C1 Particles 13 min read Hard

Status vs. Means (-로서 vs. -로써)

Use -로서 for who you are (status) and -로써 for what you use (means).
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use -로서 for status/role and -로써 for means/tools; think 'as a' vs 'by means of'.

  • -로서 marks a status, position, or qualification (e.g., 'As a teacher, I teach').
  • -로써 marks a tool, method, or material used to achieve something (e.g., 'By means of a pen, I write').
  • If you can replace it with 'as', use -로서; if you can replace it with 'by using', use -로써.
Role/Status + 로서 | Tool/Method + 로써

Overview

Welcome to a nuanced corner of Korean grammar that separates the proficient from the truly advanced: the distinction between -로서 (-roseo) and -로써 (-rosseo). For C1 learners, mastering these particles signifies not just grammatical accuracy, but a refined understanding of Korean expression. While they are phonetically identical and often interchangeable with the simpler particle -으로/로 in casual speech, their written forms carry distinct semantic weight.

At its core, -로서 delineates a status, qualification, or role, defining what something is or acts as. Conversely, -로써 specifies a means, method, tool, material, or basis, indicating how something is done or what it is achieved with. This seemingly minor difference is a critical marker in formal communication, where precision in conveying identity versus instrumentality is paramount.

Ignoring this distinction can lead to subtle but significant miscommunications, reflecting a less sophisticated grasp of the language.

How This Grammar Works

Both -로서 and -로써 are post-nominal particles that serve to clarify the function of a noun within a sentence. Their distinct uses stem from their historical and linguistic specialization from the broader particle -으로/로, which encompasses a wide range of meanings including direction, means, and status. The presence of ㅅ versus ㅆ is not arbitrary; it signifies a grammatical branching into roles and instruments.
-로서 (-roseo) is primarily concerned with status (자격), capacity, or role. It identifies the noun as holding a particular position, title, or inherent characteristic that defines its action or existence in a given context. Think of it as answering the question, "As what?" or "In what capacity?"
-로써 (-rosseo) focuses on means (수단), method, instrument, material, or basis. It identifies the noun as the active agent or passive component through which an action is performed or a result is achieved. Consider it an answer to, "By what means?" or "With what?"
For example, if you say 친구로서 (chingu-roseo), you are asserting your actions or thoughts as a friend, from the perspective of that relationship. If you say 대화로써 (daehwa-rosseo), you are indicating that conversation is the method used to achieve something. The subtle choice between ㅅ and ㅆ therefore dictates whether you are describing an identity or an instrumental function.

Formation Pattern

1
The attachment rule for both particles depends on the final sound of the preceding noun. These particles always attach directly to the noun without a space.
2
For nouns ending in a vowel or the consonant ㄹ: Use -로서 or -로써.
3
For nouns ending in other consonants (all except ㄹ): Use -으로서 or -으로써.
4
Here is a tabular summary of their formation:
5
| Noun Ending | Particle (-로서) | Example | Translation |
6
| :---------------------- | :----------------- | :---------------------------- | :--------------------------- |
7
| Vowel (사과) | 사과로서 | 사과로서 잘못을 인정했다. | "As an apology, I admitted my fault." |
8
| ㄹ (선생님 usually, but 말 is consonant) | 선생님으로서 | 선생님으로서 학생들을 가르친다. | "As a teacher, I teach students." |
9
| Other Consonant (사람) | 사람으로서 | 사람으로서 마땅히 해야 할 일. | "Something one must do as a human being." |
10
| Noun Ending | Particle (-로써) | Example | Translation |
11
| :---------------------- | :----------------- | :---------------------------- | :----------------------------------- |
12
| Vowel (대화) | 대화로써 | 대화로써 문제를 해결했다. | "Solved the problem through conversation." |
13
| ㄹ (칼) | 칼로써 | 칼로써 종이를 잘랐다. | "Cut the paper with a knife." |
14
| Other Consonant (힘) | 힘으로써 | 힘으로써 적을 물리쳤다. | "Defeated the enemy by force." |

