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A2 noun 11분 분량

sokkel

예시
설명 sokkel in your Level:
At the A1 level, you should learn 'sokkel' primarily in the context of lightbulbs. When you go to a store in Norway, you will see lightbulbs labeled with E27 or E14. These numbers refer to the size of the 'sokkel' (the screw part). It is a very practical word for daily life. You might say: 'Jeg trenger en lyspære med stor sokkel' (I need a lightbulb with a large socket). At this stage, don't worry about the complex geological or architectural meanings. Just remember that it is the part of the lamp where the bulb goes. The word is masculine: 'en sokkel'. You will also see it in the definite form 'sokkelen'. It is a useful word for basic shopping and home maintenance. You might also hear it if you live in a 'sokkelleilighet', which is a common type of small apartment in Norway. Even as a beginner, knowing this word helps you navigate hardware stores and understand housing advertisements. Focus on the physical object you can touch and see in your lamp.
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At the A2 level, you expand your use of 'sokkel' to include basic architectural descriptions. You will learn that a statue or a monument stands on a 'sokkel'. This is often translated as a 'plinth' or 'base'. For example: 'Statuen står på en sokkel av stein' (The statue stands on a stone base). You also begin to encounter 'sokkelleilighet' more frequently. This is an apartment located in the ground floor or basement level of a house. It is important to know this word when looking for a place to live. Grammatically, you should practice the plural form 'sokler'. Remember that the 'e' disappears. You might say: 'Alle lampene i stua har samme sokkel' (All the lamps in the living room have the same socket). At A2, you are moving from simple shopping terms to describing your environment and living situation. You should also be able to distinguish 'sokkel' from 'sokk' (sock), which is a common point of confusion for students at this level.
At the B1 level, you start to use 'sokkel' in more technical and specific ways. You might describe the renovation of a house and mention the 'sokkellist' (baseboard) or the 'sokkeletasje' (foundation floor). You are expected to understand the word in a variety of household and construction contexts. This is also where you first encounter the term 'den norske kontinentalsokkelen' (the Norwegian continental shelf) in news articles or social studies. While you might not yet be an expert on oil policy, you should recognize that 'sokkelen' in a national context refers to the sea areas where Norway produces oil. You can now use the word in more complex sentences: 'Det er viktig å vedlikeholde sokkelen på huset for å unngå fuktskader' (It is important to maintain the base of the house to avoid moisture damage). You should also be comfortable with compound words like 'sokkelhøyde' or 'sokkelstein'. Your vocabulary is becoming more precise, allowing you to discuss home improvement and basic national industry.
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At the B2 level, 'sokkel' becomes a key term for discussing Norwegian economics, politics, and the environment. You will frequently hear and use the term 'aktiviteten på sokkelen' to refer to the petroleum sector. You should be able to follow debates about whether to open new areas of the 'kontinentalsokkel' for drilling. This requires an understanding of the word as a legal and geographical boundary. In a professional or academic context, you might discuss 'sokkelarbeidere' (offshore workers) and their working conditions. You also understand the metaphorical use of the word as a foundation for theories or systems, though this is less common than 'fundament' or 'basis'. Your grammatical mastery should be complete, including the correct use of prepositions like 'på sokkelen' versus 'i sokkelen'. You can explain the technical differences between various 'sokkeltyper' in electrical engineering or architecture. At this level, the word is no longer just about lightbulbs; it is about the foundation of the Norwegian state's economy.
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At the C1 level, you use 'sokkel' with the nuance of a native speaker. You understand the historical and cultural weight of the term 'sokkelen' in the context of the Norwegian 'oil adventure'. You can participate in high-level discussions about the 'delelinjen på sokkelen' (the boundary line on the shelf) between Norway and Russia. You recognize the word in literature and formal reports where it might be used to describe the underlying structures of society or history. You are aware of the subtle differences between 'sokkel', 'fundament', 'basis', and 'grunnvoll', and you choose the most appropriate term for the register you are using. In technical fields, you can discuss 'sokkelformasjoner' in geology or 'sokkelmontering' in advanced construction. Your use of the word is precise, and you can handle complex compound words and idiomatic expressions involving 'sokkel' without hesitation. You also understand the aesthetic implications of a 'sokkel' in art history and how it affects the viewer's perception of a work.
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At the C2 level, your command of 'sokkel' is absolute. You can use it in highly specialized legal, geological, or architectural contexts. You understand the evolution of the word from its Latin roots to its modern multifaceted roles in Norwegian society. You can write academic papers or policy briefs where 'sokkelen' is a central theme, discussing 'jurisdiksjon på kontinentalsokkelen' (jurisdiction on the continental shelf) or 'sokkelens betydning for nasjonalstaten' (the significance of the shelf for the nation-state). You can use the word creatively in poetry or advanced rhetoric, playing with its meanings of foundation, support, and national identity. You are also sensitive to the environmental discourse surrounding 'sokkelen' and can articulate complex arguments about the transition from an oil-based 'sokkel' to a sustainable ocean economy. There are no nuances of the word—whether technical, metaphorical, or cultural—that escape your understanding. You are as comfortable discussing the 'E27-sokkel' of a designer lamp as you are the 'sokkelbegrensninger' in international maritime law.
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예시

