Letter Daal (د): The 'Social Distancing' Letter
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Daal (د) is a 'non-connector' letter that refuses to hold hands with the letter that follows it.
- Daal connects to the letter before it (if it's a connector).
- Daal never connects to the letter after it.
- Daal looks the same at the beginning, middle, and end of words.
Overview
The Arabic letter Daal (د) represents the sound /d/ and is a fundamental component of the Arabic alphabet. You'll find its pronunciation remarkably similar to the English 'd' in words like "dog" or "door," making it one of the more accessible sounds for beginners. At the A1 CEFR level, mastering د is crucial because it introduces a concept central to Arabic script: non-connecting letters.
Unlike many Arabic letters that alter their shape and link up with adjacent characters, د belongs to a small, distinct group that connects only from the right side, never to the left. This characteristic gives د its nickname, the 'Social Distancing' letter, as it always creates a visual break with any letter that follows it. Understanding this behavior is paramount for accurate reading, legible writing, and correctly segmenting Arabic words.
Misinterpreting د's connectivity can lead to errors in both comprehension and transcription, highlighting its importance even at this early stage of your learning journey.
How This Grammar Works
د) goes beyond simple sound recognition; it involves grasping its precise phonetic articulation, its visual consistency, and its immutable role in Arabic script connectivity. These intertwined elements collectively define how د functions within the intricate Arabic writing system.د is classified as a voiced dental stop. Let's break down what this means for your pronunciation:- Voiced: Your vocal cords vibrate when you produce this sound. You can feel this by placing your hand on your throat while saying 'd'. If you don't feel a vibration, you're likely making a voiceless sound, perhaps closer to a 't'.
- Dental: The primary point of articulation is your teeth. You form the sound by pressing the tip of your tongue against the back of your upper front teeth (or just slightly above, on the alveolar ridge, which is the gum line just behind your teeth). This contact completely obstructs the airflow momentarily.
- Stop (or Plosive): The airflow is completely stopped, and then released suddenly, creating a percussive 'burst' of sound. Think of it like a mini-explosion of air.
د is a 'light' letter (حَرْف خَفِيف - ḥarf khafīf).ض (Daad). Avoiding any 'heaviness' in your د pronunciation is key to sounding natural. Maintaining a relaxed tongue position, with just the tip contacting your front teeth, will help you achieve the correct 'light' quality.د in action:دَرْس | dars | lesson | Clear, crisp /d/ sound, like English 'd'. |بَلَد | balad | country | د at the end of a word retains its sharp stop. |مَدِينَة | madīnah | city | Consistent /d/ sound. |د is its graphemic stability. While most Arabic letters have four distinct shapes—isolated, initial, medial, and final—depending on their position within a word, د simplifies this considerably. Because د never connects to the left, it fundamentally cannot adopt an 'initial' form that reaches forward to link with the next letter, nor can its 'medial' or 'final' forms drastically change to facilitate such a connection.- 1Isolated Form (
د): This is howدappears when it stands alone or at the beginning of a word if it's not preceded by a connector, or after another non-connecting letter. - 2Connected-from-Right Form (
ـد): This is howدappears when it follows a letter that connects to its left. The preceding letter will have a joining stroke leading intoد.
ب (Ba) or س (Sīn). The consistent visual break it enforces is a critical part of Arabic orthography that you must learn to identify instantly.د is its non-connecting property. د is one of six 'orphan' or 'disobedient' letters (الأحْرُف الْمُنْفَصِلَة - al-aḥruf al-munfaṣilah) that only connect to the right and never to the left. These letters are: ا (Alif), د (Daal), ذ (Dhāl), ر (Rāʾ), ز (Zāy), and و (Wāw).مَدْرَسَة (madrasah, 'school'). Here's how the letters connect and break:- The
م(Mīm) connects to theد(Daal) from its left:مَدْ - The
د(Daal) then forces a break, refusing to connect to the subsequentر(Rāʾ). - The
ر(Rāʾ) then starts anew, also a non-connector, forcing another break withس(Sīn). - The
س(Sīn) connects toة(Tāʾ Marbūṭah) to formسَة.
