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استقراض کردن

B2 verb 10 min read

استقراض کردن

Q: How do I say 'borrower' using this word?

The formal term for a borrower is 'استقراضکننده' or the Arabic-derived 'مستقرض' (mostaqraz).

esteghraz kardan

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips استقراض کردن in 30 Seconds

Explanation استقراض کردن in your Level:

At the A1 level, 'استقراض کردن' (esteqrāz kardan) is a very advanced word that you probably won't use. Instead, you should learn 'قرض گرفتن' (qarz gereftan), which means 'to borrow.' Think of 'استقراض کردن' as a special, fancy way to say 'borrowing money' that you might only hear on the news. Imagine you are at a store and you don't have enough money. You might ask a friend, 'Can I borrow 10 tomans?' In that case, you use the simple word. 'استقراض کردن' is for big things like a government or a big bank. Even though it is hard, you can remember it by breaking it down. 'Kardan' means 'to do.' So you are 'doing' a formal loan. Just remember: A1 is for friends and small things (use 'qarz'), and this word is for big, serious money. You might see this word in a newspaper headline, and now you know it just means 'to borrow money' in a very official way. Don't worry about using it in your own speaking yet! Focus on understanding that it is about money and it is very formal. If you see it, just think: 'Big money borrowing.'

At the A2 level, you are starting to understand more formal situations. 'استقراض کردن' is a compound verb. In Persian, we often combine a noun with 'kardan' (to do) to make a verb. Here, 'esteqrāz' is the noun for 'borrowing.' You might hear this word if you are watching a simple news report about the economy. It is important to know that it is almost always about money. You wouldn't use it for borrowing a book or a car. For those, you use 'امانت گرفتن.' In A2, you should try to recognize the difference between 'vām' (a bank loan you might get) and 'esteqrāz' (a formal act of borrowing). If you are writing a simple essay about money, using this word will make your Persian sound much more professional. Remember the structure: Subject + از (from) + Source + استقراض کرد. For example: 'The company borrowed from the bank.' (شرکت از بانک استقراض کرد). It is a good word to have in your 'passive' vocabulary, meaning you understand it when you see it, even if you don't use it every day.

As a B1 learner, you are moving into intermediate territory where 'register'—how formal or informal you sound—becomes very important. 'استقراض کردن' is a perfect example of a high-register word. You should use this word when discussing financial news, business, or history. For example, if you are talking about why a country is in debt, you would say, 'دولت زیاد استقراض کرده است' (The government has borrowed a lot). This sounds much better than using the casual 'qarz gereftan.' You should also notice how it is used as a noun: 'استقراض خارجی' (foreign borrowing). This is a common phrase in Iranian media. At this level, you should be able to conjugate it in the past and present: 'من استقراض می‌کنم' (I borrow - though rare for a person) and 'او استقراض کرد' (He/She borrowed). You should also be aware that it comes from Arabic. Many formal Persian words come from Arabic, and they often follow certain patterns. Understanding this helps you guess the meaning of other similar words. Start using this word in your formal writing assignments to show you understand the difference between business Persian and daily conversation.

At the B2 level, you are expected to use 'استقراض کردن' correctly in professional and academic contexts. You should understand the nuances that distinguish it from 'وام گرفتن' and 'تسهیلات گرفتن.' While 'vām' is a product you buy from a bank, 'esteqrāz' is the economic action of creating debt. You should be comfortable using it in complex sentence structures, such as using it as a gerund: 'استقراض از بانک مرکزی منجر به تورم می‌شود' (Borrowing from the Central Bank leads to inflation). You should also know common collocations like 'سقف استقراض' (debt ceiling) and 'نرخ استقراض' (borrowing rate). At this level, you should also be aware of the historical weight of the word. In the context of Iranian history, 'esteqrāz' often refers to the controversial foreign loans of the 19th and early 20th centuries. When you use this word, you are signaling that you have a deep grasp of Persian vocabulary and its appropriate social and economic applications. You should also be able to identify its role in a sentence regardless of the tense or mood, including the subjunctive: 'دولت باید استقراض کند' (The government must borrow).

At the C1 level, your understanding of 'استقراض کردن' should be near-native. You should recognize its use in legal statutes, sophisticated economic analyses, and high-level political discourse. You should be able to discuss the implications of 'esteqrāz' on a country's 'traz-e pardakht-ha' (balance of payments). Beyond just 'borrowing money,' you should understand how the word functions in the broader lexical field of Iranian finance, including its relationship to 'owraq-e qarz-e' (bonds). You should be able to use the word to describe complex financial maneuvers, such as 'interbank borrowing' (استقراض بین‌بانکی) or 'sovereign debt' (بدهی حاکمیتی). Your usage should be flawless, including the correct choice of light verbs (using 'namūdan' in extremely formal documents). You should also be able to explain to others why 'esteqrāz' is used in a specific text instead of 'qarz' or 'vām,' pointing to the institutional and contractual nature of the transaction. At this level, the word is not just a vocabulary item but a tool for precise economic communication.

