このページをあなたの言語で

English

فارسی

العربية

Deutsch

Español

Français

한국어

Português

中文

हिन्दी

B2 noun 12分で読める

perustelu

練習する例文メモとヒント perustelu 30秒で

解説 perustelu in your Level:

At the A1 level, the word 'perustelu' might be a bit advanced, but you will encounter its roots. You learn to ask 'Miksi?' (Why?) and answer with 'Koska...' (Because...). 'Perustelu' is the noun form of that 'because.' Imagine you are telling a friend why you like coffee. Your 'perustelu' is that it tastes good and makes you wake up. At this stage, just recognize that if someone asks for a 'perustelu,' they want to know the 'why.' You don't need to use the word yourself yet, but knowing it means 'reason' or 'explanation' will help you understand instructions in a Finnish classroom. For example, a teacher might say, 'Anna perustelu,' meaning 'Tell me why.' Think of it as the 'because-part' of your sentence. It is a building block for making your Finnish more logical and clear. Even simple sentences like 'Minä tykkään kesästä' (I like summer) can have a 'perustelu' like 'Koska on lämmin' (Because it is warm). In your mind, start linking the word 'perustelu' to the action of explaining your choices. It is the foundation of your opinion. In Finnish, 'perus' means base or foundation, so a 'perustelu' is like the floor of a house that holds up your ideas. Without a foundation, the house (your opinion) falls down. So, even at A1, try to remember: Perustelu = The 'why' foundation.

無料登録して完全な解説を読む

At the A2 level, you are starting to build more complex sentences and expressing your opinions more clearly. You will start to see the word 'perustelu' in textbooks and simple news articles (selkosuomi). You should understand that 'perustelu' is more formal than 'syy.' While 'syy' can be used for anything (The reason I'm late), 'perustelu' is used when you are trying to convince someone or explain a choice you made. For example, if you are applying for a job or a course, you might need to give 'perustelut' for why you are a good candidate. You will also see this word in the plural form 'perustelut' very often. At this level, you can start using it in simple sentences like 'Tässä on minun perusteluni' (Here is my justification). You are moving away from just saying 'I think so' to 'I think so because of these reasons.' Learning this word helps you sound more organized. When you listen to Finnish speakers, notice how they use 'perustelu' when they want to be taken seriously. It's a key word for moving from basic survival Finnish to actually interacting with society, such as dealing with a landlord, a teacher, or a doctor. It shows that you have a logical reason for what you are saying. You might also encounter the verb 'perustella' (to justify). Try to practice by giving one 'perustelu' for every opinion you state in class. This will make your Finnish sound much more natural and advanced.

無料登録して完全な解説を読む

At the B1 level, you are expected to handle everyday situations and express more nuanced thoughts. 'Perustelu' becomes a very important tool in your vocabulary. You should be able to provide 'monipuolisia perusteluita' (multifaceted justifications) for your viewpoints. You will encounter this word in work meetings, more complex news reports, and in social discussions about current events. You should understand the difference between 'perustelu' and 'selitys.' A 'selitys' can sometimes sound like an excuse, whereas a 'perustelu' sounds like a logical argument. You should also start noticing how 'perustelu' is used in the partitive case ('perustelua') when the justification is incomplete or indefinite, and in the genitive ('perustelun') when it's a specific one. For example, 'Tarvitsen hyvän perustelun' (I need a good justification). You will also start to see compound words like 'lisäperustelu' (additional justification). At B1, you should be able to follow a debate where people are giving 'perusteluita' for and against a topic. You might also start using the word in writing, such as in a letter of complaint or a formal email. Instead of just saying 'I don't like this,' you can say 'Minulla on useita perusteluita sille, miksi tämä ei toimi' (I have several justifications for why this doesn't work). This makes you sound much more professional and competent in Finnish. It's also a great word to use when you want to ask someone to explain their logic more clearly: 'Voisitko antaa tarkemman perustelun?' (Could you give a more precise justification?).

無料登録して完全な解説を読む

At the B2 level, which is where 'perustelu' truly belongs, you are expected to produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options. 'Perustelu' is the heart of this skill. You must move beyond simple 'perustelut' and start using adjectives like 'vakuuttava' (convincing), 'ontuva' (flawed/limping), 'aukotton' (watertight), or 'asiallinen' (appropriate). You should be able to analyze the 'perustelut' of others—are they based on facts or feelings? You will encounter the word in legal contexts, academic papers, and high-level professional environments. You should understand the concept of 'perusteluvelvollisuus' (the obligation to provide reasons), which is a key part of Finnish administrative law. In your own speech and writing, you should be able to structure your 'perustelut' logically, perhaps using phrases like 'ensimmäinen perustelu on...' (the first justification is...). You should also be comfortable using the word in various grammatical cases, including the plural partitive 'perusteluita' and the plural illative 'perusteluihin.' For example, 'En usko noihin perusteluihin' (I don't believe those justifications). At B2, you are not just using the word; you are mastering the art of the 'perustelu' itself in the Finnish language. You should be able to recognize when an argument is 'perusteltu' (justified/well-founded) and when it is 'perustelematon' (unjustified/unfounded). This level of vocabulary allows you to participate fully in Finnish society as an informed and persuasive communicator.