The Norwegian word sokkel is a masculine noun (en sokkel) that serves as a fundamental term in various domains ranging from interior design and electrical engineering to national macroeconomics. At its core, it refers to a base, plinth, or foundation—something that supports another object from beneath. In a domestic setting, you will encounter this word most frequently when dealing with lighting. Every lamp has a sokkel, which in English translates to the 'socket' where the bulb is screwed in. Knowing the difference between an E27 and an E14 sokkel is essential for any Norwegian homeowner. However, the word's utility extends far beyond lightbulbs. In architecture and construction, a sokkel is the visible base of a building or a statue. If you are walking through a park in Oslo, the heavy stone block upon which a bronze figure stands is the sokkel. This architectural usage also gives rise to the term sokkelleilighet, referring to a basement or ground-floor apartment that is partially or fully located within the base level of a building. Perhaps the most significant use of the word in a modern Norwegian context is the kontinentalsokkel, or the continental shelf. When Norwegians speak about 'sokkelen' in the news, they are almost always referring to the offshore oil and gas fields that form the backbone of the nation's wealth. This geological term describes the submerged fringe of the continent, and it is here that Norway's petroleum industry operates. Thus, the word transitions seamlessly from a tiny electrical component in your living room to a massive underwater territory that dictates the country's economic future.

Electrical Context
In the world of lighting, the sokkel is the part of the lamp that holds the bulb and connects it to the electrical circuit. Common types in Norway include the large E27 and the small E14.

Jeg må kjøpe en ny lyspære, men jeg husker ikke hvilken sokkel lampen har.

Geological Context
The kontinentalsokkel refers to the continental shelf. In Norway, 'på sokkelen' often means working offshore on an oil rig.

Statuen ble løftet opp på en massiv sokkel av granitt.

Architectural Context
The sokkel is the foundation or plinth of a structure. It provides both structural stability and aesthetic elevation.

Mange arbeidere jobber i turnus ute på den norske sokkelen.

Kjøkkenskapene står på en svart sokkel som skjuler bena.

Denne pæren passer ikke i en liten sokkel.

Using the word sokkel correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical gender and its plural forms. As a masculine noun, it follows the standard pattern: en sokkel (a base), sokkelen (the base), sokler (bases), and soklene (the bases). Note that the 'e' in the stem often drops out in the plural form, which is a common feature of Norwegian nouns ending in '-el'. When constructing sentences, the context will dictate which preposition you use. For example, when referring to the continental shelf, we almost always use the preposition på (on). You work på sokkelen. This reflects the idea of being out on the physical shelf of the seabed. In contrast, when talking about a lightbulb, you might say that the bulb 'har' (has) a certain sokkel, or that you are screwing the bulb inn i (into) the sokkelen. If you are describing a statue, you would say it stands på en sokkel. The word is also frequently used in compound nouns, which is a hallmark of the Norwegian language. Words like sokkeletasje (base floor) and sokkellist (baseboard/skirting board) are common in real estate and interior design. In professional settings, particularly in the energy sector, you will hear phrases like 'aktivitet på sokkelen' (activity on the shelf) or 'sokkelarbeider' (shelf worker). It is important to remember that while 'sokkel' can mean 'socket', it is specifically for lightbulbs; for electrical wall outlets, the word is stikkontakt. Mixing these up is a common error for English speakers who use 'socket' for both. By mastering the various contexts of sokkel, you can describe everything from the technical specs of a desk lamp to the complexities of the Norwegian national economy.

Singular vs Plural
En sokkel (a base) -> Sokkelen (the base). To sokler (two bases) -> Soklene (the bases). Notice the 'e' disappears in the plural.

Vi må bytte alle soklene i taklampene.

Compound Construction
Sokkel + leilighet = Sokkelleilighet. This refers to an apartment in the base level of a house.

Leiligheten ligger i en sokkel med egen inngang.