At the C2 level, you possess a masterly command of 'استقراض کردن.' You can appreciate the stylistic choices of authors who use this word to evoke a sense of institutional gravity or historical continuity. You understand the subtle differences in meaning when the word appears in classical versus modern economic texts. You can engage in high-level debates about fiscal policy using this term and its derivatives fluently. You are aware of the etymological roots in the Arabic 'istiqrad' and how its meaning has been shaped by centuries of Persian administrative use. You can use the word in rhetorical contexts, perhaps using it metaphorically in a speech about 'borrowing time' or 'borrowing ideas' in a very formal, literary sense (though this is rare and requires a high degree of poetic skill). You are also sensitive to the political connotations of the word in modern Iran, where 'esteqrāz' is often a point of contention between different political factions. Essentially, you use this word with the same precision and contextual awareness as a highly educated native speaker, such as a central banker or a senior economic journalist.

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

استقراض کردن in 30 Seconds

Formal verb for borrowing money in institutional contexts.
Used by governments, banks, and large corporations for debt.
Higher register than the common 'qarz gereftan'.
Essential for understanding Persian economic news and history.

The Persian verb استقراض کردن (esteqrāz kardan) is a sophisticated, formal term that translates primarily to 'to borrow money' or 'to contract a loan.' While the everyday language might favor the simpler قرض گرفتن (qarz gereftan), استقراض کردن carries a heavy weight of formality, typically reserved for macroeconomic contexts, banking, state affairs, and large-scale corporate finance. At its core, it describes the act of receiving money from a lender with the explicit legal obligation to repay it, usually with interest. Understanding this word requires looking at its Arabic root, 'qard' (loan), combined with the Persian light verb 'kardan' (to do/make). In the context of the Iranian economy, you will often find this term appearing in discussions regarding the national budget or the Central Bank's policies.

Financial Register: This word is almost exclusively used when the borrower is an entity like a government or a large corporation rather than an individual borrowing a small sum from a friend.

دولت برای اجرای پروژه‌های عمرانی از بانک جهانی استقراض کرد.

Translation: The government borrowed money from the World Bank to implement development projects.

When you hear this word on the news, it usually signals a serious economic shift. For instance, if a news anchor mentions 'استقراض دولت از بانک مرکزی' (government borrowing from the Central Bank), it often implies a potential for inflation. This is because the word suggests a formal mechanism of debt creation. In legal documents, استقراض is the standard term for 'indebtedness' or 'borrowing.' It encompasses the entire process: the application, the receipt of funds, and the contractual duty to return them.

Macroeconomic Context: It is frequently paired with 'خارجی' (foreign) to mean international borrowing or 'داخلی' (domestic) for internal debt.

Historically, the term has been used in Persian literature and administrative records since the 19th century to describe the state's financial maneuvers with foreign powers.

شرکت‌های بزرگ معمولاً از طریق انتشار اوراق قرضه اقدام به استقراض می‌کنند.

Translation: Large companies usually borrow by issuing bonds.

Culturally, there is a nuance of 'burden' associated with this word. Unlike 'vām' (loan), which can sometimes feel like a benefit or a service provided by a bank, استقراض emphasizes the act of taking on debt. It is a transitive verb phrase, often taking the preposition 'az' (from) to indicate the source of the funds. To summarize, use this word when the stakes are high, the amounts are large, and the relationship is institutional.

Synonym Comparison: While 'وام گرفتن' is common for personal bank loans, 'استقراض کردن' is for the structural act of borrowing within an economic system.

آیا استقراض از کشورهای همسایه راه حل مناسبی برای بحران فعلی است؟

Translation: Is borrowing from neighboring countries a suitable solution for the current crisis?

قوانین جدید، شرایط استقراض بانکی را دشوارتر کرده است.

Translation: New laws have made the conditions for bank borrowing more difficult.

Finally, remember that the noun form 'استقراض' can stand alone in titles of laws or economic chapters, such as 'قانون استقراض عمومی' (Public Borrowing Law).

Using استقراض کردن correctly requires an understanding of Persian compound verb syntax. As a compound verb (فعل مرکب), it consists of the noun/gerund 'استقراض' and the light verb 'کردن'. In a sentence, the person or entity doing the borrowing is the subject, the source of the money is usually introduced by the preposition 'از' (from), and the amount or the object being borrowed (though usually implied as money) can be specified.

Grammatical Structure: [Subject] + از + [Lender] + [Amount/Optional] + استقراض کرد.

For example, 'شهرداری از بانک ملی استقراض کرد' (The municipality borrowed from the National Bank). Note how the verb stays at the end. Because this is a B2-level word, you will often see it in complex sentences involving subordinate clauses.

اگر دولت نتواند مالیات‌ها را جمع‌آوری کند، ناچار به استقراض از سیستم بانکی خواهد بود.

Translation: If the government cannot collect taxes, it will be forced to borrow from the banking system.

In this example, 'استقراض' is used as a gerund (noun) following the preposition 'به'. This is a very common way to see the word used in formal reports. When discussing the purpose of the loan, use 'برای' (for). 'آن‌ها برای خرید تجهیزات استقراض کردند.' (They borrowed for purchasing equipment).

Passive Voice: While rare, the passive form would be 'استقراض شدن', though usually, we describe the loan as being 'taken' or 'received'.