At the C1 level, you are approaching near-native fluency and can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognize implicit meaning. 'Perustelu' is now a word you use with precision and stylistic flair. You understand the subtle rhetorical differences between 'perustelu,' 'argumentti,' and 'evidenssi.' You can write complex reports or essays where the 'perustelut' are woven together seamlessly. You are familiar with the 'päätöksen perustelut' in supreme court rulings or high-level government white papers. You can debate abstract topics where the 'perustelut' might be philosophical or ethical rather than just practical. You should also be able to use the word in more idiomatic or specialized ways, such as 'perustelujen puutteellisuus' (the inadequacy of the justifications). You understand how 'perustelu' functions in different registers—from the highly formal 'lainsäädännön perustelut' (justifications for legislation) to the more informal but still logical 'perustelut' used in a family discussion about finances. At this level, you can also critique the structure of someone's 'perustelu,' pointing out logical fallacies or 'kehäpäätelmä' (circular reasoning). You are able to provide 'vankat perustelut' (solid justifications) even for very controversial or complex positions, and you can do so using a wide variety of sentence structures. Your use of the word is no longer just about the word itself, but about the sophisticated logical framework it represents in Finnish culture and language.

無料登録して完全な解説を読む

At the C2 level, you have mastered the Finnish language to the point where you can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read. You use 'perustelu' with the same nuance and depth as a highly educated native speaker. You can analyze the 'perustelut' in historical documents, complex philosophical treatises, or poetic works where the reasoning might be metaphorical. You are capable of producing 'perustelut' that are not only logically sound but also rhetorically persuasive and stylistically elegant. You understand the historical evolution of the word and its role in the development of Finnish legal and academic language. You can use 'perustelu' in highly specialized fields, such as linguistics, law, or medicine, where it carries specific technical weights. You might even play with the word in creative writing, perhaps personifying a 'perustelu' or using it in an ironic context. For you, 'perustelu' is a tool of precision, used to carve out exact meanings and defend complex truths. You can navigate the most heated political debates, providing 'perusteluita' that are both intellectually rigorous and culturally sensitive. You are also able to mentor others in the art of 'perustelu,' helping them to see the logical connections that define Finnish thought. At C2, 'perustelu' is not just a vocabulary item; it is a fundamental element of your cognitive and communicative identity in the Finnish language.

無料登録して完全な解説を読む

練習する例文メモとヒント

perustelu 30秒で

Perustelu means justification or reasoning used to support an opinion or decision.
It comes from the word 'perus' (base), implying it is the foundation of an argument.
Commonly used in formal contexts like law, school, and professional meetings.
It differs from 'syy' (reason/cause) by being more focused on active logical construction.

The Finnish word perustelu is a versatile and essential noun that translates most accurately to 'justification,' 'reasoning,' 'argument,' or 'grounds.' It is derived from the verb perustaa, which means 'to found' or 'to base.' At its core, a perustelu is the intellectual foundation upon which an opinion, a decision, or a claim stands. In the Finnish mindset, which values logic, directness, and evidence-based communication, providing a solid perustelu is not just a rhetorical skill but a social and professional expectation. Whether you are a student answering an exam question, a lawyer presenting a case, or a child asking for a later bedtime, you will be asked to 'perustella' (to justify) your position.

Logical Foundation: In Finnish discourse, a statement without a perustelu is often seen as incomplete or 'hanging in the air.' It refers to the specific set of reasons that make a conclusion valid.
Formal Contexts: In legal and administrative Finnish, perustelu refers to the written rationale provided by a court or an official for a particular ruling or decision, known as päätöksen perustelut.

Hakemuksen hylkäämiselle ei annettu mitään järkevää perustelua.

Translation: No sensible justification was given for the rejection of the application.

The word is frequently used in plural form, perustelut, when referring to a collection of reasons. For instance, if you are writing an essay, your teacher might comment, 'Hyvät perustelut!' (Good arguments/reasoning!). It differs from the word syy (cause/reason) in that syy can be an accidental or external cause (e.g., 'The reason for the rain'), whereas perustelu implies a conscious, constructed logical effort to support a claim.

Tarvitsen kirjallisen perustelun tälle muutokselle.

Translation: I need a written justification for this change.

In academic settings, the perustelu is the meat of the research. It involves citing sources, data, and logical steps. If a Finn says your perustelu is 'ontuva' (limping), it means your argument is weak or flawed. Conversely, a 'vankka perustelu' is a solid, robust argument that is hard to refute. Understanding this word is key to moving from basic Finnish to a level where you can participate in debates, work meetings, and academic discussions.