مَـدْ رَ سَـة. Notice the clear gaps after د and ر. Despite these breaks, it is still a single word.د to the left would not only make the word unreadable but could also visually transform د into an entirely different letter, such as ل (Lām), leading to significant confusion. This orthographic rule isn't arbitrary; it's a fundamental design choice in the Arabic script that you must internalize early on.د participates fully in these roots. For instance, the root د-ر-س (d-r-s) conveys the idea of "study" or "lesson." From this root, you derive words like:دَرْس(dars- lesson)مَدْرَسَة(madrasah- school)دَرَّسَ(darrasa- he taught)يَدْرُسُ(yadrusu- he studies)
د within these root derivations reinforces its consistent sound and its distinct, non-connecting visual pattern, regardless of its position or the surrounding grammatical context.Formation Pattern
د) correctly requires precision in its single basic shape and understanding how it integrates with a preceding letter, always from the right. The form of د is simple and elegant, often described as a small, rounded angle, or a slightly open mouth facing right. Crucially, د sits entirely on the baseline; it never extends below the line. This adherence to the baseline is a distinguishing feature, differentiating it from letters like ر (Rāʾ) which descends below the line.
د based on its position, which dictates whether it connects from the right:
د):
د resembles a flattened 'v' shape, or a rounded checkmark, with its base firmly planted on the line. It's concise and self-contained.
د begins a word that isn't preceded by a connecting letter, such as in دَرْب (darb - path) or دَم (dam - blood). In دَم, notice how د is isolated, then the م starts after a visual break: دَ مْ.
ـد):
د. This preceding letter will have a horizontal connecting stroke (or tail) that extends to the left, ready to join with د.
د begins, the stroke will typically ascend slightly or make a small curve upwards, providing a base for the د.
د: From the end of this connecting stroke, execute the same 'rounded angle' or 'flattened v' shape as described for the isolated form. The د itself should still sit entirely on the baseline, forming a continuous line with the preceding letter's connecting stroke, but immediately followed by a gap.
يَدْ (yad - hand), the ي (Yāʾ) connects to د: يَـدْ. Or جَدِيد (jadīd - new), where the ج (Jīm) connects to د, and د then forces a break with the following ي: جَـدِيـد.
د rests squarely on the baseline. This is a crucial visual cue.
د shape, your pen lifts. There is no stroke extending to the left from د itself.
د with ر (Rāʾ). While ر also connects only from the right and has a somewhat similar initial stroke, ر descends significantly below the baseline, particularly its tail, and has a more pronounced curve. د is contained above the baseline. This distinction is vital for accurate reading and writing. Practice drawing د alongside ر to internalize their differences:
د (Daal) | ر (Rāʾ) |
When To Use It
د is ubiquitous in Arabic. You'll encounter it in virtually all parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and particles. Its usage is primarily phonetic, representing its characteristic sound wherever it appears.al-asmāʾ)د is incredibly common in Arabic nouns, serving as part of the core meaning or a derivational component. You'll often find it as part of triliteral roots that form many common words.- As a core root letter:
دَار(dār- house/home): Here,دstarts the word, appearing in its isolated form because it's the first letter.بَلَد(balad- country/city):دappears in the final position, connected from the right byل(ـلَـدْ).مَدِينَة(madīnah- city):دis medial, connected from the right byم(مَـدِ). Note the forced break beforeي.
- In common objects and concepts:
يَد(yad- hand):يَـدْ. An essential vocabulary word, clearly showing theيconnecting toد, andدstanding alone afterward.وَرْدَة(wardah- rose):وَرْدَة. Here,و(Wāw) is also a non-connector. So,وis isolated, thenرis isolated, thenدis connected byر, and thenةstarts anew. This is a complex example of multiple non-connectors.صَدِيق(ṣadīq- friend):صَـدِيْق. Theص(Ṣād) connects toد, which then isolates itself fromي.
al-afʿāl)د frequently forms part of verb roots, influencing their core meaning. Its pronunciation remains constant across conjugations and tenses.- Past Tense (الْمَاضِي -
al-māḍī): دَخَلَ(dakhala- he entered):دَخَلَ.دis isolated, followed byخandل.دَرَسَ(darasa- he studied):دَرَسَ. Again,دis isolated at the beginning.وَجَدَ(wajada- he found):وَجَـدَ.وis isolated,جconnects toد, andدends the word.