Another important aspect is the negative form. 'دولت نباید بیش از حد استقراض کند' (The government should not borrow excessively). Here, 'بیش از حد' (excessively) acts as an adverbial phrase modifying the verb.

بسیاری از کشورهای در حال توسعه با مشکل استقراض بیش از توان مالی مواجه هستند.

Translation: Many developing countries are facing the problem of borrowing beyond their financial capacity.

In formal Persian, you might encounter the phrase 'استقراض نمودن' (esteqrāz namūdan). 'Namūdan' is a highly formal substitute for 'kardan' and is used in literature and official decrees. Let's look at a conditional sentence: 'اگر از بانک استقراض کنید، باید نرخ بهره بالایی بپردازید.' (If you borrow from the bank, you must pay a high interest rate). Here, the word 'نرخ بهره' (interest rate) is a common companion to our target verb.

Object Placement: If you specify the amount, it comes before the verb: 'او ده میلیارد تومان استقراض کرد'.

آیا امکان استقراض مجدد وجود دارد؟

Translation: Is there a possibility of re-borrowing?

او ترجیح می‌دهد به جای استقراض، از سرمایه شخصی خود استفاده کند.

Translation: He prefers to use his personal capital instead of borrowing.

By mastering these patterns, you can discuss complex financial scenarios with precision.

To hear استقراض کردن, you need to step out of the bazaar and into the boardroom or the halls of government. This word is the language of the 'Economist' (اقتصاددان) and the 'Policymaker' (سیاست‌گذار).

Television and Radio News: During the evening news (اخبار شبانگاهی), when the reporter discusses the national budget deficit (کسری بودجه), they will almost certainly use this verb to describe how the government plans to fill the gap.

Imagine a scene in the Iranian Parliament (Majlis). A representative stands up to criticize the treasury, shouting: 'ما نباید با استقراض از بانک مرکزی، تورم را افزایش دهیم!' (We should not increase inflation by borrowing from the Central Bank!). This is where the word lives—in the heat of political and economic debate.

در گزارش سالانه، میزان استقراض خارجی کشور مشخص شده است.

Translation: In the annual report, the amount of the country's foreign borrowing is specified.

In the world of business journalism, magazines like 'Donya-e-Eqtesad' (World of Economy) use this word to describe the activities of tech startups or industrial giants. If a company is 'leveraging' its assets, the Persian description will involve استقراض کردن.

Banking and Contracts: When you read a formal loan agreement (قرارداد وام), the legal terminology will define the borrower as the 'استقراض‌کننده'.

You might also hear it in academic lectures at the University of Tehran's Faculty of Economics. Professors will lecture on the 'theories of public borrowing' (نظریه‌های استقراض عمومی).

بانک مرکزی نرخ استقراض بین‌بانکی را اعلام کرد.

Translation: The Central Bank announced the interbank borrowing rate.

Even in international relations, the word is used when discussing IMF (International Monetary Fund) bailouts.

Common Media Phrases: 'استقراض بی‌رویه' (indiscriminate borrowing) and 'سقف استقراض' (debt ceiling) are two phrases you will hear constantly during budget season.

دولت‌های مختلف همواره بر سر مسئله استقراض با هم اختلاف نظر دارند.

Translation: Different governments always have disagreements over the issue of borrowing.

او در پادکست اقتصادی خود درباره خطرات استقراض هشدار داد.

Translation: He warned about the dangers of borrowing in his economic podcast.

If you are listening to a podcast about personal finance, they might use 'استقراض' to sound more authoritative when discussing mortgages or heavy debt consolidation.

The most frequent error for learners is using استقراض کردن in a casual, daily context. This is a matter of register.

Register Mismatch: Incorrect: 'می‌توانم یک لیوان آب از تو استقراض کنم؟' (Can I borrow a glass of water from you?). This sounds absurdly formal. Correct: 'می‌توانم یک لیوان آب از تو بگیرم؟'

Another mistake is confusing it with 'قرض دادن' (to lend). Remember that استقراض is strictly about the act of taking, not giving. The prefix 'est-' in Arabic loanwords often indicates 'seeking' or 'requesting' (the Istif'al pattern). Therefore, 'esteqrāz' is the 'seeking of a loan.'

اشتباه: بانک به دولت استقراض کرد. (Mistake: The bank borrowed to the government.)

Correct: بانک به دولت وام داد. (The bank gave a loan to the government.)

Learners also struggle with the preposition. It must be 'از' (from). Using 'با' (with) or 'به' (to) as the primary preposition for the source is incorrect.

Preposition Error: Incorrect: 'استقراض به بانک مرکزی'. Correct: 'استقراض از بانک مرکزی'.

Confusion often arises between استقراض and 'امانت'. 'امانت گرفتن' is for borrowing an object (like a book or a tool) that you will return exactly as it is. 'استقراض' is for fungible assets like money where you return the value, not the exact same banknotes.

اشتباه: او کتاب را از کتابخانه استقراض کرد.

Correct: او کتاب را از کتابخانه امانت گرفت.

Lastly, don't forget the 'h' sound in 'esteqrāz' (if transliterating carefully, though usually silent in modern Persian pronunciation, the 'z' is a 'Zād' or 'Zāl' sound depending on the root, but in Persian, it's just 'z'). Some learners misspell it because of the multiple 'z' sounds in Persian. It is written with 'ض' (Zād).

