B1 Passive & Reported Speech 11 min read Easy

Reported Speech: Say vs. Tell

Mastering say vs. tell makes your reported speech sound smooth and natural.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'tell' when you mention the listener; use 'say' when you focus on the words spoken.

  • Tell + Person: Always follow 'tell' with a personal object (e.g., 'Tell me').
  • Say + Words: Use 'say' followed by the message or 'that' (e.g., 'Say hello').
  • Say + To + Person: If you use 'say' with a person, you must use 'to' (e.g., 'Say to him').
🗣️ Say + [Message] | 🗣️ Tell + 👤 [Person] + [Message]

Overview

Learn to use say and tell correctly. This helps you speak better English. You can share information clearly.

This rule is very important. It helps you talk about the past. You can speak more easily.

How This Grammar Works

Use tell when you name the person. Use say for the words. You do not need a person for say.
Always put a person after tell. Example: He told me. Me is the person. Say is different.
You can say: He said. Or say: He said to me. Tell gives news to someone.
Tell needs a person to hear the news. Say is just about the words you speak.
This helps you pick the right word. Your English will sound natural.

Formation Pattern

1
Follow these rules for good English. Many people make mistakes. These rules help you speak clearly.
2
Pattern for Say:
3
| How to use | Example 1 | Example 2 |
4
| :-------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------- |
5
| say + words | She said, "I am tired." | She said she was tired. |
6
| say + to person + words | He said to me, "It is cold." | He said to me it was cold. |
7
You do not always need the word that. Say is about the news. You do not always need a person.
8
Pattern for Tell:
9
| How to use | Example 1 | Example 2 |
10
| :------------------------------ | :------------------------------------ | :---------------------------------------------------------- |
11
| tell + person + words | He told me, "I will help." | He told me he would help. |
12
| tell + person + to do | She told him, "Call me." | She told him to call her. |
13
Always put a person after tell. This person hears the news. Use it for orders too. Do not forget the person.

When To Use It

Pick say or tell carefully. This makes your English better. Use the right word for each sentence.
Use Say when:
  • The recipient of the message is not mentioned or is less important. The focus is on the utterance itself. For example, She said that the meeting was postponed. Here, the fact of the postponement is paramount, not who she said it to.
  • You are quoting direct speech. Say is frequently used with quotation marks. He said, "I'm leaving now."
  • The verb say is part of an idiomatic expression that does not involve a listener. Examples include say hello, say goodbye, say a prayer, say sorry, say thank you. You wouldn't use tell in these contexts. For instance, I said goodbye to them at the airport.
  • Referring to inanimate objects that display information. A clock says a time; a sign says something. The clock says it's already noon.
Use Tell when:
  • The recipient of the message is specified and is crucial to the meaning. Tell directly indicates who received the communication. He told his manager about the issue. Here, the manager is the direct recipient of the information.
  • You are reporting an instruction, command, or request. This uses the tell + object + infinitive structure. The teacher told the students to open their books.
  • The verb tell is part of specific idiomatic phrases that require an object. These include tell a story, tell a lie, tell the truth, tell the time, tell the difference, tell a secret, tell a joke. You must use tell for these expressions. For example, My grandmother loves to tell us stories.
  • You are providing information or news directly to someone, implying a transfer of knowledge. Could you tell me your name, please? This implies a direct request for information from a specific person.
Think about the person. Say uses to me. Tell uses me with no to.

Common Mistakes

Many students mix these rules. Do not make these mistakes. This helps you speak well.
  • Incorrectly using say with an indirect object directly after it: A widespread error is constructing sentences like She said me that she was busy. This is grammatically incorrect. Remember, say does not take a direct indirect object. The correct construction would be She told me that she was busy or, less commonly in reported speech, She said to me that she was busy. The to is essential if you include the recipient with say.
  • Omitting the indirect object with tell: Another common mistake is using tell without specifying who was told, such as He told that he had finished the work. This is incorrect because tell is a transitive verb that requires a direct object (the person receiving the message). The correct sentence is He told his colleague that he had finished the work or He told me that he had finished the work. Always ensure a recipient follows tell.
  • Confusing say to and tell: While He said to me that he liked the film is grammatically correct, He told me that he liked the film is often more natural and concise. The use of say to can sometimes sound more formal or emphasize the act of speaking to someone rather than simply informing them. Over-relying on say to when tell would be more direct can make your speech sound less natural. For example, for giving a piece of news, My friend told me about the concert is more common than My friend said to me about the concert.
  • Using tell with direct speech: While say often introduces direct quotes (e.g., She said, "I'm going." ), tell is rarely used this way, except in very specific narrative contexts or when reporting commands directly. Generally, avoid He told, "I'm going." The function of tell is to report, not typically to quote verbatim statements directly.
Look for the person. Use tell before the person. Use say for only the words.