When To Use It

Understanding the precise contexts for each particle is key to advanced proficiency. While their meanings are distinct, some contexts may appear ambiguous, requiring careful consideration of the nuance you wish to convey.
Using -로서 (Status, Qualification, Role)
This particle emphasizes the noun's inherent identity, ascribed role, or temporary capacity. It defines the subject's perspective or fundamental nature in performing an action.
  1. 1To indicate a permanent or temporary status/role: This is the most common application. The noun functions as the agent's position.
  • 저는 한국인으로서 이 문제를 깊이 이해합니다. (Jeoneun hangugin-eoseo i munje-reul gipi ihaehamnida.) "As a Korean, I deeply understand this issue."
  • 부모로서 자식의 행복을 위해 최선을 다해야 합니다. (Bumo-roseo jasik-ui haengbok-eul wihae choeseon-eul dahaya hamnida.) "As a parent, you must do your best for your child's happiness."
  • 오늘 저는 대표로서 회의에 참석했습니다. (Oneul jeoneun daepyo-roseo hoeui-e chamseokhaetseumnida.) "Today, I attended the meeting as a representative."
  1. 1To express the inherent nature or identity of something: Not limited to people, objects or concepts can also be identified by their intrinsic quality.
  • 이 책은 고전으로서 문학적 가치가 높다. (I chaeg-eun gojeon-eoseo munhakjeok gachiga nopda.) "This book, as a classic, has high literary value."
  • 물은 생명으로서 없어서는 안 될 존재이다. (Mur-eun saengmyeong-eoseo eopseoseoneun an doel jonjae-ida.) "Water, as life, is an indispensable existence."
  1. 1To denote the final or definitive stage/point (less common and often interchangeable with -로써 but with a slight nuance): When indicating that something has reached a certain 'status' of completion or finality. This use is quite subtle and often overlaps with -로써 when time is involved, but -로서 here frames the point as being the end, rather than by means of the end.
  • 이것으로서 모든 준비가 끝났다. (Igeot-eoseo modeun junbiga kkeutnatda.) "With this, all preparations are complete." (Here, 이것 is the completion point.) While 이것으로써 is more common and often preferred for finality, 이것으로서 emphasizes 이것 as the definitive state/status of being complete.
Using -로써 (Means, Method, Tool, Material, Basis)
This particle indicates the instrument, material, method, or standard by which an action is carried out or a state is achieved.
  1. 1To indicate the tool or instrument used: This is the most straightforward use, similar to "with" or "by means of."
  • 망치로써 못을 박았다. (Mangchi-rosseo mot-eul bagatda.) "I hammered the nail with a hammer."
  • 펜으로써 계약서에 서명했다. (Pen-eosseo gyeyakseo-e seomyeonghaetda.) "I signed the contract with a pen."
  1. 1To indicate the material or ingredient used: When specifying what something is made of or composed of.
  • 밀가루로써 빵을 만들었다. (Milgaru-rosseo ppang-eul mandeoreotda.) "I made bread with flour."
  • 흙으로써 도자기를 빚었다. (Heuk-eosseo dojagi-reul bijeotda.) "They molded pottery with clay."
  1. 1To indicate the method or means by which an action is performed: This extends beyond physical tools to abstract concepts or actions.
  • 대화로써 오해를 풀 수 있었다. (Daehwa-rosseo ohae-reul pul su isseotda.) "We were able to resolve the misunderstanding through conversation."
  • 노력으로써 불가능을 가능케 했다. (Noryeok-eosseo bulganeung-eul ganeungke haetda.) "He made the impossible possible through effort."
  • When the means is a verbal action, nominalization with -(으)ㅁ is often required: 열심히 공부함으로써 좋은 성적을 받았다. (Yeolsimhi gongbuham-eosseo joeun seongjeok-eul badatda.) "By studying hard, I received good grades."
  1. 1To denote a standard or basis for judgment/action: The noun serves as the criterion.
  • 이 데이터로써 미래를 예측할 수 있다. (I deiteo-rosseo mirae-reul yecheukhal su itda.) "With this data, we can predict the future." (Here, the data is the basis for prediction.)
  1. 1Crucially, to indicate a time limit, boundary, or culmination point: This is a distinct and often confusing usage for C1 learners. It signifies the point by which something is completed or a count is reached. This is where -로써 signals a temporal benchmark or endpoint.
  • 올해로써 그 프로젝트가 끝난다. (Olhae-rosseo geu peurojekteu-ga kkeutnanda.) "The project finishes as of this year." (This year marks the end.)
  • 이로써 우리는 모든 과정을 마쳤습니다. (I-rosseo urineun modeun gwajeong-eul machyeotsseumnida.) "Hereby, we have completed all processes." (이 refers to this point/action.)
  • 이번 달로써 독립한 지 1년이 됩니다. (Ibeon dal-losseo dokriphan ji 1nyeon-i doemnida.) "As of this month, it will have been one year since I became independent."