Spelling Note: Always use 'ض' at the end. Using 'ز', 'ذ', or 'ظ' is a common spelling mistake for native students as well.

بسیاری فکر می‌کنند استقراض و وام دقیقاً یکسان هستند، اما تفاوت در کاربرد رسمی آن‌هاست.

Translation: Many think that 'esteqrāz' and 'vām' are exactly the same, but the difference is in their formal usage.

نباید کلمه استقراض را در نامه‌های دوستانه به کار برد.

Translation: One should not use the word 'esteqrāz' in friendly letters.

Avoid using it in the plural ('استقراض‌ها') unless you are specifically referring to multiple distinct loan agreements or historical borrowing events.

To truly master استقراض کردن, you must see how it sits alongside its synonyms and near-synonyms. Persian has a rich vocabulary for financial transactions.

وام گرفتن (Vām Gereftan): This is the most common term for 'taking a loan.' It is used by individuals for car loans, mortgages, or personal credit. It is less 'heavy' than 'esteqrāz'.

قرض گرفتن (Qarz Gereftan): This is the everyday term for borrowing money from a friend or family member. It implies a simpler, often interest-free, arrangement.

تسهیلات گرفتن (Tas-hilāt Gereftan): Literally 'obtaining facilities.' In modern Iranian banking, 'facilities' is a euphemism for loans. You will see this on bank websites and ATM screens.

تفاوت اصلی بین استقراض و وام در سطح کلان و خرد است.

Translation: The main difference between borrowing (esteqrāz) and a loan (vām) is in the macro and micro levels.

For antonyms, look at بازپرداخت کردن (to repay) or تسویه حساب کردن (to settle an account). The opposite of borrowing is, of course, lending: قرض دادن or وام دادن. There is also the word اعتبار (credit). While you might 'esteqrāz' money, you 'get credit' (اعتبار گرفتن).

او به جای استقراض، به دنبال جذب سرمایه‌گذار است.

Translation: Instead of borrowing, he is looking to attract an investor.

In a religious or traditional context, you might encounter 'قرض‌الحسنه' (Qarz-ol-hasaneh), which refers to an interest-free loan given for charitable reasons. You would never use 'esteqrāz' to describe this, as 'esteqrāz' usually implies a commercial or state transaction.

نزول کردن (Nozūl Kardan): A slang/informal (and often negative) term for borrowing money at very high, usurious interest rates from unofficial lenders.

دولت از طریق استقراض داخلی، بدهی‌های خود را مدیریت می‌کند.

Translation: The government manages its debts through domestic borrowing.

بانک‌ها برای تأمین نقدینگی به استقراض از یکدیگر روی می‌آورند.

Translation: Banks turn to borrowing from each other to provide liquidity.

Understanding these synonyms allows you to choose the right 'flavor' of borrowing for your specific situation, ensuring you sound like a native professional.

How Formal Is It?

Fun Fact

In ancient times, 'cutting' (qard) was a metaphor for lending because the lender was 'cutting' a portion of their capital for the borrower's temporary use.

Pronunciation Guide

UK /estɛqˈrɒːz kærdæn/

US /estɛkˈrɑːz kɑːrdæn/

The primary stress is on the last syllable of the noun 'esteqrāz' and the first syllable of 'kardan'.

Rhymes With

اعتراض (e'terāz) انقراض (enqerāz) احتیاج (ehtiyāj - near rhyme) پرواز (parvāz - near rhyme) نیاز (niyāz - near rhyme) سرافراز (sarafrāz) گداز (godāz) ساز (sāz)

Common Errors

Pronouncing 'q' like 'k' (it should be deeper).
Making the 'z' sound too soft.
Skipping the 'e' at the beginning.
Mixing up the 'ā' and 'a' sounds in 'kardan'.
Putting the stress on the wrong part of the compound verb.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 4/5

Requires knowledge of formal vocabulary and economic contexts.

Writing 5/5

Difficult to use with the correct register and prepositions.

Speaking 4/5

Hard to pronounce correctly and rarely used in daily speech.

Listening 4/5

Common in news broadcasts but requires focus to distinguish from similar words.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

پول (money) بانک (bank) گرفتن (to take) کردن (to do) قرض (loan/debt)

Learn Next

سرمایه‌گذاری (investment) تورم (inflation) بودجه (budget) کسری (deficit) بهره (interest)

Advanced

اوراق قرضه (bonds) نقدینگی (liquidity) تراز تجاری (trade balance) سیاست پولی (monetary policy) بدهی حاکمیتی (sovereign debt)

Grammar to Know

Compound Verb Conjugation

In 'استقراض کردن', only 'کردن' changes for tense and person.

Prepositional Requirement

Always use 'از' to indicate the source of the borrowed money.

Subjunctive Mood with Modals

After 'bāyad' (must), use 'استقراض کند'.

Noun as Gerund

'استقراض' can function as a noun meaning 'the act of borrowing'.

Formal Light Verb Substitution

Replacing 'kardan' with 'namūdan' increases formality.

