B1 Passive & Reported Speech 1 min read Facile

Passive Voice with Reflexive 'Се'

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'се' with a verb to describe actions where the doer is unknown or unimportant, focusing on the result.

  • Use 'се' + 3rd person singular verb for general statements: 'Тук се говори български' (Bulgarian is spoken here).
  • Use 'се' + 3rd person plural verb for specific actions: 'Къщите се строят бързо' (The houses are being built quickly).
  • In negative sentences, keep 'не' before the verb: 'Тук не се пуши' (Smoking is not allowed here).
Verb + се (or се + Verb)

Reflexive Passive Formation

Verb Type 3rd Person Singular 3rd Person Plural Example
A-conjugation
се чете
се четат
Книгата се чете.
E-conjugation
се пише
се пишат
Писмото се пише.
I-conjugation
се строи
се строят
Къщата се строи.
Negative
не се чете
не се четат
Не се чете тук.
Past Tense
се е чело
се е чело
Това се е правило.
Future Tense
ще се чете
ще се четат
Ще се чете утре.

Meanings

The reflexive passive in Bulgarian is used to express actions where the agent is generalized, unknown, or irrelevant, shifting the focus entirely to the action itself.

1

General/Impersonal

Describing rules, habits, or general facts.

“Тук се работи здраво.”

“В България се яде баница.”

2

Passive Action

Describing an object undergoing an action.

“Книгата се чете лесно.”

“Проблемът се решава сега.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Passive Voice with Reflexive 'Се'
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Verb + се
Тук се яде.
Negative
не + се + Verb
Тук не се яде.
Question
Как + се + Verb
Как се яде това?
Plural
Verb (plural) + се
Тук се продават ябълки.
Past
се + е + Participle
Тук се е работило.
Future
ще + се + Verb
Тук ще се работи.

Spectre de formalité

Formel
Пушенето е забранено.

Пушенето е забранено. (Public sign)

Neutre
Тук не се пуши.

Тук не се пуши. (Public sign)

Informel
Не пуши тук.

Не пуши тук. (Public sign)

Argot
Без цигари!

Без цигари! (Public sign)

The 'Се' Passive Universe

Се (Passive)

Usage

  • Правила Rules
  • Процеси Processes

Forms

  • Се чете Is read
  • Се четат Are read

Passive vs. Active

Active
Той чете He reads
Passive
Книгата се чете The book is read

Decision Flow

1

Is the actor known?

YES
Use Active Voice
NO
Use Passive 'Се'

Common Verbs

📚

Verbs

  • чете
  • пише
  • работи
  • продава

Exemples par niveau

1

Тук се говори български.

Bulgarian is spoken here.

2

Как се казва това?

How is this called?

3

Тук не се пуши.

No smoking here.

4

Как се пише?

How is it written?

1

В магазина се продават плодове.

Fruit is sold in the store.

2

Тази дума се използва често.

This word is used often.

3

В България се яде баница.

Banitsa is eaten in Bulgaria.

4

Тук се работи до късно.

Work is done here until late.

1

Проблемът се решава лесно.

The problem is easily solved.

2

Къщите се строят бързо.

The houses are being built quickly.

3

Всичко се прави с любов.

Everything is done with love.

4

Тези правила се спазват.

These rules are followed.

1

В този доклад се разглеждат важни въпроси.

Important issues are examined in this report.

2

Решението се взема от мениджъра.

The decision is made by the manager.

3

В миналото се е вярвало в духове.

In the past, it was believed in spirits.

4

Всички детайли се обсъждат подробно.

All details are discussed in detail.

1

В литературата се отразяват обществените промени.

Social changes are reflected in literature.

2

Въпросът се поставя на дневен ред.

The question is placed on the agenda.

3

В тези условия се изисква търпение.

Patience is required in these conditions.

4

Всички аргументи се претеглят внимателно.

All arguments are weighed carefully.

1

В езиковата система се наблюдават архаични форми.

Archaic forms are observed in the language system.

2

В този контекст се предполага наличието на грешка.

The presence of an error is assumed in this context.

3

Всички тези аспекти се интерпретират различно.

All these aspects are interpreted differently.

4

В хода на изследването се достигна до извода.

During the research, the conclusion was reached.

Facile à confondre

Passive Voice with Reflexive 'Се' vs Reflexive vs. Passive

Both use 'се'. Reflexive is 'doing to self', passive is 'being done'.

Passive Voice with Reflexive 'Се' vs Passive vs. Stative

Both describe passive states.

Passive Voice with Reflexive 'Се' vs Impersonal vs. Personal

Using 'се' with personal pronouns.

Erreurs courantes

Аз се чета книга.

Книгата се чете.

Passive doesn't use personal pronouns like 'Аз'.

Тук се пушат.

Тук не се пуши.

General statements use singular.

Книгата чете се.

Книгата се чете.

The particle 'се' must come before the verb.

Се чете книга.

Книгата се чете.

Subject usually comes first.

Те се продават хляб.

Тук се продава хляб.

Don't use 'Те' (they) with passive.

Как се казвате това?

Как се казва това?

Don't confuse reflexive 'you' with impersonal 'it'.

Тук се не работи.

Тук не се работи.

The negative 'не' must precede 'се'.

Проблемите се решава.

Проблемите се решават.

Plural subject requires plural verb.

Това се е направи.

Това се е направило.

Past tense requires correct participle.