- Present Tense (اَلْمُضَارِع -
al-muḍāriʿ): يَدْخُلُ(yadkhulu- he enters):يَـدْخُلُ. Theي(Yāʾ) prefix connects toد.تَدْرُسِينَ(tadrusīna- you [f. sg.] study):تَـدْرُسِيْنَ. Theت(Tāʾ) prefix connects toد.
aṣ-ṣifāt)د.جَدِيد(jadīd- new):جَـدِيْد.جconnects toد, which separates fromي.بَارِد(bārid- cold):بَارِد.بconnects toا(Alif), which isolates fromر, which isolates fromد.بَعِيد(baʿīd- far):بَعِيْد. Theع(ʿAyn) connects toي, which separates fromد.
د can appear in certain grammatical structures or particles. For instance, in some very advanced verb forms (Form IV verbs أَفْعَلَ - afʿala), a د might be part of the root. For A1, focus on its presence within the core lexical items.د is remarkably stable across most Arabic dialects. Unlike some letters that might have widely varying pronunciations (e.g., ق Qāf, ج Jīm), د maintains its clear /d/ sound. However, you might occasionally hear subtle emphases or slight variations in specific words or phrases in certain regional accents, but for MSA (Modern Standard Arabic) and for A1 learning, the standard d sound is reliable.- A cultural observation: In some Levantine dialects, the emphatic
ض(Ḍād) might sometimes soften to a sound closer toدin very casual speech, but this is a dialectal shift ofض, not a change inدitself. Your focus should remain on a distinct, lightد.
Common Mistakes
د seems straightforward, beginners often make a few common mistakes related to its pronunciation and, critically, its connectivity. Avoiding these early on will significantly improve your reading fluency and writing accuracy.د (Daal) with ذ (Dhāl): The Dot Makes the Difference- Pronunciation Difference:
د(Daal): Voiced dental stop (like English 'd'). Air is completely stopped and then released. (e.g.,دَرْس-dars).ذ(Dhāl): Voiced dental fricative (like English 'th' in "the"). Air is partially obstructed, creating friction as it passes between the tongue and teeth. There's no 'stop' or 'burst'. (e.g.,ذَهَبَ-dhahaba- he went).- Mistake: Pronouncing
ذas a hard 'd' orدas a soft 'th'. This can change the meaning of words. For example,دَهَب(an incorrect pronunciation ofذَهَب) would be nonsensical, whereasدَاكِرَة(dākirah- memory) pronounced with a 'th' sound would also be wrong. - Visual Difference:
دhas no dot above it.ذhas one dot above it. This tiny dot is your crucial visual cue. Train your eye to spot it immediately.
d or dh in bold) | Meaning |د | /d/ (as in "door") | د (no dot) | دَرْس (dars - lesson) | Lesson |ذ | /ð/ (as in "the") | ذ (one dot) | ذَهَبَ (dhahaba - he went) | He went |د (Daal) with ر (Rāʾ): The Baseline is Your Guideد and ر can look similar to the untrained eye, especially when quickly scanned. Both are non-connecting to the left.- Visual Difference:
د: Sits entirely on the baseline. Its lower part does not extend below.ر: Descends below the baseline. It has a distinct, longer 'tail' or 'hook' that sweeps downwards.- Pronunciation Difference: While both are non-connectors, their sounds are completely different (
dvsr). - Mistake: Misreading
دasرor vice-versa, which will alter the word entirely. For example,دَار(dār- house) would becomeرَار(nonsensical) ifدis misread asر.
د to the Left: The Golden Rule Breakد in terms of script mechanics. You must not connect د to the letter that follows it.- The Rule:
دonly connects from the right. It forces a visual break to its left. - Mistake: Attempting to draw a connecting line from the left of
دto the subsequent letter. This makes your writing look incorrect and, more importantly, can makeدindistinguishable from other letters. - If you connect
دto the left, it can sometimes start to resembleل(Lām) or parts of other connected letters, leading to confusion. - Example:
- Correct:
مَدْرَسَة(madrasah- school) is writtenمَـدْ رَ سَـةwith a clear gap afterد. - Incorrect: Writing
مَدْرَسَةasمَـدْرَسَة(withدconnected toر) is fundamentally wrong. Theدandرshould not be joined. - Impact: This mistake hinders readability significantly. Native speakers will struggle to decipher your handwriting, and it indicates a fundamental misunderstanding of Arabic orthography.