Examples by Level

او پول قرض کرد.

He borrowed money.

Using the simple 'qarz' for A1.

من از برادرم پول می‌گیرم.

I take money from my brother.

Simple present tense.

آیا می‌توانم پول قرض بگیرم؟

Can I borrow money?

Question form with 'tavānestan'.

او به من پول داد.

He gave me money.

Opposite of borrowing.

ما به پول نیاز داریم.

We need money.

Basic 'need' construction.

بانک پول می‌دهد.

The bank gives money.

Subject-Verb-Object.

او فردا پول را پس می‌دهد.

He will give the money back tomorrow.

Future context.

پول زیاد خوب نیست.

Too much money is not good.

Simple adjective use.

شرکت از بانک پول استقراض کرد.

The company borrowed money from the bank.

Introduction of 'esteqrāz' in a simple business context.

دولت باید استقراض کند.

The government must borrow.

Modal verb 'bāyad' + 'esteqrāz'.

آن‌ها برای خرید خانه وام گرفتند.

They took a loan to buy a house.

Contrasting with 'vām' for personal use.

استقراض از دوستان مودبانه نیست.

Borrowing (formally) from friends is not polite.

Using the word as a noun/subject.

او همیشه پول استقراض می‌کند.

He always borrows money (formally).

Present habitual action.

آیا این استقراض قانونی است؟

Is this borrowing legal?

Adjective 'qānūnī' modifying the noun.

ما نباید از خارج استقراض کنیم.

We should not borrow from abroad.

Negative modal 'nabāyad'.

بانک مرکزی اجازه استقراض نداد.

The Central Bank did not allow borrowing.

Past negative.

بسیاری از کشورها برای توسعه استقراض می‌کنند.

Many countries borrow for development.

Plural subject and purpose clause.

میزان استقراض دولت در سال گذشته افزایش یافت.

The amount of government borrowing increased last year.

Noun phrase 'mizān-e esteqrāz'.

او ترجیح می‌دهد به جای استقراض، پس‌انداز کند.

He prefers to save instead of borrowing.

'be jāye' (instead of) + noun.

استقراض خارجی می‌تواند خطرناک باشد.

Foreign borrowing can be dangerous.

Compound noun 'esteqrāz-e khārejī'.

آن‌ها برای جبران خسارت استقراض کردند.

They borrowed to compensate for the loss.

Infinitive of purpose 'barāye jobrān'.

بانک شرایط استقراض را توضیح داد.

The bank explained the borrowing conditions.

Direct object 'sharāyet-e esteqrāz'.

بدون استقراض، پروژه متوقف می‌شد.

Without borrowing, the project would have stopped.

Conditional 'bedūn-e' + noun.

دولت در حال استقراض از بانک ملی است.

The government is currently borrowing from the National Bank.

Present continuous 'dar hāl-e'.

استقراض بی‌رویه از بانک مرکزی منجر به تورم شدید شده است.

Indiscriminate borrowing from the Central Bank has led to severe inflation.

Complex cause-and-effect structure.

مجلس با طرح استقراض از صندوق توسعه ملی مخالفت کرد.

The Parliament opposed the plan to borrow from the National Development Fund.

Formal political vocabulary.

شرکت‌های بزرگ معمولاً از طریق انتشار اوراق بهادار استقراض می‌کنند.

Large companies usually borrow through the issuance of securities.

Technical financial terminology.

آیا دولت توانایی بازپرداخت مبالغ استقراض شده را دارد؟

Does the government have the ability to repay the borrowed amounts?

Passive participle 'esteqrāz shode'.

نرخ بهره استقراض بین‌بانکی به طور قابل توجهی کاهش یافت.

The interbank borrowing interest rate decreased significantly.

Adverbial phrase 'be tour-e qābel-e tavajjoh'.

او در مقاله خود به بررسی تاریخچه استقراض خارجی ایران پرداخته است.

In his article, he examined the history of Iran's foreign borrowing.

Formal 'be ... pardākhtan' construction.

استقراض باید به عنوان آخرین راه حل در نظر گرفته شود.

Borrowing should be considered as a last resort.

Passive modal 'bāyad ... dar nazar gerefte shavad'.

تحریم‌ها دسترسی کشور به منابع استقراض بین‌المللی را محدود کرده است.

Sanctions have limited the country's access to international borrowing sources.

Present perfect 'mahdūd karde ast'.

سیاست‌های مالی انقباضی، تمایل به استقراض را در بخش خصوصی کاهش داده است.

Contractionary fiscal policies have reduced the tendency to borrow in the private sector.

Academic economic terminology.

پایداری بدهی‌های ناشی از استقراض، دغدغه اصلی تحلیلگران اقتصادی است.

The sustainability of debts resulting from borrowing is the main concern of economic analysts.

Complex noun-adjective clusters.

دولت با استقراض از سیستم بانکی، نقدینگی را به شدت افزایش داد.

By borrowing from the banking system, the government drastically increased liquidity.

Gerundive use with 'bā'.

محدودیت‌های قانونی برای استقراض شهرداری‌ها وضع شده است.

Legal restrictions have been enacted for municipal borrowing.

Passive 'vaz' shode ast'.