Prepositional Use
Use 'på' for statues and the continental shelf. Use 'i' when referring to the socket of a lamp.

Oljeindustrien på den norske sokkelen skaper mange arbeidsplasser.

Huset ble bygget på en solid sokkel av betong.

Kan du sjekke om denne lyspæren har riktig sokkel?

The word sokkel is deeply embedded in the daily life and national identity of Norway. If you are shopping at a hardware store like Clas Ohlson or Biltema, you will hear it constantly in the lighting aisle. Customers and staff will discuss 'stor sokkel' (E27) versus 'liten sokkel' (E14). It is a practical, everyday term in this context. However, if you switch on the evening news (Dagsrevyen), 'sokkelen' takes on a much more serious, grander meaning. Here, it refers to the Norwegian Continental Shelf, the source of the country's petroleum wealth. You will hear politicians debate 'åpning av nye områder på sokkelen' (opening new areas on the shelf) or journalists reporting on 'streik på sokkelen' (strikes on the shelf). In the real estate market, 'sokkel' is a buzzword for specific types of housing. A sokkelleilighet is a common entry-point for students or young professionals looking for affordable rent in cities like Oslo or Bergen. These apartments are typically in the lower level of a larger house, often with their own entrance through the foundation level. In museums or art galleries, you might hear a curator mention that a sculpture needs a higher sokkel to be viewed at the correct eye level. Even in the kitchen, the 'sokkel' refers to the recessed panel at the bottom of the cabinets that hides the legs and prevents dust from gathering underneath. Because the word covers such a broad range of topics—from the light in your bedroom to the oil in the North Sea—it is a word that bridges the gap between the mundane and the monumental in Norwegian society.

In the News
Politicians often discuss the 'grønne skiftet' (green shift) in relation to 'aktiviteten på sokkelen'.

Det er varslet full stans i produksjonen på sokkelen fra i morgen.

In Real Estate
Advertisements for 'sokkelleilighet til leie' are very common on platforms like Finn.no.

Vi leier ut en lys og trivelig sokkelleilighet sentralt i Trondheim.

In Art and Culture
Statues of famous Norwegians like Henrik Ibsen or Edvard Munch always stand on a grand sokkel.

Kunstneren valgte en lav sokkel for å gjøre skulpturen mer tilgjengelig.

Hvilken sokkel er det på denne bordlampen?

Det er viktig å sikre sokkelen mot fuktskader i eldre hus.

One of the most frequent mistakes English speakers make when learning the word sokkel is confusing it with the English word 'socket' in all its forms. In English, 'socket' can refer to a lightbulb fitting, a wall power outlet, or even a joint in the body. In Norwegian, sokkel is strictly limited to the base of a bulb or the base of a structure. If you are looking for a wall outlet to plug in your laptop, you must use the word stikkontakt. Asking someone for a 'sokkel' to charge your phone will lead to confusion, as they will wonder why you are trying to screw your phone into a lamp! Another common error involves the pluralization. Because the word ends in '-el', learners often forget to drop the 'e' when adding the plural suffix. Writing 'sokkelere' or 'sokkele' is incorrect; the proper form is sokler. Furthermore, there is a risk of confusing 'sokkel' with the word 'sokk' (sock). While they sound similar and both relate to the bottom of something, they are entirely different objects. You wear a sokk on your foot, but a statue stands on a sokkel. Additionally, learners sometimes use 'sokkel' when they should use 'fundament'. While they are related, a fundament is the entire underground foundation of a building, whereas the sokkel is often the visible part of that foundation above the ground. Finally, in the context of the continental shelf, ensure you use the definite form sokkelen when referring to the Norwegian shelf as a whole. Saying 'vi jobber på en sokkel' implies any random shelf, whereas 'vi jobber på sokkelen' specifically refers to the oil and gas industry areas. Understanding these nuances will help you avoid sounding like a beginner and ensure your technical and economic descriptions are accurate.

Sokkel vs Stikkontakt
Sokkel is for bulbs. Stikkontakt is for plugs/wall outlets. Never use 'sokkel' for a wall outlet.

FEIL: Jeg trenger en sokkel til laderen min. (RIKTIG: stikkontakt)

Spelling the Plural
Incorrect: sokkeler. Correct: sokler. This 'e' drop-out is mandatory in Norwegian for words ending in -el.

FEIL: Statuen har to sokkele. (RIKTIG: sokler)

Sokkel vs Fundament
Use 'fundament' for the structural underground support. Use 'sokkel' for the visible plinth or base.

Vi må grave ned til fundamentet, ikke bare fikse sokkelen.

Det er stor forskjell på en sokk og en sokkel.