When Not To Use It

While -로서 and -로써 add precision, their misuse can lead to unidiomatic or even incorrect sentences. Knowing when to opt for simpler alternatives or entirely different particles is crucial.
  1. 1For simple direction or destination: Do not use -로서 or -로써 to indicate direction. The simpler particle -으로/로 is always used here.
  • Incorrect: 학교로서 가요. (implies going as a school)
  • Correct: 학교로 가요. (hakgyo-ro gayo.) "I'm going to school."
  1. 1For general 'as' indicating purpose or selection without strong emphasis on status: When -(으)로 means 'as' in a less formal or less defining sense, such as choosing something for a meal or purpose.
  • Incorrect: 저녁으로서 라면을 먹었다.
  • Correct: 저녁으로 라면을 먹었다. (jeonyeok-euro ramyeon-eul meogeotda.) "I ate ramen for dinner."
  1. 1For expressing a cause or reason ('due to', 'because of'): For causal relationships, use -(으)로 인해(서) or -(으)로 말미암아.
  • Incorrect: 부주의로서 사고가 났다.
  • Correct: 부주의로 인해 사고가 났다. (bujuui-ro inhae sago-ga natda.) "An accident occurred due to carelessness."
  1. 1In excessively casual spoken contexts: While accurate, using -으로서/-으로써 in everyday, informal conversations can sound overly formal, stiff, or even pedantic. Native speakers often default to -(으)로 for simplicity in such situations.
  • In a text: 친구로 너 많이 좋아해! is natural. 친구로서 너 많이 좋아해! is grammatically correct but feels a bit heavy for a casual message.