Hänen perustelunsa olivat erittäin vakuuttavia.

Translation: His/her arguments were very convincing.

Daily Interaction: In everyday life, you might hear this word when parents discuss rules with children or when friends debate which movie to see. 'Mikä on sun perustelu?' (What's your reasoning?) is a common way to probe deeper into someone's opinion.

Esitä perustelu väitteellesi!

Translation: Present a justification for your claim!

Tämä perustelu ei riitä viranomaisille.

Translation: This justification is not enough for the authorities.

Using perustelu correctly involves understanding its grammatical cases and how it interacts with other words like verbs of giving, presenting, or requiring. Because it is a noun ending in '-u', it follows a relatively standard declension pattern, but its usage is often tied to the illative case (perusteluun) or partitive case (perustelua) depending on the verb. Most commonly, you will find it as the object of verbs like antaa (to give), esittää (to present), or vaatia (to demand).

As a Direct Object: When you are providing a reason, you 'give a justification.' In Finnish: Hän antoi hyvän perustelun. (He gave a good justification). If the action is ongoing or the amount is indefinite, use the partitive: Hän esitti monia perusteluita. (He presented many justifications).

Voitko lisätä tähän vielä yhden perustelun?

Translation: Can you add one more justification here?

The word often appears in the plural, perustelut, especially in formal documents. A common phrase is päätöksen perustelut, which means 'the grounds for the decision.' If you are looking at a court ruling, this will be the section where the judge explains why they reached their conclusion. In this context, it is almost always plural because a single reason is rarely sufficient for a legal verdict.

Lue huolellisesti nämä perustelut ennen kuin allekirjoitat.

Translation: Read these justifications carefully before you sign.

Adjectives frequently paired with perustelu include asiallinen (appropriate/businesslike), aukoton (watertight), riittämätön (insufficient), and monipuolinen (versatile/multifaceted). For example, aukoton perustelu is the gold standard in a debate—it means an argument with no holes in it. In contrast, heikko perustelu (a weak justification) will likely lead to your proposal being rejected.

Compound Words: Finnish loves compounds. You will encounter lisäperustelu (additional justification), pääperustelu (main argument), and vastaperustelu (counter-argument). These are used to structure complex discussions efficiently.

Mikä oli lautakunnan pääperustelu hylkäämiselle?

Translation: What was the board's main justification for the rejection?

Hänellä ei ollut mitään järkevää perustelua myöhästymiselleen.

Translation: He had no sensible justification for his lateness.

Odotamme vielä kirjallisia perusteluita valiokunnalta.

Translation: We are still waiting for written justifications from the committee.

The word perustelu permeates Finnish life from the classroom to the courtroom. It is a 'high-frequency' word once you step outside of basic survival Finnish and enter the realms of opinion, work, and social structures. If you listen to Finnish news (Yle Uutiset) or watch political debates (A-studio), you will hear it constantly. Politicians are often grilled on their perustelut for new taxes or policy shifts. The interviewer might say: 'Mitkä ovat hallituksen perustelut tälle leikkaukselle?' (What are the government's justifications for this cut?).

In Education: Finnish schools emphasize critical thinking. On almost every test, from elementary school to university, you will see the instruction: 'Vastaa ja anna perustelut' (Answer and provide justifications). It’s not enough to know the answer; you must show the work.
In the Workplace: When proposing a project or requesting a budget increase, your boss will ask for perustelut. In Finnish work culture, decisions are rarely made on 'gut feeling' alone; they require a documented perustelu.

Uutisissa käsiteltiin lakimuutoksen perusteluita.

Translation: The justifications for the law change were discussed in the news.

Another common place to hear this word is in consumer complaints or insurance claims. If an insurance company denies your claim, they are legally required to provide perustelut. If you find those perustelut lacking, you might file an appeal based on 'puutteelliset perustelut' (insufficient justifications). This makes the word central to exercising one's rights in Finland.

Opettaja pyysi tarkempia perusteluita esseeseen.

Translation: The teacher asked for more detailed justifications for the essay.

In social media debates—which are as common in Finland as anywhere else—you'll see users typing 'Laita jotain perusteluita kehiin!' (Throw some arguments into the ring/Provide some reasons!). It's a way of calling out someone who is making 'mutu' (musta tuntuu - I feel like) statements without evidence. Using the word perustelu elevates the conversation from mere bickering to a structured exchange of ideas.

Oikeuden päätös sisälsi kymmenen sivua perusteluita.

Translation: The court's decision included ten pages of justifications.

Legal Context: In the Finnish legal system, perusteluvelvollisuus (the obligation to provide reasons) is a fundamental principle of fair trial and good administration. This means every official decision must have clear perustelut.

Työnantaja antoi asialliset perustelut irtisanomiselle.

Translation: The employer gave appropriate justifications for the termination.

Tämä on ainoa looginen perustelu, jonka keksin.

Translation: This is the only logical justification I can come up with.