E27 er den vanligste sokkelen i norske hjem.

While sokkel is a very specific term, there are several other Norwegian words that share its semantic space depending on the context. If you are talking about the foundation of a building in a purely structural, engineering sense, the word fundament is often more appropriate. A fundament is the load-bearing part of a structure, usually underground, whereas a sokkel is the visible transition between the ground and the wall. In the context of furniture, such as a sofa or a table, you might use the word understell (chassis/base) or simply ben (legs). For a kitchen, the base that hides the legs is often called a sokkellist or sparkelist (kick-plate). If you are referring to the 'base' of an organization or a concept in a metaphorical way, grunnvoll or basis are frequently used. For example, 'demokratiets grunnvoll' (the foundation of democracy). In the world of electrical fittings, as mentioned before, never use sokkel for a wall outlet; use stikkontakt. If you are describing the bottom part of a mountain or a hill, the word fot (foot) is used, as in 'fjellets fot'. In the petroleum industry, while kontinentalsokkel is the technical term, people might simply refer to feltet (the field) when talking about specific oil-producing areas. Comparing these words helps clarify the precise physical or conceptual boundaries of 'sokkel'. It is a word that implies a level of support that is usually visible, structural, or technically specific to a fitting. By learning these alternatives, you can tailor your vocabulary to the exact situation, whether you are discussing the history of a statue, the technical details of a renovation, or the political implications of offshore drilling.

Sokkel vs Basis
Sokkel is physical (a plinth). Basis is often abstract (the basis for an argument).

Vi må legge en god basis for prosjektet før vi starter.

Sokkel vs Understell
Understell is used for machinery or furniture bases. Sokkel is for buildings and bulbs.

Bordet har et stødig understell av metall.

Sokkel vs Fot
Use 'fot' for the base of a mountain or a human foot. Use 'sokkel' for man-made bases.

Landsbyen ligger ved foten av fjellet.

Dette er selve grunnvollen i vårt rettssystem.

Kjøkkenet ser bedre ut med en ny sokkellist.

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수준별 예문

1

Jeg trenger en lyspære med stor sokkel.

I need a lightbulb with a large socket.

En sokkel (masculine noun, singular indefinite).

2

Hvilken sokkel har denne lampen?

Which socket does this lamp have?

Sokkel (subject of the sentence).

3

Denne pæren passer i sokkelen.

This bulb fits in the socket.

Sokkelen (definite singular).

4

Lampen har en liten sokkel.

The lamp has a small socket.

Liten (adjective) must agree with the masculine noun sokkel.

5

Sokkelen er laget av plast.

The socket is made of plastic.

Sokkelen (subject, definite).

6

Kjøp en pære med riktig sokkel.

Buy a bulb with the right socket.

Riktig (adjective) modifying sokkel.

7

Er dette en E27-sokkel?

Is this an E27 socket?

Compound word with a technical prefix.

8

Sokkelen er ødelagt.

The socket is broken.

Ødelagt (past participle acting as an adjective).

1

Statuen står på en høy sokkel.

The statue stands on a high plinth.

På en sokkel (prepositional phrase).

2

Vi bor i en sokkelleilighet.

We live in a basement apartment.

Sokkelleilighet (compound noun).

3

Sokkelen på huset er grå.

The base of the house is grey.

Genitive-like construction using 'på'.

4

Han satte skulpturen på en liten sokkel.

He placed the sculpture on a small base.

Satte (verb) indicates movement onto the base.

5

Huset har en solid sokkel av betong.

The house has a solid concrete base.

Av betong (prepositional phrase showing material).

6

Soklene i disse lampene er forskjellige.

The sockets in these lamps are different.

Soklene (definite plural, note the dropped 'e').

7

Kan du male sokkelen på muren?

Can you paint the base of the wall?

Imperative sentence with a question mark.

8

Sokkelen må være helt rett.

The base must be completely level.

Må være (modal verb phrase).

1

Mange studenter leier en sokkelleilighet for å spare penger.

Many students rent a basement apartment to save money.

Leier (present tense verb).

2

Sokkellisten skjuler gapet mellom gulvet og skapet.

The baseboard hides the gap between the floor and the cabinet.

Sokkellisten (compound noun, definite).

3

Det er mye aktivitet på den norske sokkelen.

There is a lot of activity on the Norwegian shelf.

På den norske sokkelen (standard phrase for the continental shelf).

4

Arbeiderne på sokkelen har gode lønnsvilkår.

The workers on the shelf have good salary conditions.

Arbeiderne (definite plural subject).