Real Conversations

Understanding say and tell within authentic, contemporary communication contexts is vital for achieving fluency. These verbs are integral to relaying information in various settings, from informal texts to professional emails.

In casual conversation, tell is frequently used when recounting events or sharing news with a specific person. For example, a friend might text, My sister told me about that new cafe; we should check it out. Here, told me explicitly conveys that the sister communicated the information directly to the speaker. If the friend said, My sister said there's a new cafe, it emphasizes the existence of the cafe rather than the direct communication to the speaker.

In work emails, precision is paramount. You might write, The project manager told us to prioritize the client feedback, clearly indicating an instruction directed to the team. Conversely, The announcement said that the deadline has been extended focuses on the information contained within the announcement itself, not who specifically delivered it. This subtle distinction demonstrates professionalism and clarity.

Consider an online forum discussion: Someone in the other thread said they found a workaround. Here, said is appropriate because the specific individual is less important than the fact that a workaround was mentioned in another part of the forum. If a user was directly addressing another, they might write, I told him to try restarting the application.

English speakers naturally differentiate between say and tell to convey subtle social dynamics and information flow. The choice often reflects whether the act of conveying (tell) or the content conveyed (say) is more significant in the communication. For instance, He kept telling me to relax implies a persistent, direct communication aimed at influencing the listener, whereas He kept saying that I should relax focuses more on his repeated utterance of the advice. This sensitivity to context and nuance is a hallmark of native-like communication.

Quick FAQ

These answers help you understand. Now you can use say and tell correctly.
  • Can I use say to with an object? Yes, you can. For example, She said to me that she was busy. However, She told me that she was busy is often more common and natural, especially when simply conveying information. Say to can sometimes emphasize the direction of the speech, but tell is generally preferred for direct communication of facts or instructions.
  • Are there any common idiomatic expressions that use say or tell in unexpected ways? Yes, particularly tell. While say generally refers to uttering words, tell has several idiomatic uses where it doesn't just mean to communicate verbally. For instance, Only time will tell means that only future events will reveal something, not that time will speak. Similarly, The experience really told on him means it had a negative effect. For say, phrases like It goes without saying (it is obvious) are common. These expressions highlight that word choice can sometimes be fixed and not entirely logical.
  • What about ask? How does it fit in with say and tell? Ask is used for reporting questions or requests. Like tell, ask often takes an object when reporting a question (He asked me if I was going.) or an infinitive for a request (She asked him to help.). The key distinction is that ask implies inquiry or a polite request, whereas say reports a statement, and tell reports a statement or command to a recipient.
  • Is tell always stronger than say? Not necessarily in terms of volume, but tell often implies a more direct and intentional transfer of information or a command. If someone told you to do something, it carries more weight than if they said you should do it. Tell can also suggest a more confidential or significant disclosure, as in He told me a secret. Say is more neutral regarding the impact or intimacy of the communication.
  • Can tell be used without an explicit indirect object in any context? While tell almost always requires an indirect object, there are very rare, specific contexts or idiomatic expressions where it might appear without one, such as She didn't tell, implying she didn't reveal a secret. However, for reported speech, adhering to tell + object is the universally correct and expected pattern. Avoid omitting the object in general reported speech constructions. Always prioritize clarity by including the recipient when using tell.

Irregular Forms of Say and Tell

Base Form Past Simple Past Participle Third Person Singular Present Participle
Say
Said /sed/
Said /sed/
Says /sez/
Saying
Tell
Told /toʊld/
Told /toʊld/
Tells
Telling

Meanings

The primary function of 'say' and 'tell' is to report information, thoughts, or instructions that were previously expressed by someone else.

1

Reporting Information

Using verbs to relay a message from one person to another.

“He said that the meeting was canceled.”

“They told us the news this morning.”

2

Giving Instructions

Using 'tell' to report an order or a strong request.

“The doctor told me to stay in bed.”

“She told him not to worry.”

3

Idiomatic Expressions

Fixed phrases where only one of the two verbs is correct regardless of the general rule.