One of the most frequent mistakes English speakers make when using perustelu is confusing it with its close relative, peruste. While they are related and sometimes interchangeable, there is a subtle but important difference in usage. Peruste (usually in the plural perusteet) often refers to the 'basics' or 'grounds' (like the grounds for a divorce or the basics of a language), whereas perustelu refers to the active reasoning or the explanation provided for something.

Perustelu vs. Peruste: Think of peruste as the 'data' or 'fact' and perustelu as the 'argument' built using that data. If you say 'Millä perusteella?' you are asking 'On what grounds?'. If you say 'Millä perustelulla?' you are asking 'With what reasoning?'.

Virhe: 'Hänellä on hyvät perusteet.' (He has good grounds/basics.) vs. Korjaus: 'Hänellä on hyvät perustelut.' (He has good justifications/arguments.)

Another common error is using syy when perustelu would be more appropriate. Syy is a general 'reason' or 'cause.' If you are late because the bus was late, that is a syy. If you are explaining why you think the bus system should be improved using data and logic, those are perustelut. Using syy in a formal essay where the teacher expects perustelut can make your writing seem simplistic or less professional.

Älä sekoita: selitys (explanation/excuse) ja perustelu (justification).

A 'selitys' can often sound like an excuse (e.g., 'He had an explanation for why he didn't do the work'). A perustelu, however, has a more positive, logical connotation. In a debate, if you provide a selitys, you might sound like you are defending yourself from a mistake. If you provide a perustelu, you sound like you are supporting a well-thought-out position. Learners often default to selitys because it's easier to remember, but perustelu is much more powerful in academic and professional Finnish.

Case Mistakes: Since perustelu is often plural, learners struggle with the partitive plural perusteluita vs. the nominative plural perustelut. Use the partitive perusteluita when the number is unspecified or with verbs like 'kaivata' (to miss/need) or 'etsiä' (to look for).

Etsimme uusia perusteluita hankkeelle.

Translation: We are looking for new justifications for the project.

Hänen perustelunsa ontuvat pahasti.

Translation: His justifications are limping badly (are very weak).

Anna edes yksi hyvä perustelu!

Translation: Give at least one good justification!

To truly master perustelu, you must understand the ecosystem of related words that Finns use to express logic and reasoning. While perustelu is the most common and neutral term, others offer specific nuances of formality, aggression, or simplicity.

Argumentti (Argument): This is a direct loanword from Latin/English. It is used primarily in academic, philosophical, or formal debate contexts. It sounds slightly more technical and 'cold' than perustelu. While perustelu can be a friendly explanation, an argumentti is a structured piece of logic intended to win a point.
Peruste (Ground/Basis): As mentioned before, peruste is the 'foundation.' You will often hear 'Millä perusteella?' (On what basis?). In the plural, perusteet can also mean 'the basics' (e.g., suomen kielen perusteet - the basics of the Finnish language).

Hän esitti vahvan argumentin asian puolesta.

Translation: He presented a strong argument in favor of the matter.

Other alternatives include selitys (explanation), which is broader and can include excuses, and todiste (evidence/proof). While a perustelu is a logical chain of thought, a todiste is a physical or factual piece of evidence used within that perustelu. For example: 'Kuvat ovat todisteita (evidence), jotka tukevat hänen perustelujaan (justifications).'

Tämä on pelkkä selitys, ei kunnon perustelu.

Translation: This is just an explanation, not a proper justification.

In very formal or archaic Finnish, you might see the word perusteilu (with an extra 'i'), but this is rare today. In modern usage, stick to perustelu for almost all situations where you need to explain 'the why' behind a thought or action. If you are writing a scientific paper, you might use teoreettiset perustelut (theoretical justifications) or empiiriset perustelut (empirical justifications).

Vastaperustelu (Counter-argument): When you want to disagree, you provide a vastaperustelu. This is a very useful word in meetings to show you have listened but have a different logical path. 'Minulla on tähän vastaperustelu...' (I have a counter-argument to this...).

Onko kenelläkään vastaperusteluita tälle ehdotukselle?

Translation: Does anyone have counter-arguments for this proposal?

Löysimme uusia perusteita vanhalle väitteelle.

Translation: We found new grounds for the old claim.

Kaikki perustelut on nyt kuultu.

Translation: All justifications have now been heard.

How Formal Is It?

豆知識

The root 'perus' is so fundamental that it is used in hundreds of Finnish compound words, ranging from 'peruna' (potato - though this is a loan, it's often jokingly associated with being basic) to 'perustuslaki' (constitution).

発音ガイド

UK /ˈperustelu/

US /ˈperustelu/

Primary stress is always on the first syllable: PE-rus-te-lu.

韻が合う語

taistelu (fight/battle) ajattelu (thinking) kuuntelu (listening) katselu (watching) muotoilu (designing) kokeilu (experimenting) luettelu (list) asettelu (layout)

よくある間違い

Pronouncing the 'r' like an English 'r' (it must be rolled).
Stressing the second or third syllable.
Merging the 'u' and 'e' sounds.
Making the 'l' too 'dark' (it should be light and clear).
Forgetting to pronounce the final 'u' clearly.

