When you're talking about the time of year, you'll often use the word 季節 (kisetsu), which means 'season'. Japan has four distinct seasons, so this word comes up a lot in conversation.
You can use it to ask about someone's favorite time of year, or to describe the current weather. Understanding 季節 will help you discuss common topics like holidays, activities, and nature.
When you're talking about the seasons in Japanese, 季節 (kisetsu) is the word you'll use. It refers to the four main divisions of the year: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. You can use it in a general sense, like asking "What's your favorite season?" or more specifically, like talking about "the rainy season."
You'll often see it combined with other words to specify a particular season, such as 春の季節 (haru no kisetsu - spring season) or 冬の季節 (fuyu no kisetsu - winter season), though just saying 春 (haru) or 冬 (fuyu) is also common. Understanding 季節 will help you discuss weather, holidays, and activities tied to different times of the year.
When discussing seasons in Japanese, it's very straightforward. You simply state the season, often followed by the particle の when describing something related to that season. For example, you might say 「春の花」 (haru no hana) for 'spring flowers.' To ask about the current season, you could say 「今の季節は何ですか？」 (Ima no kisetsu wa nan desu ka?), which means 'What season is it now?' This word is fundamental for talking about weather, holidays, and annual events.
季節 in 30 Seconds
- 季節 (kisetsu) means 'season'.
- It's an A2 level noun.
- Used to talk about different times of the year.
§ Using 季節 (kisetsu) for weather
Many beginners confuse 季節 (kisetsu), meaning 'season,' with actual weather conditions. While seasons influence weather, they aren't the same thing. You wouldn't use 季節 (kisetsu) to describe if it's hot or cold today.
- Wrong
- 今日の季節は暑いですね。 (Kyō no kisetsu wa atsui desu ne.)
今日の天気は暑いですね。 (Kyō no tenki wa atsui desu ne.)
- Hint
- Today's weather is hot, isn't it?
§ Using 季節 (kisetsu) as an adjective
季節 (kisetsu) is a noun. You can't directly attach it to another noun to describe it, like saying 'season flower.' You need a particle to connect them, or sometimes a different word entirely.
- Wrong
- これは季節花です。(Kore wa kisetsu hana desu.)
これは季節の花です。(Kore wa kisetsu no hana desu.)
- Hint
- This is a seasonal flower (flower of the season).
旬の野菜は美味しいです。(Shun no yasai wa oishii desu.)
- Hint
- Seasonal vegetables are delicious.
§ Forgetting specific season names
While 季節 (kisetsu) is a general term, you'll often need to use the specific names for seasons in conversation. Don't just rely on 季節 (kisetsu) for everything. Knowing 春 (haru - spring), 夏 (natsu - summer), 秋 (aki - autumn), and 冬 (fuyu - winter) is crucial.
- 春 (haru): Spring
- 夏 (natsu): Summer
- 秋 (aki): Autumn/Fall
- 冬 (fuyu): Winter
どの季節が一番好きですか？ (Donokisetsu ga ichiban suki desu ka?)
- Hint
- Which season do you like best?
秋が一番好きです。(Aki ga ichiban suki desu.)
- Hint
- I like autumn the best.
§ Similar words and when to use this one vs alternatives
When you're talking about seasons in Japanese, 季節 (kisetsu) is your go-to word. It's the most common and general term for 'season'. However, there are a few other words related to time and weather that you might come across. Let's look at them so you know when to use 季節 and when to use something else.
- Definition
- Season
The word 季節 (kisetsu) refers to the divisions of the year, like spring, summer, autumn, and winter. It's a broad term that encompasses the general characteristics of a specific period of the year.
日本の季節は美しいです。
Translation hint: Japan's seasons are beautiful.
どの季節が好きですか？
Translation hint: Which season do you like?
§ Other words to know:
時 (toki): This word generally means 'time' or 'moment'. While seasons are a type of time, 時 is much broader. You'd use 時 when talking about a specific point in time, an occasion, or a duration. You wouldn't use 時 to refer to 'spring' or 'summer'.
子供の時、よく公園で遊びました。
Translation hint: When I was a child (time as a child), I often played in the park.
時期 (jiki): This also means 'time' or 'period', but it often implies a more specific or appropriate time for something. It can sometimes refer to a season, but it's usually in the context of an 'appropriate season' or '時期 of harvest'. It's more nuanced than 季節.