این قرارداد، چارچوب استقراض میان‌مدت شرکت را مشخص می‌کند.

This contract specifies the company's medium-term borrowing framework.

Specific temporal adjective 'miyān-moddat'.

استقراض از نهادهای بین‌المللی مستلزم پذیرش اصلاحات ساختاری است.

Borrowing from international institutions entails accepting structural reforms.

Formal verb 'mostalzem būdan'.

بررسی ترازنامه نشان‌دهنده وابستگی شدید به استقراض کوتاه مدت است.

The balance sheet review indicates a heavy reliance on short-term borrowing.

Professional auditing language.

او معتقد است که استقراض ملی باید با شفافیت کامل همراه باشد.

He believes that national borrowing must be accompanied by full transparency.

Subordinate clause with 'ke'.

پارادایم‌های حاکم بر استقراض دولتی در دهه‌های اخیر دستخوش تحولات بنیادین شده‌اند.

The paradigms governing state borrowing have undergone fundamental transformations in recent decades.

Highly sophisticated 'dastkhosh-e ... shodan' idiom.

استقراض لجام‌گسیخته می‌تواند حاکمیت اقتصادی یک ملت را به مخاطره اندازد.

Unbridled borrowing can jeopardize the economic sovereignty of a nation.

Literary adjective 'lejām-gosīkhte' (unbridled).

تحلیلگران بر این باورند که استقراض تجمعی، بار مالی سنگینی بر دوش نسل‌های آینده خواهد گذاشت.

Analysts believe that cumulative borrowing will place a heavy financial burden on the shoulders of future generations.

Metaphorical and complex structure.

پیچیدگی‌های حقوقی استقراض در حقوق بین‌الملل، نیازمند تخصص بالایی است.

The legal complexities of borrowing in international law require high expertise.

Abstract noun focus.

دولت از طریق استقراض غیرمستقیم، سعی در پنهان کردن کسری بودجه واقعی دارد.

The government is trying to hide the real budget deficit through indirect borrowing.

Nuanced political critique language.

پویایی‌های نرخ بهره و رابطه آن با استقراض حاکمیتی، موضوع اصلی این رساله است.

The dynamics of interest rates and their relationship with sovereign borrowing is the main subject of this dissertation.

Academic 'pūyāyī-hā' (dynamics).

استقراض، اگر به درستی مدیریت نشود، می‌تواند به فروپاشی نظام پولی بینجامد.

Borrowing, if not managed correctly, can lead to the collapse of the monetary system.

Conditional clause insertion.

تبعات ژئوپلیتیک استقراض از قدرت‌های بزرگ، موضوعی بحث‌برانگیز در محافل علمی است.

The geopolitical consequences of borrowing from great powers is a controversial topic in academic circles.

High-level 'taba'āt' (consequences).

Common Collocations

استقراض خارجی

استقراض داخلی

سقف استقراض

نرخ استقراض

استقراض از بانک مرکزی

مجوز استقراض

استقراض کوتاه‌مدت

استقراض لجام‌گسیخته

توان استقراض

هزینه استقراض

Common Phrases

اقدام به استقراض کردن

— To take steps towards borrowing money.

دولت برای جبران کسری بودجه، اقدام به استقراض کرد.

مجبور به استقراض شدن

— To be forced to borrow money due to circumstances.

بسیاری از شرکت‌ها در طول بحران مجبور به استقراض شدند.

وابستگی به استقراض

— Reliance on borrowing to function.

وابستگی به استقراض خارجی برای اقتصاد خطرناک است.

سود استقراض

— The interest paid on a formal loan.

سود استقراض در این طرح بسیار بالا است.

قرارداد استقراض

— A formal borrowing contract.

طرفین قرارداد استقراض را امضا کردند.

استقراض از منابع بین‌المللی

— Borrowing from international sources like the IMF.

کشور به دنبال استقراض از منابع بین‌المللی است.

میزان خالص استقراض

— Net borrowing amount.

میزان خالص استقراض در گزارش مالی ذکر شده است.

استقراض از طریق اوراق قرضه

— Borrowing by issuing bonds.

شهرداری از طریق اوراق قرضه استقراض می‌کند.

محدودیت‌های استقراض

— Legal or financial limits on how much can be borrowed.

محدودیت‌های استقراض مانع اجرای پروژه شد.

فرهنگ استقراض

— The culture or habit of borrowing within a society.

فرهنگ استقراض در میان جوانان تغییر کرده است.

Often Confused With

استقراض کردن vs قرض دادن

This means 'to lend'. 'استقراض' is only for 'to borrow'.

استقراض کردن vs امانت گرفتن

Used for borrowing objects (books, cars) to return them as-is.

استقراض کردن vs اجاره کردن

To rent something for a fee, not to borrow money.

Idioms & Expressions

"زیر بار استقراض رفتن"

— To take on the heavy burden of debt formally.

او حاضر نشد زیر بار استقراض برود.

Formal/Metaphorical

"استقراض از آینده"

— To borrow from the future (spending now what future generations will pay).

این بودجه به معنای استقراض از آینده است.

Political/Rhetorical

"در گرداب استقراض افتادن"

— To fall into a whirlpool of debt (getting trapped in borrowing).