難易度

読解 3/5

Easy to recognize in texts once you know the root 'perus'.

ライティング 4/5

Requires knowledge of plural cases and formal verb pairings.

スピーキング 4/5

Rolling the 'r' and using it naturally in debate requires practice.

リスニング 3/5

Clearly pronounced in formal Finnish, but can be fast in speech.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

perus miksi koska syy perustaa

次に学ぶ

perustella argumentointi johtopäätös todiste vaatimus

上級

perusteluvelvollisuus oikeusvarmuus retoriikka looginen päättely evidenssi

知っておくべき文法

Noun derivation with -lu/-ly

perustella -> perustelu, ajatella -> ajattelu

Partitive plural after quantifiers

monta perustelua, useita perusteluita

Genitive with 'mukaan'

perustelujen mukaan

Illative case for targets

perustelu väitteelle (allative) or perustelu väitteeseen (illative)

Possessive suffixes with nouns

perusteluni, perustelusi, perustelunsa

無料登録して完全な解説を読む

レベル別の例文

Mikä on sinun perustelusi?

What is your justification/reason?

Nominative case, singular with a possessive suffix (-si).

Tämä on hyvä perustelu.

This is a good justification.

Basic subject-verb-complement structure.

Anna yksi perustelu.

Give one justification.

Imperative verb (Anna) + object.

En ymmärrä tätä perustelua.

I don't understand this justification.

Negative verb + partitive case (perustelua).

Onko sinulla perustelu?

Do you have a justification?

Habitive construction (Onko sinulla...).

Hänellä ei ole perustelua.

He/she does not have a justification.

Negative habitive construction + partitive case.

Tämä perustelu on lyhyt.

This justification is short.

Adjective agreement.

Kirjoita perustelu tähän.

Write the justification here.

Imperative + illative adverb (tähän).

Hän antoi monta perustelua.

He gave many justifications.

Quantifier 'monta' requires partitive singular.

Tarvitsen paremman perustelun.

I need a better justification.

Comparative adjective (paremman) in genitive case.

Mitkä ovat sinun perustelusi?

What are your justifications (plural)?

Nominative plural with possessive suffix.

Lue nämä perustelut huolellisesti.

Read these justifications carefully.

Accusative plural (identical to nominative plural).

Hänellä oli mielenkiintoinen perustelu.

He had an interesting justification.

Adjective 'mielenkiintoinen' modifying the noun.

Voitko kertoa perustelun?

Can you tell the justification?

Accusative singular (genitive form) as object.

Tämä perustelu ei riitä minulle.

This justification is not enough for me.

Negative verb + allative case (minulle).

Etsin perustelua tälle asialle.

I am looking for a justification for this matter.

Verb 'etsiä' takes the partitive case.

Esitä kirjallinen perustelu huomiseen mennessä.

Present a written justification by tomorrow.

Formal imperative 'Esitä'.

Hänen perustelunsa olivat vakuuttavia.

His justifications were convincing.

Plural subject + plural predicative adjective.

Päätös tehtiin ilman perusteluita.

The decision was made without justifications.

Preposition 'ilman' takes the partitive case.

Haluaisin kuulla perustelusi tälle väitteelle.

I would like to hear your justification for this claim.

Conditional 'haluaisin' + allative case for the claim.

Onko tälle muutokselle mitään perustelua?

Is there any justification for this change?

Partitive case used in an interrogative sentence.

Hän lisäsi uuden perustelun loppuun.

He added a new justification to the end.

Verb 'lisätä' + accusative object.

Nämä perustelut eivät vakuuta minua.

These justifications do not convince me.

Plural subject + plural negative verb.

Tarvitsemme asialliset perustelut hakemukseen.

We need appropriate justifications for the application.

Illative case (hakemukseen) indicating purpose.

Laki edellyttää päätöksen perusteluita.

The law requires justifications for the decision.

Verb 'edellyttää' (require) + partitive plural.

Hänen perustelunsa ontuivat pahasti.

His justifications were limping badly (very weak).

Idiomatic use of 'ontua' (to limp).

Esitetyt perustelut olivat ristiriitaisia.

The presented justifications were contradictory.

Passive past participle used as an adjective (esitetyt).

Voisitko täsmentää perusteluita hieman?

Could you clarify the justifications a bit?

Polite conditional request.

Tämä on keskeinen perustelu hankkeelle.

This is a key justification for the project.

Adjective 'keskeinen' (central/key).

Hän kyseenalaisti lautakunnan perustelut.

He questioned the board's justifications.

Verb 'kyseenalaistaa' (to question/challenge).

Perustelut löytyvät raportin liitteestä.

The justifications can be found in the report's appendix.

Elative case (liitteestä) for location.