Common Mistakes

Even native Korean speakers occasionally conflate -로서 and -로써 in writing, which underscores their nuanced distinction. For C1 learners, awareness of these common pitfalls is vital.
  1. 1Interchanging ㅅ and ㅆ: This is the most frequent error. Learners often mistakenly use -으로써 when a role is intended, and vice versa.
  • Mistake: 선생님으로써 학생들을 지도했다. (Treating 선생님 as a tool or means)
  • Correction: 선생님으로서 학생들을 지도했다. (seonsaengnim-eoseo haksaengdeul-eul jidohaetda.) "As a teacher, I guided the students."
  • Mistake: 연필로서 그림을 그렸다. (Treating 연필 as a status)
  • Correction: 연필로써 그림을 그렸다. (yeonpil-losseo geurim-eul geuryeotda.) "I drew a picture with a pencil."
  • Self-correction strategy: Always ask yourself: Is this noun defining an identity/role (status), or is it the means/tool/material being used?
  1. 1Using -로서 for time-related expressions: A particularly tricky mistake. As discussed, when indicating a time point as a completion or culmination, -(으)로써 is correct, not -(으)로서.
  • Mistake: 오늘로서 마감이다. (Suggests 'today' is the status of the deadline.)
  • Correction: 오늘로써 마감이다. (oneul-losseo magam-ida.) "Today marks the deadline." (Today is the means/point by which it is the deadline.)
  • Mistake: 그것은 나에게 마지막 기회로서 끝나버렸다.
  • Correction: 그것은 나에게 마지막 기회로써 끝나버렸다. (geugeos-eun na-ege majimak gihoe-rosseo kkeutnabeoryeotda.) "That ended up being the last chance for me." (The last chance as the means/point of ending.)
  1. 1Attaching directly to verbs or adjectives: Both particles are exclusively for nouns. To use them with a verb, the verb must first be nominalized.
  • Mistake: 열심히 공부하므로써 성공했다.
  • Correction: 열심히 공부함으로써 성공했다. (yeolsimhi gongbuham-eosseo seonggonghaetda.) "Succeeded by studying hard." (Here, 공부함 is the nominalized form of 공부하다.) The -음으로써 form is a very common and critical structure.
  1. 1Over-formalization in casual contexts: While technically correct, using these particles in every possible instance where -(으)로 might also fit can make your Korean sound unnatural and overly stiff.
  • Example in a text: "오늘 점심 뭐 먹지?" "김치찌개로 할까?" (What to eat for lunch? Shall we do kimchi stew?) is natural. "김치찌개로써 할까?" sounds like you are preparing for a formal debate about your lunch choice.

Common Collocations

Certain nouns frequently appear with -로서 or -로써, forming natural and idiomatic expressions. Familiarizing yourself with these collocations can help internalize their usage.
Collocations with -로서 (Status/Role)
These phrases highlight a person's or entity's identity or capacity:
  • 부모로서 (bumo-roseo): as a parent
  • 친구로서 (chingu-roseo): as a friend
  • 선생님으로서 (seonsaengnim-eoseo): as a teacher
  • 전문가로서 (jeonmun-ga-roseo): as an expert
  • 국민으로서 (gungmin-eoseo): as a citizen
  • 대표로서 (daepyo-roseo): as a representative
  • 인간으로서 (ingan-eoseo): as a human being
  • 시민으로서 (simin-eoseo): as a citizen (of a city/country)
  • 학생으로서 (haksaeng-eoseo): as a student
  • 사회인으로서 (sahoein-eoseo): as a member of society/working adult
Example: 저는 이 사회의 구성원으로서 제 역할을 다하고 싶습니다. (Jeoneun i sahoe-ui guseongwon-eoseo je yeokhal-eul dahago sipseumnida.) "As a member of this society, I want to fulfill my role."
Collocations with -로써 (Means/Method/Material/Basis)
These phrases emphasize the tool, material, or method employed:
  • 대화로써 (daehwa-rosseo): by means of conversation, through dialogue
  • 노력으로써 (noryeok-eosseo): through effort, by means of effort
  • 칼로써 (kal-losseo): with a knife (as a tool)
  • 쌀로써 (ssal-losseo): with rice (as a material)
  • 말씀으로써 (malsseum-eosseo): by means of words, through speech
  • 이로써 (i-rosseo): with this, hereby, by doing this (marking completion/conclusion)
  • 법으로써 (beop-eosseo): by law, through legal means
  • 지식으로써 (jisik-eosseo): with knowledge, by means of knowledge
  • 열정으로써 (yeoljeong-eosseo): with passion, through passion
  • 돈으로써 (don-eosseo): with money, by means of money
Example: 지속적인 연구로써 새로운 기술을 개발했습니다. (Jisokjeogin yeongu-rosseo saeroun gisureul gaebalhaetseumnida.) "We developed new technology through continuous research."