5

Vi må sjekke om sokkelen tåler vekten av statuen.

We must check if the plinth can withstand the weight of the statue.

Tåler (verb meaning to withstand/tolerate).

6

Sokkeletasjen i dette bygget brukes som bod.

The base floor in this building is used as a storage room.

Sokkeletasjen (compound noun).

7

Han har jobbet på sokkelen i over tjue år.

He has worked on the shelf for over twenty years.

Present perfect tense (har jobbet).

8

Sokkelen gir bygningen et mer elegant uttrykk.

The plinth gives the building a more elegant look.

Gir (verb, present tense).

1

Regjeringen vurderer å åpne nye blokker på sokkelen.

The government is considering opening new blocks on the shelf.

Vurderer å åpne (verb phrase with infinitive).

2

Sokkelen er avgjørende for norsk økonomi.

The shelf is crucial for the Norwegian economy.

Avgjørende (adjective meaning crucial).

3

Det ble funnet nye gassreserver på kontinentalsokkelen.

New gas reserves were found on the continental shelf.

Passive voice (ble funnet).

4

Sokkelstreiken førte til redusert produksjon.

The shelf strike led to reduced production.

Sokkelstreiken (compound noun).

5

Miljøvernere krever stans i all leting på sokkelen.

Environmentalists demand a halt to all exploration on the shelf.

Krever stans (verb + noun).

6

Sokkelen utgjør et enormt område under havoverflaten.

The shelf constitutes an enormous area below the sea surface.

Utgjør (verb meaning constitutes).

7

Sikkerheten på sokkelen er strengt regulert.

Safety on the shelf is strictly regulated.

Strengt regulert (adverb + past participle).

8

Sokkelen har vært en kilde til velstand i tiår.

The shelf has been a source of prosperity for decades.

Kilde til velstand (standard expression).

1

Jurisdiksjonen på kontinentalsokkelen er regulert av havrettstraktaten.

Jurisdiction on the continental shelf is regulated by the Law of the Sea Treaty.

Havrettstraktaten (compound noun, definite).

2

Sokkelen fungerer som et fundament for hele den nasjonale formuen.

The shelf serves as a foundation for the entire national wealth.

Fungerer som (verb phrase).

3

De geologiske formasjonene på sokkelen er svært komplekse.

The geological formations on the shelf are very complex.

Formasjonene (definite plural).

4

Sokkelens betydning kan ikke overvurderes i denne sammenhengen.

The significance of the shelf cannot be overstated in this context.

Genitive form (sokkelens).

5

Forhandlingene om delelinjen på sokkelen tok mange år.

The negotiations regarding the boundary line on the shelf took many years.

Delelinjen (compound noun).

6

Sokkelarbeidernes fagforeninger står sterkt i Norge.

The shelf workers' unions are strong in Norway.

Genitive plural (sokkelarbeidernes).

7

Vi må se på sokkelen i et langsiktig klimaperspektiv.

We must look at the shelf in a long-term climate perspective.

Langsiktig (adjective).

8

Sokkelen er en integrert del av det norske landskapet, selv om den er usynlig.

The shelf is an integrated part of the Norwegian landscape, even if it is invisible.

Integrert del (adjective + noun).

1

Eskaleringen av konflikten på sokkelen har geopolitiske implikasjoner.

The escalation of the conflict on the shelf has geopolitical implications.

Geopolitiske implikasjoner (plural adjective + noun).

2

Sokkelens ressurser forvaltes etter prinsippet om bærekraftig utvikling.

The shelf's resources are managed according to the principle of sustainable development.

Forvaltes (passive present tense).

3

Det foreligger en omfattende utredning om sokkelens fremtid.

An extensive report on the future of the shelf is available.

Foreligger (verb meaning to be available/exist).

4

Sokkelen utgjør selve fundamentet i den norske statsfinansielle arkitekturen.

The shelf constitutes the very foundation of the Norwegian state-financial architecture.

Statsfinansiell arkitektur (compound adjective + noun).

5

Rettighetene til sokkelen er forankret i internasjonal sedvanerett.

Rights to the shelf are anchored in international customary law.

Sedvanerett (compound noun).

6

Sokkelen er åsted for en kontinuerlig dragkamp mellom økonomi og miljø.

The shelf is the scene of a continuous tug-of-war between economy and environment.

Åsted (noun meaning scene/site).

7

Sokkelens topografi varierer betydelig fra nord til sør.

The topography of the shelf varies significantly from north to south.

Varierer betydelig (verb + adverb).

8

Utnyttelsen av sokkelen krever avansert teknologisk ekspertise.

Th

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