Къщата се строят.

Къщата се строи.

Singular subject requires singular verb.

Всички се смятаха за прави.

Всички се смятаха за прави (reflexive vs passive ambiguity).

Context is key to avoid ambiguity.

Това се изисква да се прави.

Това се изисква.

Avoid redundant passive structures.

В него се вярваше.

В него се вярваше.

Correct usage, but check for stylistic preference.

Structures de phrases

Тук се ___.

Как се ___ това?

В България се ___ много ___.

Тези правила се ___ от всички.

Real World Usage

Social Media very common

Как се споделя това?

Texting common

Как се прави?

Job Interview common

В нашата фирма се цени опита.

Travel constant

Тук не се паркира.

Food Delivery common

Как се поръчва?

Public Notices constant

Тук се говори тихо.

💡

Check the subject

If the subject is a person, it's probably not passive. If it's an object, it's likely passive.
⚠️

Don't use 'Аз'

Passive 'се' is impersonal. Never use 'Аз' or 'Ти' with it.
🎯

Use for rules

When you need to state a rule, 'се' is your best friend.
💬

Sound natural

Using 'се' makes you sound like a local, not a textbook.

Smart Tips

Use the reflexive passive instead of 'I think' or 'People say'.

Аз мисля, че това е вярно. Смята се, че това е вярно.

Use the passive to avoid sounding bossy.

Ти трябва да направиш това. Това се прави така.

Always use the passive for signs and public rules.

Вие не трябва да паркирате тук. Тук не се паркира.

Use the passive to describe traditions.

Българите ядат баница. В България се яде баница.

Prononciation

se-CHE-te

Stress

The particle 'се' is unstressed and attaches to the verb.

Statement

Тук се чете ↘

Neutral declarative tone.

Mémorise-le

Moyen mnémotechnique

Think of 'Се' as a 'Secret' agent. When the real agent is a secret, use 'Се'.

Association visuelle

Imagine a book floating in the air being read by an invisible person. The book says 'Се' on its cover.

Rhyme

When the doer is not to be seen, add 'се' to make it clean.

Story

In a busy market, no one knows who sells the best bread. The sign says 'Тук се продава хляб'. Everyone follows the sign, but the seller remains a mystery.

Word Web

сечетепишепродаваработиправи

Défi

Write 5 sentences about things that are done in your city using 'се'.

Notes culturelles

The reflexive passive is a hallmark of Bulgarian public signage and formal communication.

The reflexive 'се' comes from the Proto-Slavic reflexive pronoun *sę.

Amorces de conversation

Как се казва това на български?

Как се приготвя баница?

Как се решават конфликтите във вашата работа?

Как се интерпретира този закон?

Sujets d'écriture

Describe the rules in your house.
How is a typical day spent in your city?
Discuss a social norm in your country.
Analyze a recent news event using impersonal structures.

Erreurs courantes

Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank.

Тук ___ говори български.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се
Passive marker is 'се'.
Choose the correct form. Choix multiple

Книгата ___ чете.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се
Passive marker is 'се'.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Аз се чете книга.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Книгата се чете.
No personal pronouns in passive.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Книгата се чете.
Standard word order.
Translate to Bulgarian. Traduction

No smoking here.

Answer starts with: Тук...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Тук не се пуши.
Correct negative passive.
Conjugate the verb. Conjugation Drill

Къщите (строя) се бързо.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се строят
Plural agreement.
Match the sentence to its meaning. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Work is done here.
Impersonal passive.
Transform to passive. Sentence Transformation

Хората ядат баница.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Баница се яде.
General passive.

Score: /8

Exercices pratiques

8 exercises
Fill in the blank.

Тук ___ говори български.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се
Passive marker is 'се'.
Choose the correct form. Choix multiple

Книгата ___ чете.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се
Passive marker is 'се'.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Аз се чете книга.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Книгата се чете.
No personal pronouns in passive.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

чете / се / Книгата

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Книгата се чете.
Standard word order.
Translate to Bulgarian. Traduction

No smoking here.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Тук не се пуши.
Correct negative passive.
Conjugate the verb. Conjugation Drill

Къщите (строя) се бързо.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се строят
Plural agreement.
Match the sentence to its meaning. Match Pairs

Тук се работи.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Work is done here.
Impersonal passive.
Transform to passive. Sentence Transformation

Хората ядат баница.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Баница се яде.
General passive.

Score: /8

FAQ (8)

Most transitive verbs can be used in the reflexive passive, but some intransitive verbs cannot.

Because it uses the same particle 'се' as reflexive verbs.

It is neutral and used in all registers.

Context is everything. If the subject is a person, it's reflexive. If it's an object, it's passive.

Yes, 'се' + 'е' + 'participle' works for the past.

The verb must be plural: 'Книгите се четат'.

Yes, it is very common in daily conversation.

Put 'не' before 'се': 'Тук не се пуши'.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Pasiva refleja (se vende)

Bulgarian is more flexible with word order.

French moderate

On + verb

Bulgarian uses a particle, French uses a pronoun.

German moderate

Man + verb

German requires a subject pronoun.

Japanese low

Passive suffix -reru

Bulgarian is analytic, Japanese is agglutinative.

Arabic low

Passive voice conjugation

Bulgarian uses a particle, Arabic uses internal change.

Chinese low

被 (bèi) construction

Bulgarian 'се' is for impersonal, '被' is for agentive passive.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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