“Tell a lie / Tell the truth.”

“Say a prayer.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Reported Speech: Say vs. Tell
Form Structure Example
Affirmative (Say)
Subject + said + (that) + clause
He said he was happy.
Affirmative (Tell)
Subject + told + person + (that) + clause
He told me he was happy.
Negative (Say)
Subject + didn't + say + message
She didn't say anything.
Negative (Tell)
Subject + didn't + tell + person + message
She didn't tell us the news.
Question (Say)
What + did + subject + say?
What did they say?
Question (Tell)
What + did + subject + tell + person?
What did they tell you?
Imperative (Tell)
Tell + person + to-infinitive
Tell him to wait.
Say with Person
Say + to + person
What did you say to him?

Formality Spectrum

Formal
He informed me of his resignation.

He informed me of his resignation. (Workplace gossip)

Neutral
He told me he was quitting.

He told me he was quitting. (Workplace gossip)

Informal
He said he's out of here.

He said he's out of here. (Workplace gossip)

Slang
He was like, 'I'm done.'

He was like, 'I'm done.' (Workplace gossip)

The Say vs. Tell Decision Map

Reporting Speech

Use TELL

  • Mentioning the listener Tell me
  • Giving orders Tell him to go
  • Stories/Jokes Tell a joke

Use SAY

  • Focus on words Say 'Hello'
  • That-clauses Say that it's cold
  • With 'to' Say to her

Grammar Structure Comparison

SAY
Say + Something Say the truth (rare)
Say + That Say that you're sorry
TELL
Tell + Someone Tell me everything
Tell + Someone + That Tell her that I'm here

Which verb should I use?

1

Are you mentioning the listener immediately?

YES
Use TELL (e.g., Tell me)
NO
Use SAY (e.g., Say that...)
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Examples by Level

1

He says 'Hello'.

2

Tell me your name.

3

She said 'Yes'.

4

They told us the secret.

1

I told him that I was busy.

2

What did you say to her?

3

He told a very funny joke.

4

She said she didn't like the food.

1

The teacher told the students to open their books.

2

I said that I would think about it.

3

Can you tell me how to get to the station?

4

He said to me that he was moving to London.

1

It is said that the castle is haunted.

2

He told me off for being late again.

3

I couldn't tell if she was joking or not.

4

She said she'd been waiting for over an hour.

1

To tell you the truth, I'm quite disappointed.

2

The evidence says otherwise.

3

I was told that the position had been filled.

4

Needless to say, we were all very surprised.

1

There is much to be said for his approach.

2

The clock told of a time long forgotten.

3

He has the final say in all budgetary matters.

4

I can't tell one twin from the other.

Easily Confused

Reported Speech: Say vs. Tell vs Say vs. Speak

Learners use 'say' when they mean the act of talking or using a language.

Reported Speech: Say vs. Tell vs Tell vs. Talk

Learners use 'tell' to describe a two-way conversation.

Reported Speech: Say vs. Tell vs Say to vs. Tell

Learners forget the 'to' when using 'say' with a person.

Common Mistakes

✗

He said me hello.

✓

He said hello to me.

You can't put a person directly after 'say' without 'to'.
✗

She told that she is happy.

✓

She said that she is happy.

'Tell' needs a person. If there is no person, use 'say'.
✗

I tell to him the news.

✓

I tell him the news.

Do not use 'to' after 'tell'.
✗

He said me his name.

✓

He told me his name.

When giving information like a name, 'tell' is the standard verb.
✗

They said us to wait.

✓

They told us to wait.

For orders or instructions, use 'tell + person + to'.
✗

Can you say me the time?

✓

Can you tell me the time?

'Tell the time' is a fixed idiom.
✗

He told a prayer.

✓

He said a prayer.

'Say a prayer' is a fixed idiom.
✗

I said him that I would come.

✓

I told him that I would come.

Even in complex sentences, 'say' cannot take a direct personal object.
✗

She told to me a lie.

✓

She told me a lie.

Even with idioms, 'tell' doesn't take 'to'.
✗

He said me to shut up.

✓

He told me to shut up.

Reporting an imperative requires 'tell'.
✗

The report tells that profits are up.

✓

The report says that profits are up.

Inanimate objects like reports, signs, or clocks 'say' things (unless they 'tell' a story).

Sentence Patterns

She told me that ___.

He said, '___'.

They told us to ___.

It's hard to tell the difference between ___ and ___.