Contrast With Similar Patterns

To truly grasp -로서 and -로써, it's helpful to differentiate them from other particles or expressions that might seem similar but carry distinct meanings.
  1. 1-으로/로 (-(eu)ro): This is the fundamental particle from which -로서 and -로써 derive. -으로/로 is highly versatile, indicating direction, means, material, cause, and even status. In many casual contexts, it can substitute for both -으로서 and -으로써 without significant loss of meaning, especially when the context already clarifies if a status or a means is intended.
  • 부산으로 갔다. (Busan-euro gatda.) "Went to Busan." (Direction)
  • 버스로 갔다. (Beoseu-ro gatda.) "Went by bus." (Means – here, 버스로써 would be overly formal/emphatic)
  • 학생으로 참가했다. (Haksaeng-euro chamgaetda.) "Participated as a student." (Status – here, 학생으로서 provides stronger emphasis on the role.)
The specialized forms -로서/-로써 are used when precision is paramount, particularly in formal writing or when disambiguation is required. They elevate the level of expression by explicitly marking either status or instrumentality.
  1. 1-을/를 통해(서) (-eul/reul tonghae(seo)): This phrase means "through," "via," or "by means of." It often overlaps in meaning with -로써 when indicating a method or channel, especially for communication or information transfer. However, there's a subtle difference in emphasis.
  • 인터넷을 통해서 정보를 얻었다. (Injeonet-eul tonghaeseo jeongbo-reul eodeotda.) "I obtained information through the internet." (Emphasizes the internet as a medium/channel.)
  • 인터넷으로써 정보를 얻었다. (Injeonet-eosseo jeongbo-reul eodeotda.) "I obtained information by means of the internet." (Emphasizes the internet as the direct tool/instrument.)
While often interchangeable, -(을/를) 통해(서) feels more neutral and commonly used for general transmission, whereas -로써 can sometimes imply a more direct, active role of the noun as the means.
  1. 1-으로/로 인해(서) (-(eu)ro inhae(seo)): This construction explicitly denotes a cause or reason, meaning "due to" or "because of." It must not be confused with -로서.
  • 과로로 인해 병이 났다. (Gwaro-ro inhae byeong-i natda.) "I got sick due to overwork."
  • If you were to incorrectly say 과로로서 병이 났다, it would imply that "overwork" is the status of getting sick, which is nonsensical. This clearly illustrates that -로서 is about identity or role, not causation.

Quick FAQ

Here are quick answers to common questions learners have about -로서 vs. -로써.
  • Q: How can I quickly remember the difference?
  • A: Think of the single ㅅ in -로서 for Status or Soul (identity). Think of the double ㅆ in -로써 as resembling two Stick-like tools or emphasizing the Su단을 (means). If it's who/what it is, use ㅅ. If it's how/with what, use ㅆ.
  • Q: Can a non-human noun use -로서?
  • A: Yes, if it is assigned a status, role, or identity. For example, 증거로서 제출하다 (jeunggeo-roseo jechulhada) "to submit as evidence" (evidence has the status of being evidence), or 수단으로서 사용되다 (sudan-eoseo sayongdoeda) "to be used as a means" (even a means can have the status of being a means).
  • Q: Is it always wrong to use -으로/로 instead of -으로서/-으로써?
  • A: Not always. In casual conversation and informal writing (like text messages), -으로/로 is often used for simplicity and is perfectly natural. However, in formal writing, academic papers, or official documents, using the precise -으로서 or -로써 is expected and reflects a higher level of linguistic accuracy and sophistication.
  • Q: What about verbs? Can they take these particles?
  • A: No, these particles only attach to nouns. If you want to express a verb as the means, you must first nominalize the verb, typically using the -(으)ㅁ ending, and then attach -(으)로써. The construction -(으)ㅁ으로써 is very common and means "by doing X" or "through X." For example, 개선함으로써 (gaeseonham-eosseo) "by improving."
  • Q: Do these particles have honorific forms?
  • A: The particles themselves do not change based on politeness levels. The honorifics apply to the noun they attach to or the verb at the end of the sentence.