桜の開花時期はいつですか？
Translation hint: When is the cherry blossom blooming period?
季節の言葉 (kisetsu no kotoba): This isn't a single word, but a phrase meaning 'seasonal words'. These are words or phrases that evoke a particular season, often used in poetry (like haiku) or literature to set the mood.
俳句には季節の言葉がよく使われます。
Translation hint: Seasonal words are often used in haiku.
In summary, when you want to talk about the four seasons – spring, summer, autumn, and winter – or generally refer to a season, use 季節 (kisetsu). If you're talking about a more general 'time' or 'moment', 時 (toki) is appropriate. If you're referring to an opportune 'period' or a specific season for an activity, 時期 (jiki) might be used, but 季節 is usually still correct for the season itself. Stick with 季節 for most of your needs when talking about seasons.
How Formal Is It?
"日本の美しい季節の移り変わりは、心を豊かにします。"
"どの季節が一番好きですか？"
"この季節、よく風邪ひくんだよね。"
"きせつのおはなしをしようね。"
"マジこの季節、花粉症やばい。"
Grammar to Know
Use the particle「の」to connect 季節 to a noun it modifies, indicating possession or association. For example, 「季節の野菜」(seasonal vegetables).
秋の季節は、紅葉が美しいです。 (Autumn season, autumn leaves are beautiful.)
Use 「季節」 with time-related particles like 「に」 to specify when something happens. For example, 「夏に季節」(in the summer season).
日本の春は、桜の季節です。 (Spring in Japan is the season for cherry blossoms.)
Combine 「季節」 with adjectives to describe the characteristics of a season. For example, 「暑い季節」(hot season) or 「寒い季節」(cold season).
冬は寒い季節ですが、スキーが楽しいです。 (Winter is a cold season, but skiing is fun.)
「季節」 can be used with verbs to express actions or events related to seasons. For example, 「季節を楽しむ」(enjoy the season).
私たちは毎年、温泉で季節の移り変わりを感じます。 (Every year, we feel the changing of the seasons at the hot springs.)
When talking about specific seasons as proper nouns (e.g., Spring, Summer), 「季節」 is often omitted. However, when referring to 'a season' in general or emphasizing the concept of a season, 「季節」 is used. For example, 「好きな季節」(favorite season).
どの季節が一番好きですか？ (Which season do you like the most?)
Examples by Level
これは日本の美しい季節です。
This is Japan's beautiful season.
私の好きな季節は夏です。
My favorite season is summer.
季節の食べ物は何ですか？
What are the seasonal foods?
この季節は雨が多いです。
This season has a lot of rain.
次の季節が楽しみです。
I'm looking forward to the next season.
季節の変わり目は体調を崩しやすいです。
It's easy to get sick during the change of seasons.
あなたの国には四季がありますか？
Does your country have four seasons?
彼は季節の花が好きです。
He likes seasonal flowers.
日本の四季はそれぞれ美しい特徴を持っています。
Japan's four seasons each have beautiful characteristics.
「それぞれ」 means 'each' or 'respectively'. 「特徴を持っています」 means 'have characteristics'.
この地域の季節の移り変わりは、とても穏やかです。
The seasonal transition in this region is very gentle.
「移り変わり」 means 'transition' or 'change'. 「穏やか」 means 'gentle' or 'mild'.
季節の変わり目は体調を崩しやすいので、気をつけてください。
Be careful during seasonal changes as it's easy to get sick.
「変わり目」 means 'turning point' or 'transition period'. 「体調を崩しやすい」 means 'easy to get sick' or 'prone to feeling unwell'.
季節ごとのイベントは、地域の文化を体験する良い機会です。
Seasonal events are a good opportunity to experience local culture.
「季節ごと」 means 'each season' or 'seasonal'. 「良い機会」 means 'good opportunity'.
旅行の計画を立てる際は、現地の季節を考慮することが大切です。
When planning a trip, it's important to consider the local season.
「計画を立てる」 means 'to make a plan'. 「考慮する」 means 'to consider'.
この料理は季節の食材をふんだんに使っていて、とても美味しいです。
This dish uses abundant seasonal ingredients and is very delicious.
「食材」 means 'ingredients'. 「ふんだんに使う」 means 'to use generously' or 'to use in abundance'.
