'standard'. As discussed in the Common Mistakes section, 水準 refers to a degree of quality, achievement, or value on a scale. It is often used with words indicating high or low, such as 水準が高い (the level is high) or 水準に達する (to reach the level). Common examples include 生活水準 (seikatsu suijun - standard of living) and 技術水準 (gijutsu suijun - technological level). The key difference is that 基準 is the specific line or rule, while 水準 is the overall level of quality. You might set a 基準 to ensure that the 水準 remains high.

標準 vs 基準
標準 is the 'average' or 'normal'. 基準 is the 'rule' or 'benchmark'.

日本の教育水準は世界基準で見ても高い。

Another important synonym is 規格 (kikaku), which translates to 'standard', 'specification', or 'norm'. 規格 is almost exclusively used in industrial, manufacturing, and technical contexts. It refers to a highly specific, formalized, and often legally binding set of specifications for a product. For example, USB cables, paper sizes (A4, B5), and construction materials all have strict 規格. While 基準 can be a broader rule for judgment (like a hiring standard), 規格 is a rigid technical specification. You would say 規格外 (kikakugai - non-standard/off-spec) for a vegetable that is the wrong shape to be sold, but you would use 基準 for the safety rules regarding its pesticide levels.

この部品はJIS規格の基準を満たしている。

Finally, we have 規範 (kihan), which translates to 'norm', 'model', or 'standard'. 規範 is used in social, moral, and ethical contexts. It refers to the unwritten rules or expected behaviors within a society or group. For example, 社会規範 (shakai kihan) means 'social norms', and 倫理規範 (rinri kihan) means 'ethical standards'. While 基準 is usually a written, objective rule used for measurement, 規範 is more about behavioral expectations and moral guidelines. You judge a test score by a 基準, but you judge a person's character by a 規範.

規格 vs 規範
規格 is for technical specs. 規範 is for social and moral behavior.

社会の規範と法律の基準は必ずしも一致しない。

To master these nuances, it is helpful to visualize them. Imagine a factory making chairs. The exact measurements of the chair are the 規格 (specifications). The rule that the chair must hold 100kg without breaking is the 安全基準 (safety standard). The average size of all chairs sold in the country is the 標準 (standard/average). The overall quality of the craftsmanship is the 水準 (level). And the expectation that the factory treats its workers fairly is the 倫理規範 (ethical norm). By understanding how these words interact and overlap, you can choose the exact right word for your intended meaning, demonstrating a high level of Japanese proficiency.

様々な標準や規格を理解し、正しい基準で判断する。

Summary
基準 (benchmark), 標準 (average), 水準 (level), 規格 (spec), 規範 (norm).

How Formal Is It?

난이도

알아야 할 문법

〜を基準にして (Based on ~)

〜に達する (To reach ~)

〜を満たす (To satisfy/meet ~)

〜に照らし合わせて (In light of ~)

〜を設ける (To establish ~)

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수준별 예문

1

これがテストの基準です。

This is the standard for the test.

Basic A=B sentence structure using です.

2

基準は厳しいです。

The standard is strict.

Adjective modifying the noun.

3

新しい基準を作ります。

We will make a new standard.

Using the basic verb 作る (to make).

4

安全の基準があります。

There is a safety standard.

Using あります to show existence.

5

その基準は高いです。

That standard is high.

Describing the level of the standard.

6

基準を教えてください。

Please tell me the standard.

Using てください for a request.

7

これは日本の基準です。

This is the Japanese standard.

Using の to show possession/origin.

8

基準がわかりません。

I don't understand the standard.

Negative form of わかる.

1

この車は安全基準を満たしています。

This car meets the safety standards.

Using 満たす (to meet/satisfy).

2

合格の基準に達しました。

I reached the passing standard.

Using に達する (to reach).

3

自分の基準で選びました。

I chose based on my own standards.

Using で to indicate the basis of an action.

4

基準が少し変わりました。

The standard changed a little.

Using 変わる (to change).

5

古い基準はもう使いません。

We don't use the old standard anymore.