- Importance: Tashkeel clarifies pronunciation, especially for short vowels. It ensures you don't mispronounce
دَرْس(dars- lesson) asدُرْس(durs- a type of fish, orدُرُوس-durūs- lessons). - Mistake: Guessing vowel sounds instead of using the provided tashkeel, especially in beginner texts.
- Solution: Always read words with tashkeel carefully. As you progress, you'll naturally start to recognize patterns and infer vowels, but at A1, use them as your guide.
Real Conversations
While د is a single letter, its prevalence means you'll encounter it constantly in everyday Arabic, far beyond formal textbooks. Observing its use in casual contexts helps solidify your understanding and makes your learning more practical.
1. Greetings and Introductions:
د often appears in fundamental expressions:
- كَيْفَ حَالُكَ؟ (kayfa ḥāluk? - How are you? - male) or كَيْفَ حَالُكِ؟ (female). While د isn't in these specific words, responses often contain it. For instance, بِخَيْرٍ، وَأَنْتَ؟ (bi-khayrin, wa anta? - Fine, and you? - male), where بِخَيْرٍ includes the ر and أَنْتَ has ت which is connected.
- A common question: مِنْ أَيْنَ أَنْتَ؟ (min ayna anta? - Where are you from? - male). Response: أَنَا مِنَ الْقَاهِرَة (anā min al-Qāhirah - I am from Cairo). Cairo is القاهرة, containing د in the city's name (though written with ق here). Let's use a clearer example.
- A better example: When asking about dates: مَتَى وُلِدْتَ؟ (matā wulidta? - When were you born? - male). The verb وُلِدْتَ (wulidta - you were born) clearly shows د connected from the ل and then a break before ت.
2. Describing Things and Places:
- When talking about the weather: اَلْجَوُّ بَارِدٌ الْيَوْمَ (al-jawwu bāridun al-yawm - The weather is cold today). بَارِد (bārid - cold) prominently features د at the end, unconnected to anything. Notice بَا رِد (Ba, Alif, Ra, Daal, with breaks after Alif and Ra).
- Describing something new: هَذَا كِتَابٌ جَدِيدٌ (hādhā kitābun jadīdun - This is a new book). جَدِيد (jadīd - new) shows جَـدِيْد (Jīm connects to Daal, Daal breaks from Yāʾ).
- Directions: اَلْبَيْتُ بَعِيدٌ عَنِ الْمَحَطَّةِ (al-baytu baʿīdun ʿan al-maḥaṭṭah - The house is far from the station). بَعِيد (baʿīd - far) again illustrates د's position.
3. Social Media and Texting (Less Formal Contexts):
In less formal written Arabic, like WhatsApp messages or social media posts, people often omit tashkeel. However, د's distinct shape and non-connecting rule remain crucial for readability.
- A quick message: عَنْدِي دَرْسُ الْيَوْمِ (ʿindī darsu al-yawmi - I have a lesson today). In a text, it might appear as عندي درس اليوم, but د's clear form and the space after it (before ر) prevent misinterpretation.
- Commenting on a photo: هَذَا الْمَكَانُ جَمِيلٌ جِدًّا (hādhā al-makānu jamīlun jiddan - This place is very beautiful). The word جِدًّا (jiddan - very) contains د in a medial position (جِـدًّا) which maintains its separation from the following letter (which is a Shadda here, making دًّا). Even without tashkeel, the shape of د is clear.
- Cultural insight: Arabic text messaging often uses a mix of Arabic script and 'Arabizi' (Arabic letters transliterated into Latin characters, often using numbers for specific Arabic sounds). د is typically represented by 'd'. So, dars for درس would be easily understood. This reinforces how consistently the 'd' sound maps to د.
4. Everyday Vocabulary:
Many common words integral to daily communication feature د:
- أُرِيدُ (urīdu - I want)
- جَدّ (jadd - grandfather)
- دَفْتَر (daftar - notebook)
- جِدَار (jidār - wall)
- قَلَم رَصَاص (qalam raṣāṣ - pencil) - though not directly, its sound often appears in related words.