Real World Usage

Texting a friend constant

He said he's gonna be late.

Job Interview common

My previous boss told me I was a great team player.

Reporting a crime occasional

The witness said that the car was blue.

Giving directions common

I told him to turn left at the light.

Social Media very common

The post says the event is canceled.

Customer Service common

The agent told me my refund was processed.

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💡

The 'Me' Test

If you can put 'me' right after the verb, use 'tell'. If you can't, use 'say'.
⚠️

No 'To' with Tell

Never say 'tell to me'. It's just 'tell me'. This is one of the most common mistakes at B1 level.
🎯

Inanimate Objects

Signs, letters, and newspapers 'say' things. They don't 'tell' you things unless they are telling a story.
💬

Softening Commands

If you want to sound less bossy when reporting an order, use 'He said that I should' instead of 'He told me to'.

Smart Tips

Stop! Change it to 'told me' or 'said to me'.

He said me the news. → He told me the news.

Always use 'tell' + person + 'to'. It's the cleanest way to report an order.

He said that I must go. → He told me to go.

Always check for the 'to'.

What did you say him? → What did you say to him?

Use 'says', not 'tells'.

The book tells that the hero dies. → The book says that the hero dies.

Pronunciation

/sed/

The 'Said' Vowel

The word 'said' is pronounced with a short /e/ sound, like 'bed'. It does NOT rhyme with 'paid'.

/sez/

The 'Says' Vowel

Similarly, 'says' is pronounced /sez/, rhyming with 'fez', not /seɪz/.

/toʊld/

Told Diphthong

The 'o' in 'told' is a long diphthong /oʊ/, like in 'gold' or 'cold'.

Reporting Emphasis

He TOLD me (not just said it!)

Emphasizing 'told' stresses that the information was specifically directed at the listener.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

TELL needs a TAIL (a person at the end of the verb). SAY is for what you SPAY (speak/display).

Visual Association

Imagine the word 'TELL' having a long arm reaching out to grab a person (me, you, him). Imagine 'SAY' as a speech bubble containing only words, with no one nearby.

Rhyme

If you mention who you sell the news to, use TELL. If the words are all you say, then SAY is the way.

Story

Tom wanted to share a secret. He **said** 'I have a secret' to the wall. Then he saw Mary. He **told Mary** the secret. Mary **said** 'Wow!' and then she **told everyone**.

Word Web

saidtoldlistenermessageobjectreportinforminstruct

Challenge

Look at your last 3 sent text messages. If you were reporting them to a friend, would you use 'say' or 'tell'? Write them out now.

Cultural Notes

Using 'tell' for orders is common, but in some cultures, it can sound too direct or aggressive. Using 'He said that I should...' is slightly softer than 'He told me to...'.

In casual American English, 'be like' is frequently used instead of 'say' or 'tell' to report speech and thoughts simultaneously.

The phrase 'I've been told' is a common polite way to introduce a piece of information without naming the source, often used in professional settings.

Both verbs come from Old English roots. 'Say' comes from 'secgan' (to say, speak, tell), and 'tell' comes from 'tellan' (to count, reckon, relate).

Conversation Starters

“

What did your best friend tell you recently?

“

Tell me about a time someone told you a secret.

“

What is the funniest joke someone has ever told you?

“

If you could say one thing to your younger self, what would it be?

Journal Prompts

Write about a piece of advice someone told you that changed your life.
Describe a conversation you overheard on the bus or in a cafe.
Write a short story that begins with: 'He told me the truth, but I didn't believe what he said.'
Summarize a recent news article you read.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

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Test Yourself

Choose the correct verb for the sentence. Multiple Choice

She ___ me that she was tired.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: told
We use 'told' because there is a personal object ('me').
Fill in the blank with 'said' or 'told'.

He ___ that he would be late for the meeting.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: said
There is no personal object before the 'that' clause.
Correct the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

I said him to be quiet.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I told him to be quiet.
For instructions/orders, use 'told + person + to'.
Change the sentence using 'told'. Sentence Transformation

He said to me, 'I am hungry.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He told me that he was hungry.
'Told' replaces 'said to' and requires the personal object 'me'.
Match the verb with the correct object. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Tell + a story
'Tell a story' is a common idiom.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: What did the doctor ___ you? B: He ___ I should eat more vegetables.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tell / said
The first part has a person ('you'), the second part does not.
Which sentences are correct? Grammar Sorting

Select the correct sentence.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She told me the truth.
'Tell someone the truth' is the standard structure.
Is this rule true or false? True False Rule

You can use 'say' with a person if you use 'to'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: True
Example: 'He said to me that he was happy.'