Modifying the noun with an adjective.

6

身長を基準にして並んでください。

Please line up based on height.

Using 〜を基準にして (based on ~).

7

そのレストランは私の基準に合いません。

That restaurant doesn't meet my standards.

Using に合う (to fit/match).

8

新しい評価基準が発表されました。

The new evaluation criteria were announced.

Passive voice of 発表する.

1

当社の製品は、世界で最も厳しい環境基準をクリアしています。

Our products clear the strictest environmental standards in the world.

Using クリアする as a loanword alternative to 満たす.

2

来月から新しい採用基準を設けることになりました。

It has been decided that we will establish new hiring criteria from next month.

Using 設ける (to establish) and ことになる (it has been decided).

3

売上が目標の基準を下回ったため、計画を見直す必要がある。

Because sales fell below the target standard, we need to review the plan.

Using 下回る (to fall below) and ため (because).

4

何を基準にしてこのデザインを選んだのか説明してください。

Please explain what you based your decision on when choosing this design.

Using 何を基準にして (based on what).

5

この建物の耐震基準は、法律で定められたものより高い。

The earthquake resistance standard of this building is higher than what is stipulated by law.

Comparing standards using より.

6

判断基準が曖昧だと、公平な評価ができません。

If the judgment criteria are vague, fair evaluation is impossible.

Conditional と used with an adjective.

7

国際基準に合わせるために、システムを改修しています。

We are upgrading the system to align with international standards.

Using に合わせる (to align with/adjust to).

8

水質基準に違反した企業には罰則が科せられます。

Penalties will be imposed on companies that violate water quality standards.

Using に違反する (to violate).

1

政府は、排気ガスに関する新たな規制基準を導入する方針を固めた。

The government has solidified its policy to introduce new regulatory standards regarding exhaust emissions.

Formal phrasing: 方針を固める (solidify a policy).

2

個人の主観的な基準で他者を評価することは避けるべきである。

One should avoid evaluating others based on subjective personal standards.

Using べきである for strong recommendations.

3

そのプロジェクトは、費用対効果の基準に照らし合わせて却下された。

The project was rejected in light of the cost-effectiveness criteria.

Advanced grammar: 〜に照らし合わせて (in light of / in comparison with).

4

品質基準を維持しつつ、コストを削減することが現在の最大の課題だ。

Reducing costs while maintaining quality standards is currently our biggest challenge.

Using 〜つつ (while doing ~).

5

時代と共に、社会が求めるモラルの基準も変化していくものだ。

Along with the times, the moral standards demanded by society also change.

Using 〜ていくものだ to express a general truth over time.

6

この奨学金を受けるためには、一定の学力基準を満たしていることが前提となる。

In order to receive this scholarship, meeting a certain academic standard is a prerequisite.

Using 前提となる (to be a prerequisite).

7

独自の安全基準を設けることで、他社との差別化を図っている。

By establishing our own unique safety standards, we are aiming to differentiate ourselves from other companies.

Using ことで (by doing) to show method/means.

8

基準値から大きく逸脱したデータは、エラーとして処理されます。

Data that deviates significantly from the standard value will be processed as an error.

Using から逸脱する (to deviate from).

1

現行の法的基準は、急速に発展するAI技術の実態に即していないという指摘がある。

There is criticism that current legal standards are not in line with the reality of rapidly developing AI technology.

Advanced phrasing: 〜に即していない (not in line with / not adapted to).

2

審査基準の透明性を確保することが、制度に対する国民の信頼回復に不可欠である。

Ensuring the transparency of the screening criteria is essential for restoring public trust in the system.

Formal vocabulary: 透明性を確保する (ensure transparency).

3

当該製品は、ISOが定める厳格な国際基準に準拠して製造されております。

The product in question is manufactured in compliance with the strict international standards set by ISO.

Formal business Japanese: 〜に準拠して (in compliance with).

4

多様性を尊重する現代社会において、画一的な基準で人間の価値を測ることはもはや許されない。

In a modern society that respects diversity, measuring human value by a uniform standard is no longer acceptable.