季節の花々が咲き乱れる庭は、訪れる人々を魅了します。
A garden where seasonal flowers bloom profusely captivates visitors.
「咲き乱れる」 means 'to bloom profusely'. 「魅了する」 means 'to fascinate' or 'to captivate'.
季節によって日照時間が大きく変わるため、生活リズムも調整が必要です。
As daylight hours change significantly by season, it's necessary to adjust your daily rhythm.
「日照時間」 means 'daylight hours'. 「生活リズム」 means 'daily rhythm' or 'lifestyle'.
Common Collocations
Common Phrases
日本の季節は美しいです。(Nihon no kisetsu wa utsukushī desu.)
Japan's seasons are beautiful.
どの季節が好きですか？ (Dono kisetsu ga suki desu ka?)
Which season do you like?
寒い季節が苦手です。(Samui kisetsu ga nigate desu.)
I don't like cold seasons.
この季節になると、いつも思い出します。(Kono kisetsu ni naru to, itsumo omoidashimasu.)
When this season comes, I always remember.
次の季節が楽しみです。(Tsugi no kisetsu ga tanoshimi desu.)
I'm looking forward to the next season.
季節によって食べ物が変わります。(Kisetsu ni yotte tabemono ga kawarimasu.)
Food changes with the seasons.
雨の多い季節です。(Ame no ōi kisetsu desu.)
It's a rainy season.
季節の変わり目は体調を崩しやすいです。(Kisetsu no kawarime wa taichō o kuzushiyasui desu.)
It's easy to get sick during the change of seasons.
この季節は花粉症がひどいです。(Kono kisetsu wa kafunshō ga hidoi desu.)
My hay fever is terrible this season.
季節ごとにイベントがあります。(Kisetsu goto ni ibento ga arimasu.)
There are events for each season.
Idioms & Expressions
"季節の変わり目"
Change of season
季節の変わり目なので、体調に気を付けてください。
neutral"季節外れ"
Out of season
こんな季節外れの雪は珍しい。
neutral"四季折々"
Each season, every season
日本は四季折々の美しい景色が楽しめます。
neutral"季節を感じる"
Feel the season
窓から入る風で、季節を感じます。
neutral"季節の便り"
Seasonal greetings/news
遠く離れた友人から季節の便りが届きました。
neutral"季節の物"
Seasonal item/produce
この店では、季節の物がたくさん並んでいます。
neutral"季節料理"
Seasonal cuisine
冬には温かい季節料理が美味しいですね。
neutral"季節風"
Monsoon/seasonal wind
日本の冬は季節風が強く吹きます。
neutral"季節限定"
Limited edition for the season
このチョコレートは季節限定の商品です。
neutral"季節労働"
Seasonal work
農業は季節労働が多い産業です。
neutralTips
Learn the Kanji for 季節
The kanji for 季節 are 季 (ki) which means 'season' or 'time', and 節 (setsu) which means 'section', 'period', or 'node'. Understanding these individual kanji can help you remember the word better.
Practice saying 季節 aloud
The pronunciation is 'ki-setsu'. Pay attention to the double 's' sound. Saying it aloud will help solidify it in your memory and improve your speaking fluency.
Associate 季節 with specific seasons
Think of the four main seasons: 春 (haru - spring), 夏 (natsu - summer), 秋 (aki - autumn), and 冬 (fuyu - winter). You can say 四季 (shiki) which means 'four seasons'.
Use 季節 in simple sentences
Try making simple sentences. For example, 'どの季節が好きですか？' (Dono kisetsu ga suki desu ka?) which means 'Which season do you like?'
Listen for 季節 in Japanese media
Watch Japanese TV shows, movies, or listen to music and try to catch the word 季節. This helps with your listening comprehension and contextual understanding.
Write down 季節 repeatedly
Writing the kanji and hiragana (きせつ) multiple times can help with muscle memory and kanji recognition.
Flashcards for 季節
Create a flashcard with 季節 on one side and 'season' on the other. Include example sentences on the back.
Connect 季節 to your daily life
Think about what season it is right now and describe it in Japanese using 季節. For example, '今は冬の季節です。' (Ima wa fuyu no kisetsu desu.) - 'Now is the winter season.'