In all these scenarios, the reliable d sound and the 'social distancing' rule of د ensure clear communication, whether you're reading a formal newspaper article or a casual text message from a friend.
Quick FAQ
د (Daal) to reinforce your understanding:- Is
دalways pronounced like the English 'd'?
د (Daal) corresponds very closely to the 'd' sound in English words like "door" or "dad." It's a light, clear sound.- Does
دconnect to letters on its left side?
د is one of the six "non-connecting" or "orphan" letters in Arabic. It only connects to the letter preceding it from the right. It will always force a visual and orthographic break with any letter that follows it on the left.- How many shapes does
دhave?
د has two shapes: its isolated form (د) and its connected-from-the-right form (ـد). It doesn't have distinct initial or medial forms that connect to the left, precisely because of its non-connecting nature.- What's the difference between
د(Daal) andذ(Dhāl)?
د has no dot, while ذ has one dot above it. Phonetically, د is a hard 'd' sound (a stop), whereas ذ is a soft 'th' sound (a fricative, like in "the").- How do I distinguish
د(Daal) fromر(Rāʾ)?
د sits entirely on the baseline, while ر always descends below the baseline with a distinct tail. Though both connect only from the right, their shapes and pronunciations are different (d vs r).- Is
دa 'light' or 'heavy' letter?
د is a 'light' letter (حَرْف خَفِيف - ḥarf khafīf). This means you pronounce it without any velarization or emphasis. Its 'heavy' counterpart in Arabic is ض (Ḍād).- Why is
دcalled the 'Social Distancing' letter?
- Do Arabic dialects change the pronunciation of
د?
د is very stable across most Arabic dialects, maintaining its clear /d/ sound. It's one of the more consistent letters phonetically.- Should I pay attention to tashkeel when I see
د?
ـَ, ـُ, ـِ) accompanying د, ensuring you pronounce words correctly and avoid misinterpretations.Daal Positional Forms
| Position | Form | Connects Left? | Connects Right? |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Isolated
|
د
|
No
|
No
|
|
Initial
|
د
|
No
|
Yes
|
|
Medial
|
ـد
|
No
|
Yes
|
|
Final
|
ـد
|
No
|
Yes
|
Meanings
Daal is the eighth letter of the Arabic alphabet, representing a voiced alveolar plosive sound.
Consonant sound
The primary 'd' sound in Arabic words.
“دَار (daar) - House”
“دِين (deen) - Religion”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Isolated
|
د
|
دَار
|
|
Initial
|
د...
|
دَرَسَ
|
|
Medial
|
...ـد...
|
مَدْرَسَة
|
|
Final
|
...ـد
|
وَلَد
|
|
With Prefix
|
بـد...
|
بِدَايَة
|
|
With Suffix
|
...ـدُه
|
وَلَدُه
|
Formality Spectrum
الدَّارُ كَبِيرَةٌ (Describing a house)
الدار كبيرة (Describing a house)
الدار كبيرة (Describing a house)
البيت كبير (Describing a house)
The Daal Family
Sound
- د D sound
Rule
- لا No connection
Examples by Level
دَار
House
دِين
Religion
دَرَسَ
He studied
وَلَد
Boy
مَدْرَسَة
School
دَوَاء
Medicine
دُكَّان
Shop
دَقِيقَة
Minute
دَوْلَة
Country
دِرَاسَة
Study
دُسْتُور
Constitution
دِفَاع
Defense
دَبْلُومَاسِي
Diplomatic
دِيمُقْرَاطِيَّة
Democracy
دَائِم
Permanent
دَرَجَة
Degree
دُسْتُورِيَّة
Constitutional
دَيْنُونَة
Judgment
دَهْشَة
Astonishment
دَأْب
Perseverance
دَوَلِيّ
International
دَلالَة
Significance
دُنيَوِيّ
Worldly
دَوَرَان
Rotation
Easily Confused
They look identical except for the dot.
Both are non-connectors.
Beginners try to connect all letters.