Complex sentence structure with 画一的な (uniform/standardized).

5

新たなガイドラインは、従来の基準を大幅に緩和する内容となっている。

The new guidelines contain content that significantly relaxes the previous standards.

Using 大幅に緩和する (to significantly relax/loosen).

6

各国の経済状況が異なるため、世界共通の排出量削減基準を設けるのは極めて困難を極める。

Because the economic situations of each country differ, establishing a globally common emission reduction standard is extremely difficult.

Emphatic expression: 困難を極める (to be extremely difficult).

7

この数値はあくまで目安であり、絶対的な評価基準として盲信すべきではない。

This figure is merely a rough guide and should not be blindly trusted as an absolute evaluation criterion.

Using あくまで目安 (merely a guide) and 盲信 (blind trust).

8

企業の社会的責任（CSR）を評価する新たな基準作りが、業界全体で急務となっている。

Creating new standards to evaluate corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become an urgent task for the entire industry.

Using 急務となっている (has become an urgent task).

1

その哲学者は、真理を判定するための究極的な基準は存在し得ないという相対主義的立場をとった。

The philosopher took a relativistic stance, arguing that an ultimate standard for judging truth cannot exist.

Highly academic vocabulary: 相対主義的立場 (relativistic stance) and 存在し得ない (cannot possibly exist).

2

長年にわたる慣習が事実上の基準として機能している業界において、明文化されたルールの導入は激しい反発を招いた。

In an industry where long-standing customs function as the de facto standard, the introduction of codified rules invited fierce backlash.

Advanced phrasing: 事実上の基準 (de facto standard) and 明文化された (codified).

3

本研究は、従来の診断基準の妥当性を根底から覆す画期的な知見を提供するものである。

This study provides groundbreaking findings that fundamentally overturn the validity of conventional diagnostic criteria.

Academic phrasing: 根底から覆す (to overturn from the foundation).

4

芸術作品の価値を市場価格という単一の基準に還元することは、芸術の本来の意義を著しく貶める行為に他ならない。

Reducing the value of an artwork to the single standard of market price is nothing less than an act that severely degrades the true significance of art.

Complex rhetorical structure: 〜に還元する (to reduce to) and 〜に他ならない (is nothing less than).

5

金融当局は、自己資本比率の算定基準を厳格化することで、システミックリスクの顕在化を未然に防ごうと躍起になっている。

Financial authorities are desperately trying to prevent the materialization of systemic risk by tightening the calculation standards for capital adequacy ratios.

Highly specialized economic terms: 自己資本比率 (capital adequacy ratio) and 顕在化 (materialization).

6

いかなる客観的基準を以てしても、その歴史的事件の全容を完全に評価することは不可能に近い。

No matter what objective standard is used, it is nearly impossible to fully evaluate the entirety of that historical event.

Formal grammar: 〜を以てしても (even using ~).

7

当該規制の撤廃は、長らく維持されてきた安全基準の形骸化を招く恐れがあると警鐘を鳴らす専門家も少なくない。

Not a few experts are sounding the alarm that the abolition of the regulation in question may lead to the hollowing out of long-maintained safety standards.

Advanced vocabulary: 形骸化 (hollowing out / becoming a dead letter) and 警鐘を鳴らす (to sound the alarm).

8

国際法における人権保障の基準は、各国の主権と普遍的価値観の狭間で常に揺れ動く緊張関係の中にある。

The standard for human rights protection in international law exists in a constant state of tension, fluctuating between the sovereignty of individual nations and universal values.

Sophisticated conceptual phrasing: 狭間で揺れ動く (fluctuating in the space between).