Score: /8

Practice Exercises

8 exercises
Choose the correct verb for the sentence. Multiple Choice

She ___ me that she was tired.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: told
We use 'told' because there is a personal object ('me').
Fill in the blank with 'said' or 'told'.

He ___ that he would be late for the meeting.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: said
There is no personal object before the 'that' clause.
Correct the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

I said him to be quiet.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I told him to be quiet.
For instructions/orders, use 'told + person + to'.
Change the sentence using 'told'. Sentence Transformation

He said to me, 'I am hungry.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He told me that he was hungry.
'Told' replaces 'said to' and requires the personal object 'me'.
Match the verb with the correct object. Match Pairs

Match the following:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Tell + a story
'Tell a story' is a common idiom.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: What did the doctor ___ you? B: He ___ I should eat more vegetables.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tell / said
The first part has a person ('you'), the second part does not.
Which sentences are correct? Grammar Sorting

Select the correct sentence.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She told me the truth.
'Tell someone the truth' is the standard structure.
Is this rule true or false? True False Rule

You can use 'say' with a person if you use 'to'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: True
Example: 'He said to me that he was happy.'

Score: /8

Practice Bank

12 exercises
Choose the correct form to complete the sentence. Fill in the Blank

My coach always ___ us to train harder.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tells
Find and fix the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

The weather forecast told it would rain tomorrow.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The weather forecast said it would rain tomorrow.
Which sentence correctly uses 'say' or 'tell'? Multiple Choice

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She told me a good joke.
Type the correct English sentence. Translation

Translate into English: 'My professor told me to read chapter three.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["My professor told me to read chapter three."]
Put the words in order to form a correct sentence. Sentence Reorder

Arrange these words into a sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He always told me to tell him the truth
Match the reported verb with the correct structure. Match Pairs

Match the reported verb with the correct structure:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: matched
Choose the correct form to complete the sentence. Fill in the Blank

The sign ___ 'No Parking'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: said
Which sentence is grammatically correct? Multiple Choice

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: My boss told me to finish the report.
Type the correct English sentence. Translation

Translate into English: 'She said she would call me back.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["She said she would call me back.","She said that she would call me back."]
Find and fix the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

He told a lie on his resume.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He told a lie on his resume.
Put the words in order to form a correct sentence. Sentence Reorder

Arrange these words into a sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He told her the truth
Match the sentence beginning with the correct continuation. Match Pairs

Match the sentence beginning with the correct continuation:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: matched

Score: /12

FAQ (8)

Yes, but only in specific idioms like `tell a lie`, `tell the truth`, `tell a story`, or `tell the time`.

Yes, it is grammatically correct, but it is much less common than `He told me`. It sounds a bit more formal or old-fashioned.

`Tell` is for giving information (one-way), while `talk` is for having a conversation (two-way).

This is an old idiomatic use of 'tell' meaning 'to count' or 'to account for'.

Yes! `Tell me that you love me` is a perfect example of 'tell + person + that-clause'.

No. `Said` is pronounced /sed/, rhyming with 'red' or 'bed'.

You can, but you need to use 'that' and a modal verb: `He said that I should go`. `He told me to go` is more direct.

If you aren't mentioning the listener, you must use `say`. Example: `Someone said there was a fire.`

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

Sign up free to practice

In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

decir / contar

Spanish allows 'me dijo' (he said me), which is impossible in English.

French moderate

dire / raconter

French doesn't have a direct equivalent to the 'tell + person' structural rule.

German high

sagen / erzählen

German 'sagen' is used more often with people than English 'say'.

Japanese low

iu (言う) / tsutaeru (伝える)

Japanese doesn't distinguish between say/tell based on the presence of a listener in the same way.

Arabic low

qala (قال) / akhbara (أخبر)

Arabic uses one verb ('qala') for both 'say' and 'tell' in 90% of cases.

Chinese moderate

shuō (说) / gàosù (告诉)

Chinese 'shuō' can sometimes take a person as an object in casual speech.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Next
Reporting Verbs: Who Said What?

Learn These First

B1 Builds On

Reporting What People Said (Tense Backshift)

Overview Reporting what someone said, also known as `reported speech` or `indirect speech`, is a fundamental aspect of E...

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