Japanese appreciation for seasons
Japanese culture has a strong appreciation for the changing seasons, often reflected in food, festivals, and art. Understanding this cultural context can make the word more meaningful.
Learn compounds with 季節
Once you're comfortable, learn words like 季節風 (kisetsufū - monsoon/seasonal wind) or 季節料理 (kisetsu ryōri - seasonal cuisine). This expands your vocabulary.
Frequently Asked Questions
10 questionsBoth 季節 (kisetsu) and シーズン (shīzun) mean 'season.' However, 季節 is the traditional Japanese word and refers to the natural seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter). シーズン is a loanword from English and is often used for specific periods like 'ski season' or 'holiday season.' You'll use 季節 much more for general talk about weather and nature.
You can ask, 「今、何の季節ですか？」 (Ima, nan no kisetsu desu ka?), which directly translates to 'Now, what season is it?' Or more simply, 「何の季節？」 (Nan no kisetsu?).
The four main seasons are: 春 (haru - spring), 夏 (natsu - summer), 秋 (aki - autumn/fall), and 冬 (fuyu - winter). These are important vocabulary words to learn alongside 季節.
No, 季節 is not used for TV show seasons. For a TV show season, you would typically use the loanword 「シーズン」 (shīzun). For example, 「ドラマのシーズン1」 (dorama no shīzun ichi) for 'Season 1 of the drama.'
While 季節 is the most common and general word for a natural season, you might encounter other terms depending on the context. For example, 「旬 (shun)」 refers to the 'peak season' or 'best time' for food, indicating when it's freshest and tastiest.
To say 'seasonal,' you can often use 「季節の～」 (kisetsu no~). For example, 「季節の野菜」 (kisetsu no yasai) means 'seasonal vegetables,' and 「季節の花」 (kisetsu no hana) means 'seasonal flowers.'
Here's one: 「日本の四季は美しいです。」 (Nihon no shiki wa utsukushii desu.) This means 'Japan's four seasons are beautiful.' Here, 四季 (shiki) means 'four seasons.'
No, 季節 is typically written with these two kanji: 季 (ki) and 節 (setsu). You won't find significant variations in how this particular word is written in kanji.
季節 is a neutral word. It's appropriate for both formal and informal contexts when discussing the natural seasons. It's the standard term.
You don't usually combine 季節 directly with the names of the seasons (spring, summer, etc.). Instead, you just use the season name itself: 春 (haru) for spring, 夏 (natsu) for summer, etc. However, you can say things like 「好きな季節は何ですか？」 (Suki na kisetsu wa nan desu ka?) meaning 'What is your favorite season?'
Test Yourself 60 questions
日本の___は何ですか？ (What is your favorite season in Japan?)
The word '季節' (kisetsu) means season, fitting the context of asking about a favorite season.
春は私の好きな___です。 (Spring is my favorite season.)
The sentence indicates that spring is a type of '季節' (season).
この___はとても暑いです。 (This season is very hot.)
The word '季節' (kisetsu) is used to describe a period of time with specific weather characteristics.
___ごとに景色が変わります。 (The scenery changes every season.)
The context implies that changes in scenery are observed over different '季節' (seasons).
日本の___は四つあります。 (There are four seasons in Japan.)
Japan is known for having four distinct '季節' (seasons).
どの___が好きですか？ (Which season do you like?)
The question asks about a preference among '季節' (seasons).
Which of these is NOT a season?
春, 夏, and 秋 are seasons. 夜 means 'night'.
How do you say 'season' in Japanese?
季節 means 'season'. 時間 means 'time', 天気 means 'weather', and 月 means 'moon' or 'month'.
If 'Haru' is spring, which Japanese word means 'summer'?
夏 (Natsu) means summer. 冬 (Fuyu) is winter, 秋 (Aki) is autumn, and 昼 (Hiru) is daytime.
The word 季節 (kisetsu) means 'season'.
Yes, 季節 (kisetsu) directly translates to 'season'.
日本の季節は二つだけです。(There are only two seasons in Japan.)
There are four main seasons in Japan, just like in many other parts of the world.
春は寒い季節です。(Spring is a cold season.)
春 (Haru - Spring) is generally a warm and pleasant season, not cold.
Write a short sentence about your favorite season in Japanese. For example, '私は夏が好きです。' (I like summer.)
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
私は春が好きです。(I like spring.)