동의어

標準 指標 尺度 物差し 規準

반의어

例外 特例

자주 쓰는 조합

基準を満たす
基準を設ける
基準に達する
基準を下回る
基準を超える
基準に合わせる
基準を引き上げる
基準を下げる
基準をクリアする
基準に照らす

자주 쓰는 구문

〜を基準にして
独自の基準
世界基準
安全基準
評価基準
判断基準
採用基準
合格基準
環境基準
審査基準

자주 혼동되는 단어

基準 vs 基礎 (kiso - foundation)

基準 vs 基本 (kihon - basics)

基準 vs 水準 (suijun - level)

관용어 및 표현

"基準に照らし合わせる"
"基準を甘くする"
"基準を厳しくする"
"二重基準（ダブルスタンダード）"
"基準の枠組み"
"基準を逸脱する"
"基準に縛られる"
"基準を打ち立てる"
"基準がブレる"
"基準をクリアする"

혼동하기 쉬운

基準 vs

基準 vs

基準 vs

基準 vs

基準 vs

문장 패턴

무료 가입하고 모든 예문 보기

사용법

nuance

Implies objectivity and formality. Not typically used for emotional or purely subjective feelings.

collocation warning

Do not use 基準 with verbs like 作る (tsukuru - make) in formal writing; use 設ける (moukeru - establish) instead.

자주 하는 실수
  • Confusing 基準 (rule/benchmark) with 基礎 (foundation/basics).
  • Confusing 基準 (rule/benchmark) with 水準 (level of quality).
  • Using the wrong particle (e.g., 基準を達する instead of 基準に達する).
  • Using 基準 for trivial, subjective preferences in casual conversation.
  • Pronouncing it with a dropping pitch accent instead of the correct flat (heiban) pitch.

팁

Master the Particles

Always pair 基準 with the correct particle depending on the verb. Use を for 満たす (meet) and 設ける (establish). Use に for 達する (reach) and 合わせる (align). Incorrect particles will immediately mark you as a non-native speaker. Practice these pairs as single vocabulary units.

Learn Compound Nouns

基準 is incredibly productive as a suffix. Learn words like 安全基準 (safety standard), 評価基準 (evaluation criteria), and 採用基準 (hiring criteria). Treating these as single blocks of vocabulary will rapidly expand your professional Japanese lexicon. It is much easier than trying to explain the concept using multiple words.

Pitch Accent Matters

Remember that 基準 has a flat (heiban) pitch accent. It starts low and goes high: ki-JUN. Practice saying it along with native audio. Correct pitch accent on common words like this significantly improves your overall perceived fluency.

Use in Business Emails

When writing formal emails or reports, using 基準 elevates your tone. Instead of saying 'The rules are strict', say '審査基準が厳しいです' (The screening criteria are strict). This shows a high level of professionalism and mastery of business Japanese (BJT level vocabulary).

Watch the News

To get a feel for how 基準 is used in real life, watch Japanese news broadcasts. You will hear it constantly in reports about government policies, environmental issues, and corporate scandals. Pay attention to the context to understand what kind of 'standard' is being discussed.

Objective vs Subjective

Remember that 基準 carries a nuance of objectivity. It implies a clear, measurable rule. Avoid using it for purely subjective feelings or vague preferences. If you use it for personal choices, it implies you have a very strict, almost mathematical way of deciding.

Differentiate from Suijun

Never confuse 基準 (benchmark/rule) with 水準 (level/quality). You meet a 基準, but you have a high or low 水準. Saying '生活基準' instead of '生活水準' (standard of living) is a classic learner mistake. Keep these two distinct in your mind.

The Power of 'Ni Shite'

The phrase '〜を基準にして' (based on ~) is incredibly useful for explaining your reasoning. Use it when you need to justify a decision or explain a process. For example, '価格を基準にして選びました' (I chose based on the price).

Understand JIS

Familiarize yourself with JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards - 日本産業規格). While it uses the word 規格, the concept of strict national benchmarks is central to understanding why words like 基準 are so prevalent in Japanese society. It reflects a culture that values consistency and reliability.

Look for the Kanji

The kanji 基 (foundation) and 準 (standard) appear in many other useful words. Recognizing them will help you guess the meaning of unknown words. For example, if you know 基準, you can easily guess that 準備 (junbi) has something to do with getting things to a certain standard (preparation).