بسیاری از دولت‌ها در گرداب استقراض افتاده‌اند.

Journalistic

"استقراض برای بقا"

— Borrowing just to survive/stay afloat.

این شرکت فقط برای بقا استقراض می‌کند.

Business

"کمر زیر بار استقراض خم کردن"

— To have one's back broken under the weight of debt.

ملت زیر بار استقراض خارجی کمر خم کرده است.

Literary/Dramatic

"استقراض کورکورانه"

— Blind borrowing (without a plan for repayment).

استقراض کورکورانه به فقر منجر می‌شود.

Moralistic/Economic

"زنجیره استقراض"

— A chain of borrowing (borrowing from one to pay another).

او در یک زنجیره استقراض بی‌پایان گرفتار شده است.

Analytical

"استقراض از کیسه خلیفه"

— Borrowing from the Caliph's bag (spending someone else's money lavishly/formally).

این استقراض‌ها در واقع استقراض از کیسه خلیفه است.

Idiomatic/Historical

"استقراض با بهره سنگین"

— Borrowing with heavy interest.

آن‌ها مجبور به استقراض با بهره سنگین شدند.

Standard

"سایه سنگین استقراض"

— The heavy shadow of debt (the persistent pressure of borrowing).

سایه سنگین استقراض بر سر اقتصاد کشور است.

Journalistic

Easily Confused

استقراض کردن vs وام

Both involve getting money.

Vām is the product/loan itself. Esteqrāz is the formal act of borrowing.

او وام گرفت (He got a loan). دولت استقراض کرد (The government borrowed).

استقراض کردن vs بدهی

Related to money owed.

Badehi is the noun 'debt'. Esteqrāz is the verb 'to borrow'.

بدهی او زیاد است (His debt is high).

استقراض کردن vs اعتبار

Both involve credit.

E'tebār is 'credit' or 'reputation'. Esteqrāz is the transaction.

او اعتبار بانکی دارد (He has bank credit).

استقراض کردن vs قرض

Synonyms for debt.

Qarz is more general/casual. Esteqrāz is more technical/formal.

کمی پول به من قرض بده (Lend me some money).

استقراض کردن vs نزول

Involves borrowing.

Nozūl is specifically usurious/illegal interest borrowing.

نزول خواری حرام است (Usury is forbidden).

Sentence Patterns

[Entity] از [Bank] استقراض کرد.

شرکت از بانک استقراض کرد.

[Entity] برای [Purpose] استقراض می‌کند.

دولت برای جاده‌سازی استقراض می‌کند.

استقراض از [Source] باعث [Consequence] می‌شود.

استقراض از بانک مرکزی باعث تورم می‌شود.

اگر [Entity] استقراض نکند، [Result].

اگر دولت استقراض نکند، پروژه‌ها می‌خوابند.

میزان استقراض [Entity] به [Amount] رسیده است.

میزان استقراض شهرداری به ده میلیارد رسیده است.

[Entity] با هدف [Goal] اقدام به استقراض نمود.

بانک با هدف تامین نقدینگی اقدام به استقراض نمود.

تبعات استقراض لجام‌گسیخته بر [System] غیرقابل انکار است.

تبعات استقراض لجام‌گسیخته بر بازار سرمایه غیرقابل انکار است.

پارادایم استقراض در [Era] بر پایه [Concept] بود.

پارادایم استقراض در عصر مدرن بر پایه اعتبار است.

Word Family

Nouns

استقراض (borrowing/loan)

قرض (debt/loan)

مقرض (lender - Arabic form)

مستقرض (borrower - Arabic form)

Verbs

قرض گرفتن (to borrow - informal)

قرض دادن (to lend)

بازپرداخت کردن (to repay)

Adjectives

استقراضی (borrowed/on credit)

قرضی (borrowed/temporary)

بدهکار (indebted)

وام (loan)

بدهی (debt)

بهره (interest)

تسهیلات (facilities/loans)

بانک (bank)

How to Use It

frequency

Common in news, rare in daily speech.

Common Mistakes

Using 'esteqrāz' for a pen. → امانت گرفتن
You borrow objects (amānat) but borrow money/capital (esteqrāz).
Saying 'بانک استقراض کرد' when the bank lent money. → بانک وام داد
The bank is the lender (dāhande), not the borrower (esteqrāz-konande).
Spelling it as 'استقراز'. → استقراض
The final letter must be 'ض' (Zād).
Using the preposition 'به' for the source. → استقراض از
You borrow *from* a source, which is 'az' in Persian.
Using it in a casual text message to a friend. → قرض گرفتن
It's too formal for casual digital communication.

Tips

Keep it Professional

Only use 'استقراض کردن' in business, news, or formal writing. In a cafe, stick to 'قرض گرفتن'.

Check the Preposition

Always remember 'استقراض از...' (Borrowing from...). Don't use other prepositions for the source.

The Letter Zād

Remember the word ends with 'ض'. Visualizing the dot on top can help you distinguish it from 'ص'.

Macro vs Micro

Think of 'esteqrāz' as 'Macro-borrowing' for countries and 'vām' as 'Micro-borrowing' for people.