Common Mistakes
دـر
د ر
ذ
د
ر
د
دـ
د
دـي
د ي
دـا
د ا
دـو
د و
دـل
د ل
دـم
د م
دـن
د ن
دـه
د ه
دـي
د ي
دـو
د و
دـا
د ا
Sentence Patterns
أَنَا دَرَسْتُ ___
هَذِهِ دَارُ ___
أَحْتَاجُ إِلَى ___ دَقَائِق
دَوْلَتِي هِيَ ___
Real World Usage
دَرَسْت؟ (Did you study?)
دَوْلَة جَمِيلَة (Beautiful country)
لَدَيَّ دَرَجَة عِلْمِيَّة (I have a degree)
دَجَاج مَشْوِي (Grilled chicken)
دُخُول (Entry)
دَفْع (Payment)
The Gap Rule
Don't Connect!
Dot Check
Dialect Variation
Smart Tips
Leave a small gap after the Daal to show it's a non-connector.
Use the gap after Daal to identify the start of a new syllable.
Always look for the dot to distinguish Daal from Thaal.
Focus on the curve of the Daal.
Pronunciation
Hard D
Pronounced like the English 'd' in 'dog'.
Declarative
دَارٌ ↘
Falling intonation for statements.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Daal is a 'D' that stands for 'Distance'. It keeps its distance from the letter that follows.
Visual Association
Imagine a small, rounded door (Daal) that is slightly open. It is attached to the wall on the right, but it doesn't touch anything on the left.
Rhyme
Daal is a letter, simple and true, it connects to the right, but not to you.
Story
Once there was a letter named Daal. He loved to hold hands with his friends on the right, but he was very shy. Whenever someone tried to approach him from the left, he would step back and create a gap. That is why he is the social distancing letter.
Word Web
Challenge
Write 5 words starting with Daal and 5 words ending with Daal in your notebook today.
Cultural Notes
Daal is used frequently in daily speech.
Daal is pronounced clearly.
Daal is often used in formal settings.
Derived from the Phoenician letter Dalet.
Conversation Starters
مَاذَا دَرَسْتَ؟ (What did you study?)
أَيْنَ دَارُكَ؟ (Where is your house?)
هَلْ تَحْتَاجُ دَوَاءً؟ (Do you need medicine?)
مَا هِيَ دَوْلَتُكَ؟ (What is your country?)
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
___َار (House)
Select the correct letter.
Find and fix the mistake:
دـرَسَ
دَار / كَبِيرَة / هِيَ
Is 'د' a connector?
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Daal connects to the letter after it.
A: مَاذَا ___؟ B: دَرَسْتُ العَرَبِيَّة.
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercises___َار (House)
Select the correct letter.
Find and fix the mistake:
دـرَسَ
دَار / كَبِيرَة / هِيَ
Is 'د' a connector?
دَار - دَرَسَ - دَوَاء
Daal connects to the letter after it.
A: مَاذَا ___؟ B: دَرَسْتُ العَرَبِيَّة.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
11 exercisesConnect the pairs.
Ana fi ___ (I am in the house).
Select the shape of Isolated Daal.
The writer connected د to the next letter in 'mudaris' (teacher). Is this correct?
Put the letters in order.
Which word starts with the soft 'd' (Daal) and not the emphatic 'ḍ' (Daad)?
What does 'Jadd' (جَدّ) mean?
Match the Daal shape to its position in a word.
In the word 'Jid-dan' (Very), the first Daal connects to Jeem. Which form is used?
Which of these letters is a non-connector like Daal?
Daal dips below the line like Ra.
Score: /11
FAQ (8)
It's a linguistic feature of the Arabic script. Some letters are simply 'non-connectors'.
Daal has no dot. Thaal has a dot on top.
Yes, it is a sun letter, which affects how 'Al-' is pronounced before it.
No, it has a fixed shape.
No, it looks the same.
No, it's like the English 'd'.
It's a common beginner mistake, just practice the gap.
Yes, Alif, Waw, Ra, Zay, and Thaal.
Scaffolded Practice
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2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
D
Arabic 'd' is always hard, while Spanish 'd' can be soft between vowels.
D
French 'd' is dental, Arabic 'd' is alveolar.
D
German 'd' devoices at the end of words, Arabic 'd' does not.
ダ (Da)
Japanese 'd' is always followed by a vowel in kana.
d (拼音)
Arabic 'd' is voiced, Chinese 'd' is voiceless.
D
English 'd' has many allophones, Arabic 'd' is more stable.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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