On tärkeää antaa monipuoliset perustelut.

It is important to give versatile justifications.

Impersonal construction 'On tärkeää...'.

Valituksen perustelut olivat juridisesti aukottomat.

The justifications of the appeal were legally watertight.

Adverb 'juridisesti' + adjective 'aukottomat'.

Hän nojautui eettisiin perusteluihin.

He relied on ethical justifications.

Verb 'nojautua' (lean on/rely) + illative case.

Perustelujen puutteellisuus johti hylkäykseen.

The inadequacy of the justifications led to the rejection.

Genitive plural + noun 'puutteellisuus'.

Kirjoittaja sivuutti vastaperustelut täysin.

The author completely ignored the counter-arguments.

Compound word 'vastaperustelu'.

Tämä on pelkkä retorinen perustelu.

This is a mere rhetorical justification.

Adjective 'retorinen'.

Hän eritteli perustelut huolellisesti.

He analyzed/categorized the justifications carefully.

Verb 'eritellä' (to detail/analyze).

Perustelut eivät kestäneet kriittistä tarkastelua.

The justifications did not withstand critical scrutiny.

Verb 'kestää' (withstand) + object.

Löysimme uusia tieteellisiä perusteluita väitteelle.

We found new scientific justifications for the claim.

Adjective 'tieteellisiä' in partitive plural.

Hänen diskurssinsa nojaa vahvasti historiallisiin perusteluihin.

His discourse relies heavily on historical justifications.

Academic vocabulary (diskurssi, nojata).

Perustelujen syvällisyys teki vaikutuksen raatiin.

The depth of the justifications impressed the jury.

Noun 'syvällisyys' (depth).

Viranomaisen on noudatettava perusteluvelvollisuuttaan.

The authority must adhere to its obligation to provide reasons.

Compound word 'perusteluvelvollisuus' + possessive suffix.

Hän purki vastustajan perustelut osiin.

He dismantled the opponent's justifications into parts.

Verb 'purkaa' (dismantle) + illative 'osiin'.

Tämä perustelu on ontologisesti kyseenalainen.

This justification is ontologically questionable.

Advanced adverb 'ontologisesti'.

Perustelut heijastavat ajan henkeä.

The justifications reflect the spirit of the times.

Metaphorical usage of 'heijastaa'.

Hän esitti hienostuneen perustelun päätökselleen.

He presented a sophisticated justification for his decision.

Adjective 'hienostunut' (sophisticated).

Perustelujen painoarvo vaihtelee kontekstista riippuen.

The weight of the justifications varies depending on the context.

Noun 'painoarvo' (weight/significance).

よく使う組み合わせ

vakuuttava perustelu

antaa perustelu

päätöksen perustelut

ontuva perustelu

aukoton perustelu

lisäperustelujen tarve

esittää perustelu

kirjallinen perustelu

riittävä perustelu

yksityiskohtainen perustelu

よく使うフレーズ

perustelut puuttuvat

— Used when no reasons are given for a statement or decision.

Tästä väitteestä perustelut puuttuvat kokonaan.

hyvin perusteltu

— Used to describe an opinion that has strong reasons behind it.

Se oli hyvin perusteltu ehdotus.

ilman perusteluja

— Doing something without giving any reasons.

Hänet erotettiin ilman perusteluja.

perustelujen mukaan

— According to the reasons provided.

Perustelujen mukaan hanke on kallis.

perusteluja vailla

— Lacking any justification (often used critically).

Päätös on perusteluja vailla.

lyhyet perustelut

— Brief reasons or a summary of reasoning.

Tässä on lyhyet perustelut valinnalleni.

tarkemmat perustelut

— More detailed or specific reasons.

Odotamme vielä tarkempia perusteluita.

pääasiallinen perustelu

— The main or primary reason.

Mikä on pääasiallinen perustelu tälle?

perustelujen kärki

— The most important or sharpest point of an argument.

Perustelujen kärki kohdistui hintaan.

perustelujen valossa

— In light of the justifications provided.

Perustelujen valossa asia on selvä.

よく混同される語

perustelu vs peruste

Peruste is the 'ground' or 'basis', while perustelu is the 'act of justifying' or the 'reasoning provided'.

perustelu vs selitys

Selitys is a general explanation or excuse, whereas perustelu is a logical justification.

perustelu vs syy

Syy is a simple cause or reason, less formal and less logical than perustelu.

慣用句と表現

"perustelut ontuvat"

— The arguments are weak or logically flawed (literally 'limp').

Hänen perustelunsa ontuivat pahasti.

neutral

"vetää perustelut hihasta"

— To make up reasons on the spot without thinking (literally 'pull from the sleeve').

Hän veti perustelut hihasta viime hetkellä.

informal

"lyödä perustelut pöytään"

— To present arguments forcefully or decisively (literally 'hit them on the table').

Nyt on aika lyödä perustelut pöytään.

informal/colloquial

"perustelut eivät kestä päivänvaloa"

— The reasons are dishonest or wouldn't stand up to scrutiny (literally 'don't withstand daylight').