Write down the Japanese word for 'season'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
季節
Complete the sentence: 日本には四つの___があります。(Japan has four ___.)
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
日本には四つの季節があります。(Japan has four seasons.)
What are mentioned as Japan's seasons?
Read this passage:
春、夏、秋、冬は日本の季節です。
What are mentioned as Japan's seasons?
The passage lists the four seasons: 春 (spring), 夏 (summer), 秋 (autumn), 冬 (winter) as Japan's seasons.
The passage lists the four seasons: 春 (spring), 夏 (summer), 秋 (autumn), 冬 (winter) as Japan's seasons.
What does the sentence say about 'この季節' (this season)?
Read this passage:
この季節はとても寒いです。
What does the sentence say about 'この季節' (this season)?
「とても寒いです」 (totemo samui desu) means 'it is very cold'.
「とても寒いです」 (totemo samui desu) means 'it is very cold'.
What is the Japanese autumn described as?
Read this passage:
日本の秋は美しい季節です。
What is the Japanese autumn described as?
「美しい季節」 (utsukushii kisetsu) means 'beautiful season'.
「美しい季節」 (utsukushii kisetsu) means 'beautiful season'.
日本の美しい___は何ですか？ (What is Japan's beautiful ___?)
The sentence asks about Japan's beautiful 'season'. '季節' means 'season'.
私の好きな___は春です。 (My favorite ___ is spring.)
The sentence indicates a preference for spring, which is a 'season'. '季節' fits here.
日本には四つの___があります。 (Japan has four ___.)
Japan is known for having four distinct 'seasons'. '季節' is the correct word.
この___の天気はとても良いです。 (The weather of this ___ is very good.)
The weather is typically described for a 'season'. '季節' makes sense in this context.
あなたはどの___が好きですか？ (Which ___ do you like?)
The question asks about preference, and 'season' is a common thing to ask about liking. '季節' is correct.
夏は暑い___です。 (Summer is a hot ___.)
Summer is categorized as a 'season'. Therefore, '季節' is the appropriate word.
This sentence means 'Enjoy Japan's beautiful four seasons.' The order is 'Japan's beautiful four seasons enjoy.'
This sentence means 'Which season do you like the most?' The order is 'Which season (topic particle) most like (question particle)?'
This sentence means 'Spring is the season of new beginnings.' The order is 'Spring (topic particle) new beginning's season is.'
日本のどの季節が一番好きですか？
This question asks which season you like the most. All options are seasons.
日本には四季があります。四季とは何ですか？
四季 (shiki) directly translates to 'four seasons'.
暑い季節は日本では通常何と呼ばれますか？
夏 (natsu) refers to summer, which is the hot season.
日本では、冬は一般的に寒い季節です。
冬 (fuyu) is winter, which is typically cold in Japan.
春は桜が咲く季節です。
春 (haru) is spring, and it's well-known for cherry blossoms (桜 - sakura).
季節の変わり目は体調を崩しやすいです。
季節の変わり目 (kisetsu no kawarime) means change of seasons, and it's common for people to feel unwell during these times.
The speaker is commenting on the summer. What about it?
The sentence describes characteristics of autumn in Japan. What are they?
The speaker asks about a favorite time of year and states their own preference. What is it?
Read this aloud:
日本には四季があります。
Focus: しき
You said:
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Read this aloud:
あなたの国で一番好きな季節は何ですか？
Focus: すきなきせつ
You said:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
冬は寒いですが、雪景色がとてもきれいです。
Focus: ゆきげしき
You said:
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日本の美しい___が、毎年多くの観光客を魅了します。
The sentence is about what attracts tourists annually, and '季節' (seasons) fits perfectly with 'beautiful' and 'annually'.
この地域は___の移り変わりがはっきりしており、それぞれの時期に独特の魅力があります。
The phrase '移り変わり' (change/transition) strongly suggests '季節' (seasons) as the subject that clearly changes.
温暖化の影響で、近年は___の変化が不規則になっています。
Global warming (温暖化) directly impacts '季節' (seasons), making their changes (変化) irregular (不規則).
日本では、それぞれの___に合わせた伝統的な行事や食文化があります。
Traditional events (行事) and food culture (食文化) are often tailored to specific '季節' (seasons) in Japan.