News Keywords

When you hear 'کسری بودجه' (budget deficit), listen for 'استقراض' immediately after.

Arabic Patterns

Learning the Istif'al pattern (est- prefix) helps you realize this word means 'requesting a loan'.

Formal Light Verbs

Use 'استقراض نمودن' in written reports to achieve the highest level of Persian formality.

Avoid Repetition

In a long essay, switch between 'استقراض' and 'دریافت تسهیلات' to keep your writing interesting.

History Matters

Knowing that 'esteqrāz' was a sensitive political issue in the 1900s helps you understand its weight in modern debates.

Headline Help

In news headlines, 'کردن' is often dropped, leaving just 'استقراض دولت از بانک مرکزی'.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of 'E-ST-E-Q-R-A-Z' as 'Extra State Quest for Resources and Zest'—because governments (State) use it for extra resources.

Visual Association

Imagine a huge government building (like the Treasury) with a giant pair of scissors 'cutting' (qard) a piece of a giant gold coin from a bank.

Word Web

Bank Government Debt Interest Contract Repayment Bonds Deficit

Challenge

Try to find the word 'استقراض' in a Persian news article today and write down the context in which it was used.

Word Origin

The word 'استقراض' (esteqrāz) comes from the Arabic root 'q-r-d' (ق-ر-ض), which literally means 'to cut.' In financial terms, it implies cutting a piece of one's wealth to give to another.

Original meaning: The original Arabic 'istiqrāḍ' belongs to the Istif'al pattern, which signifies 'seeking' or 'requesting.' Thus, it literally means 'seeking a loan.'

Semitic root (Arabic) integrated into Indo-European (Persian) grammar.

Cultural Context

Be careful when discussing government 'esteqrāz' in Iran, as it is a highly debated political topic linked to inflation.

In English, we use 'borrow' for both a pen and a billion dollars. Persian splits this into 'qarz gereftan' (casual) and 'esteqrāz kardan' (institutional).

History of the '1919 Agreement' and the associated loans. Central Bank of Iran (CBI) reports on 'esteqrāz-e dowlat'. Economic textbooks by Dr. Mousa Ghaninejad.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Government Budgeting

کسری بودجه و استقراض
استقراض از بانک مرکزی
سقف مجاز استقراض
قانون بودجه و استقراض

Corporate Finance

استقراض برای توسعه شرکت
هزینه استقراض بانکی
استقراض از طریق بورس
نسبت استقراض به سرمایه

International Relations

استقراض از صندوق بین‌المللی پول
بدهی‌های ناشی از استقراض خارجی
شرایط استقراض بین‌المللی
مذاکرات برای استقراض

Economic Analysis

اثرات استقراض بر تورم
تحلیل روند استقراض
استقراض پایدار
خطرات استقراض بیش از حد

Legal Contracts

موضوع قرارداد استقراض
طرفین استقراض
ضمانت‌های استقراض
فسخ قرارداد استقراض

Conversation Starters

"آیا فکر می‌کنید استقراض دولت از بانک مرکزی همیشه بد است؟"

"در کشور شما، مردم ترجیح می‌دهند استقراض کنند یا پس‌انداز؟"

"به نظر شما سقف استقراض یک شرکت چقدر باید باشد؟"

"تا به حال درباره تاریخچه استقراض‌های خارجی ایران چیزی شنیده‌اید؟"

"چگونه می‌توان هزینه‌های استقراض را در یک پروژه کاهش داد؟"

Journal Prompts

درباره تفاوت‌های فرهنگی بین قرض گرفتن از یک دوست و استقراض از یک بانک بنویسید.

اگر شما وزیر اقتصاد بودید، چگونه مشکل استقراض بیش از حد دولت را حل می‌کردید؟

تجربه خود یا شرکتتان را در مورد استقراض برای یک هدف بزرگ توصیف کنید.

آیا استقراض از آینده برای ساختن امروز اخلاقی است؟ نظر خود را بنویسید.

نقش استقراض را در رشد اقتصادی کشورهای در حال توسعه تحلیل کنید.

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

No, you should use 'امانت گرفتن' (amānat gereftan) for objects like books. 'استقراض' is specifically for money or fungible assets in a formal context.

'وام' (vām) is a generic word for a loan, often used by individuals. 'استقراض' (esteqrāz) is much more formal and usually refers to large-scale borrowing by governments or corporations.

The noun 'استقراض' is of Arabic origin, but it is used as part of a Persian compound verb with 'کردن'. This is very common in formal Persian.

The formal term for a borrower is 'استقراض‌کننده' or the Arabic-derived 'مستقرض' (mostaqraz).

It is written with 'q' (ق), which in Tehran Persian is a voiced uvular stop/fricative. It's similar to the French 'r' but deeper in the throat.

Yes, it is frequently used as a noun. For example, 'استقراض خارجی' means 'foreign borrowing'.

Yes, if you are discussing company finances or economic trends, it will make you sound very professional.

The preposition 'از' (az) is used to indicate the source from which you are borrowing.

In a modern economic context, yes, it almost always implies an interest-bearing loan, unless specified otherwise.

The most direct opposite is 'بازپرداخت کردن' (to repay) or 'قرض دادن' (to lend).