Nuo perustelut eivät kestä päivänvaloa.

neutral

"rakentaa perustelut tyhjän päälle"

— To base arguments on nothing or false information.

Hän rakensi perustelunsa tyhjän päälle.

neutral

"perustelujen viidakko"

— A complex and confusing mess of reasons.

Eksyin lakitekstin perustelujen viidakkoon.

metaphorical

"perustelut kiven alla"

— Reasons are very hard to find or non-existent.

Hyvät perustelut ovat nyt kiven alla.

informal

"kaivaa perusteluja"

— To search hard for reasons to support something.

Hän kaivoi perusteluja vanhoista arkistoista.

neutral

"perustelujen sota"

— A situation where two sides clash with different arguments.

Mediassa käydään kovaa perustelujen sotaa.

journalistic

"perustelut paperilla"

— Reasons that look good in writing but might not work in practice.

Perustelut näyttävät hyviltä paperilla.

neutral

間違えやすい

perustelu vs peruste

They share the same root and similar meanings.

Peruste is the foundation/grounds (e.g., 'on what grounds?'). Perustelu is the explanation/argument (e.g., 'what is your reasoning?').

Millä perusteella (grounds) teit sen? Mikä on perustelusi (reasoning)?

perustelu vs perustus

Both relate to 'perus' (base).

Perustus is the physical foundation of a building. Perustelu is the logical foundation of an idea.

Talon perustus on vahva. Hänen perustelunsa on vahva.

perustelu vs perustaa

One is a verb, one is a noun.

Perustaa means to found or establish. Perustelu is the reasoning.

Hän aikoo perustaa yrityksen. Hän antoi perustelun yritykselle.

perustelu vs perustella

One is a verb, one is a noun.

Perustella is the action of justifying. Perustelu is the result (the justification).

Sinun täytyy perustella (verb) tämä. Anna hyvä perustelu (noun).

perustelu vs argumentti

They are synonyms.

Argumentti is a loanword used in formal/academic settings. Perustelu is the native Finnish word used everywhere.

Tämä on tieteellinen argumentti. Tämä on minun perusteluni.

文型パターン

Tämä on [adjective] perustelu.

Tämä on hyvä perustelu.

Minulla on [number] perustelua.

Minulla on kaksi perustelua.

Hän antoi perustelun [noun + allative].

Hän antoi perustelun muutokselle.

Onko tälle [noun + allative] mitään [adjective] perustelua?

Onko tälle päätökselle mitään järkevää perustelua?

[Noun + genitive] perustelut ovat [adjective].

Valituksen perustelut ovat puutteelliset.

Perustelut nojaavat [noun + illative].

Perustelut nojaavat tieteelliseen tutkimukseen.

Esitän seuraavat perustelut:

Esitän seuraavat perustelut valinnalleni:

Perustelut ontuvat [adverb].

Perustelut ontuvat pahasti.

語族

名詞

peruste (basis/ground)

perustus (foundation of a building)

perustaja (founder)

perustaminen (founding/establishment)

動詞

perustaa (to found/base/establish)

perustella (to justify/argue)

perustua (to be based on)

形容詞

perusteellinen (thorough)

perusteltu (justified)

perustelematon (unjustified)

perus- (basic/fundamental)

使い方

frequency

Very common in media, education, and professional life.

よくある間違い

Using 'peruste' when you mean 'perustelu'. → Hänellä on hyvät perustelut.
Peruste refers to the grounds/basis, while perustelu is the actual reasoning provided.
Saying 'tehdä perustelu'. → Esittää perustelu / Antaa perustelu.
You don't 'make' a justification in Finnish; you 'present' or 'give' it.
Using 'syy' in a formal academic essay. → Tämän väitteen perusteluna on...
Syy is too informal for academic writing. Perustelu is the correct term.
Forgetting the possessive suffix in 'perusteluni'. → Tässä on perusteluni.
When referring to 'my justification', the suffix -ni is often required in standard Finnish.
Confusing 'perustelu' (noun) and 'perustella' (verb). → Sinun täytyy perustella tämä hyvin.
Learners often use the noun where the verb is needed.

ヒント

Partitive Usage

Use the partitive plural 'perusteluita' when you are asking for reasons in general: 'Onko sinulla perusteluita?'

Formal Writing

In essays, always use 'perustelu' instead of 'syy' to sound more academic.

Be Logical

Finns value logic. Even if your Finnish isn't perfect, providing a clear 'perustelu' will earn you respect.

The Roll

The 'r' in 'perustelu' is important. Practice the alveolar trill to make the word clear.

Compounds

Don't be afraid of compound words like 'pääperustelu'—they make your writing concise.

News Cues

When you hear 'päätöksen perustelut' on the news, pay attention—the most important info follows.

Perus = Base

Always remember the root 'perus'. It helps you connect 'perustelu' to 'foundation'.