암기하기

기억법

Imagine a KEY (ki) opening a door in JUNE (jun). The rule is you can only open it if you meet the STANDARD.

어원

Sino-Japanese (Kango)

문화적 맥락

In Japanese business, failing to meet a 基準 is a serious issue that requires a formal apology and a 'kaizen' (improvement) plan.

The 'goukaku kijun' (passing standard) is a source of immense pressure for Japanese students during 'juken' (exam season).

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

대화 시작하기

"あなたのレストランを選ぶ基準は何ですか？"

"今の仕事の評価基準に満足していますか？"

"日本の安全基準についてどう思いますか？"

"友達を選ぶときの基準はありますか？"

"新しいスマホを買う基準は何ですか？"

일기 주제

What are your personal standards for success? (成功の基準)

Describe a time you failed to meet a standard and what you learned.

How do the beauty standards (美の基準) in your country differ from Japan?

Write about the hiring criteria (採用基準) for your dream job.

Do you think standardized testing (統一基準のテスト) is fair?

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

基準 is a rule or benchmark used for judgment or evaluation. You must meet a 基準. 標準 refers to the average, normal, or default state of something. You compare things to a 標準 to see if they are normal. For example, a safety rule is a 基準, but an average clothing size is a 標準. They are often translated the same in English, but their Japanese usage is distinct.

Yes, but it sounds a bit formal or rigid. Saying '私の恋人を選ぶ基準' (My criteria for choosing a partner) implies you have a strict, checklist-like set of rules. For casual preferences, words like '好み' (preference) or '条件' (conditions) might sound more natural in everyday conversation. However, it is perfectly acceptable if you want to emphasize that you have strict standards.

The most common verbs are 満たす (mitasu - to meet/satisfy), 設ける (moukeru - to establish), 達する (tassuru - to reach), and 下回る (shitamawaru - to fall below). It is crucial to memorize the correct particle for each verb. For example, it is 基準'を'満たす but 基準'に'達する. Memorizing these as set phrases is highly recommended.

It can be, but it belongs more to the formal or professional register. You will hear it constantly in news, business, and academic settings. In casual conversation, people might use it when discussing serious topics like choosing a university or buying a house, but rarely for trivial things like choosing what to eat for lunch.

基準値 (kijunchi) translates to 'standard value' or 'reference value'. It is a specific, numerical benchmark. You will often see this in medical test results (e.g., the standard value for blood pressure) or environmental reports (e.g., the standard value for radiation levels). It takes the abstract concept of a standard and makes it a concrete number.

The direct translation is 二重基準 (nijuu kijun). However, the English loanword ダブルスタンダード (daburu sutandaado) is actually much more common in modern Japanese, especially in media and casual conversation. Both are understood, but the loanword is often preferred for its contemporary feel.

基準 is pronounced with a 'heiban' or flat pitch accent. This means the first mora 'ki' is low, and the pitch rises on 'ju' and stays high for 'n'. Pronouncing it with a drop in pitch (atamadaka or nakadaka) will make it sound unnatural, though people will still understand you from the context.

Japanese corporate culture places a massive emphasis on quality control, uniformity, and risk management. 基準 represents the codified rules that ensure these goals are met. Without strict 基準, the high quality associated with Japanese manufacturing and services could not be maintained. It is a foundational concept in their business philosophy.

No, 基準 is strictly a noun. To express the action of standardizing or setting a standard, you must combine it with a verb, such as 基準を設ける (to set a standard) or 基準化する (kijun-ka suru - to standardize). You cannot say '基準する'.

While both can mean 'standard', 規格 (kikaku) is almost exclusively used for technical specifications and physical dimensions of products (like USB sizes or paper sizes). 基準 is broader and applies to rules for judgment, safety, and evaluation. A product has a 規格 for its size, but must pass a 安全基準 for its safety.

무료 가입하고 팁과 노트 보기

셀프 테스트 180 질문

/ 180 correct

Perfect score!

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