一年を通して、最も好きな___はいつですか？
The question asks about a favorite 'season' over the entire year, making '季節' the appropriate choice.
この花は、特定の___にしか咲かない珍しい種類です。
Flowers (花) typically bloom in specific '季節' (seasons), making it the most suitable word for 'a rare type that only blooms in a certain ___'.
日本の___は四季折々で美しい。
The sentence is talking about the beauty of Japan's changing seasons. '景色' means scenery, '天気' means weather, and '風土' means natural features/climate.
この地方の___は穏やかで過ごしやすい。
The sentence describes the pleasantness of the 'season' in this region. '時間' means time, '場所' means place, and '状況' means situation.
一年を通して、様々な___の食べ物が楽しめる。
The sentence implies that different foods are enjoyable throughout the year, depending on the 'season'. '種類' means type, '場所' means place, and '時間' means time.
次の___に旅行するなら、どこがいいですか？
The question is asking for a good travel destination for the 'next season'. '日' means day, '月' means month, and '週' means week.
私の好きな___は春で、桜が咲くのが楽しみです。
The speaker is expressing enjoyment for spring and cherry blossoms, indicating that 'season' is the appropriate word here. '食べ物' means food, '色' means color, and '場所' means place.
この服装はどの___にも合うようにデザインされています。
The sentence states that the clothing is designed to suit any 'season'. '時間' means time, '場所' means place, and 'イベント' means event.
日本の伝統的な行事で、夏の季節に関連するものはどれですか？
お盆は、夏季に行われる日本の伝統的な祖先供養の行事です。お正月は冬、ひな祭りは春、紅葉狩りは秋の行事です。
俳句において、「春の海 ひねもすのたりのたりかな」という句が詠まれた季節はいつですか？
この句は松尾芭蕉の代表作で、春の日の穏やかな海の様子を描写しています。句の冒頭に「春」と明記されています。
日本の学校で卒業式が一般的に行われる季節はいつですか？
日本の学校は3月に年度末を迎え、卒業式が行われるのが一般的です。
日本の梅雨は、夏の季節の始まりを告げる現象である。
日本の梅雨は、おおむね6月から7月中旬にかけて発生し、本格的な夏の訪れを前にした雨の多い季節です。
「雪月花」という言葉は、日本の四季全てを表現している。
「雪月花」は雪（冬）、月（秋）、花（春）を指し、夏の要素は含まれていません。これらは日本の自然の美しさを象徴する言葉です。
日本の北海道では、他の地域と比べて夏の季節が短く、冬の季節が長い傾向がある。
北海道は日本の最北端に位置するため、他の地域と比較して夏の期間が短く、冬の期間が長いという気候的特徴があります。
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Summary
季節 is the Japanese word for 'season', referring to the distinct periods of the year.
- 季節 (kisetsu) means 'season'.
- It's an A2 level noun.
- Used to talk about different times of the year.
Learn the Kanji for 季節
The kanji for 季節 are 季 (ki) which means 'season' or 'time', and 節 (setsu) which means 'section', 'period', or 'node'. Understanding these individual kanji can help you remember the word better.
Practice saying 季節 aloud
The pronunciation is 'ki-setsu'. Pay attention to the double 's' sound. Saying it aloud will help solidify it in your memory and improve your speaking fluency.
Associate 季節 with specific seasons
Think of the four main seasons: 春 (haru - spring), 夏 (natsu - summer), 秋 (aki - autumn), and 冬 (fuyu - winter). You can say 四季 (shiki) which means 'four seasons'.
Use 季節 in simple sentences
Try making simple sentences. For example, 'どの季節が好きですか？' (Dono kisetsu ga suki desu ka?) which means 'Which season do you like?'
Example
どの季節が好きですか。
Related Content
This Word in Other Languages
Related Grammar Rules
More nature words
～上
B1Above; on top of; up.
〜の上
A2On top of, above, upon.
豊か
B1Abundant; rich; plentiful (na-adjective).
〜に従って
B1According to, in conformity with, as (something happens).
酸性雨
B1Acid rain.
営み
B1Activity; daily life; undertaking (e.g., life's activities).
順応する
B1To adapt; to adjust; to conform.
~を背景に
B1Against the backdrop of; with...as background.
空気
A2air
大気汚染
B1Air pollution; the presence of harmful substances in the air.