Know Your Rights

If a Finnish official denies you something, ask: 'Mitkä ovat perustelut?' It is your right to know.

Debating

Use 'vastaperustelu' to politely introduce a differing opinion.

Tell the Base

Think: 'Perus' (Base) + 'telu' (telling). Telling the base of your idea.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of a house. The 'perus' is the base. A 'perustelu' is the 'base-telling'—telling people what the foundation of your idea is.

視覚的連想

Imagine a lawyer pointing at a large stone foundation (perus) while explaining (telling) why a building should be built there.

Word Web

perus (base) perustaa (to found) perustella (to justify) perustelu (justification) peruste (ground) perustettu (founded) perustus (foundation) perustaja (founder)

チャレンジ

Try to use the word 'perustelu' three times today: once when explaining a food choice, once when talking about a hobby, and once when disagreeing with something.

語源

The word 'perustelu' is a derivative of the verb 'perustella', which in turn comes from 'perustaa'. The root word is 'perus', meaning 'bottom', 'base', or 'foundation'. It is a common Finno-Ugric root.

元の意味： The original meaning relates to the physical act of laying a foundation for a structure.

Uralic / Finno-Ugric.

文化的な背景

There are no major sensitivities, but failing to provide a 'perustelu' in a formal Finnish context can be seen as rude or incompetent.

In English, we often use 'reason' or 'argument'. 'Perustelu' is slightly more formal than 'reason' but less aggressive than 'argument'.

Finnish Law: 'Hallintolain 45 §: Päätöksen perusteleminen' (Administrative Law section 45: Justifying a decision). Academic circles: 'Väitöskirjan perustelut' (Justifications of a doctoral thesis). Political slogans: 'Selkeät perustelut paremmalle tulevaisuudelle' (Clear justifications for a better future).

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

School/University

Perustele vastauksesi.
Hyvät perustelut.
Lähdeviitteet toimivat perusteluina.
Esseen perustelut.

Workplace/Meetings

Mitkä ovat projektin perustelut?
Esitän tässä perustelut budjetille.
Tarvitsemme vahvemmat perustelut.
Päätöksen perustelut on kirjattu.

Law/Administration

Lain perustelut.
Oikeuden perustelut.
Valituksen perustelut.
Puutteelliset perustelut.

Everyday Debates

Anna joku perustelu.
En usko sun perusteluihin.
Se on huono perustelu.
Mikä on sun pääperustelu?

Customer Service

Saisinko perustelun hinnan nousulle?
Perustelut löytyvät laskusta.
Hylkäyksen perustelut.
Voitteko perustella tämän?

会話のきっかけ

"Voisitko kertoa hieman tarkemmin niistä perusteluista, joita mainitsit?"

"Mitä mieltä olet tämän uuden lakimuutoksen perusteluista?"

"Jos sinun pitäisi antaa vain yksi perustelu tälle valinnalle, mikä se olisi?"

"Ovatko nämä perustelut mielestäsi riittäviä päätöksen tekemiseen?"

"Miten sinä rakentaisit perustelut tässä tilanteessa?"

日記のテーマ

Kirjoita ylös kolme perustelua sille, miksi opiskelet suomen kieltä juuri nyt.

Pohdi jotain vaikeaa päätöstä, jonka olet tehnyt. Mitkä olivat sen perustelut?

Mitä mieltä olet siitä, että viranomaisten on aina annettava perustelut päätöksilleen?

Kirjoita lyhyt teksti, jossa esität perustelut suosikkiharrastuksesi puolesta.

Miten perustelut eroavat mielipiteistä? Kirjoita ajatuksiasi tästä aiheesta.

よくある質問

10 問

No, it can be singular ('perustelu') or plural ('perustelut'). Use singular when referring to one specific reason and plural when referring to a set of reasons or in formal contexts like 'päätöksen perustelut'.

In casual speech, yes. However, in school or at work, 'perustelu' sounds more professional and suggests that you have thought about your logic carefully.

'Perustelu' is the standard Finnish word. 'Argumentti' is more academic or technical. Use 'perustelu' in 95% of situations.

It follows the -u stem: perustelu, perustelun, perustelua, perusteluun, perustelut, perustelujen, perusteluita, perusteluihin.

It literally means a 'limping justification.' It's an idiom used for a weak, illogical, or unconvincing argument.

Use 'perusteella' (adessive of peruste) when you want to say 'based on' or 'on the grounds of'. E.g., 'Tulosten perusteella...' (Based on the results...).

Yes, it is extremely common in Finnish society, especially in any context involving decision-making or critical thinking.

Technically no, 'selitys' or 'tekosyy' are better for 'excuse'. 'Perustelu' implies a more valid or logical reason.

You can say 'ilman perusteluita' or 'perusteettomasti'.

It is the legal obligation for authorities to provide written reasons for their decisions, ensuring transparency and fairness.

無料登録してヒントとメモを見る