Particle Attachment

Noun Type Particle Result
Role/Status
-로서
Noun + 로서
Tool/Method
-로써
Noun + 로써

Meanings

These particles are often confused due to similar pronunciation but serve distinct grammatical functions: -로서 defines a role or status, while -로써 defines the instrument or method of an action.

1

Status/Role (-로서)

Indicates a person's qualification, position, or status.

“선생님으로서 학생들을 가르칩니다.”

“부모로서의 책임감이 큽니다.”

2

Means/Instrument (-로써)

Indicates the tool, method, or material used to perform an action.

“말 한마디로써 천 냥 빚을 갚는다.”

“진심으로써 그를 설득했다.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Status vs. Means (-로서 vs. -로써)
Category Structure Example
Status
Noun + 로서
친구로서
Means
Noun + 로써
도구로써
Negative
Noun + 로서/로써 + 안/못
친구로서 안 해요
Question
Noun + 로서/로써 + 입니까?
학생으로서입니까?

Formality Spectrum

Formal
친구로서 조언합니다.

친구로서 조언합니다. (Giving advice)

Neutral
친구로서 조언해요.

친구로서 조언해요. (Giving advice)

Informal
친구로서 조언해.

친구로서 조언해. (Giving advice)

Slang
친구니까 말하는데.

친구니까 말하는데. (Giving advice)

Particle Logic

Noun

Status

  • -로서 As a...

Means

  • -로써 By using...
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Examples by Level

1

학생으로서 공부해요.

I study as a student.

1

연필로써 글을 써요.

I write with a pencil.

1

부모로서 미안해요.

As a parent, I am sorry.

1

대화로써 문제를 풀어요.

We solve problems by talking.

1

대표로서 책임을 집니다.

As the representative, I take responsibility.

1

법으로써 사회를 지킵니다.

We protect society by means of law.

Easily Confused

Status vs. Means (-로서 vs. -로써) vs -로

Learners use -로 for everything.

Common Mistakes

✗

연필로서 써요

✓

연필로써 써요

Pencil is a tool, not a role.
✗

친구로써 만나요

✓

친구로서 만나요

Friend is a status/role.
✗

노력으로서 성공했다

✓

노력으로써 성공했다

Effort is a means.
✗

선생님로써 가르친다

✓

선생님으로서 가르친다

Teacher is a role.

Sentence Patterns

___(role)로서 ___(action)합니다.

Real World Usage

Job Interview very common

지원자로서 말씀드립니다.

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The 'As' Test

If you can replace it with 'as', use -로서.

Smart Tips

Always double-check your role-based sentences.

팀장로써 말합니다. → 팀장으로서 말합니다.

Pronunciation

ro-seo vs ro-sseo

Slight tension

The 'ss' in -로써 is slightly more tense than the 's' in -로서.

Declarative

Noun-로서/로써 ↘

Firm statement of fact.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Role-로서 (Role-o-seo), Tool-로써 (Tool-o-sseo).

Visual Association

Imagine a person wearing a 'Role' badge (로서) and a person holding a 'Tool' hammer (로써).

Rhyme

Role is 로서, Tool is 로써, don't get them mixed or you'll be a loser.

Story

As a chef (요리사로서), I use a sharp knife (칼로써) to cook. My status is the chef, my tool is the knife.

Word Web

역할자격수단도구방법지위

Challenge

Write 5 sentences about your day: 3 using your roles (로서) and 2 using tools you used (로써).

Cultural Notes

Using these correctly in emails is seen as a sign of high education.

-로서 comes from the honorific '서' (standing). -로써 comes from '써' (using).

Conversation Starters

“

당신은 어떤 역할로서 여기 있나요?

Journal Prompts

Write about your job using -로서 and the tools you use with -로써.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

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Test Yourself

Choose the correct particle. Multiple Choice

나는 학생(로서/로써) 공부한다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 로서
Student is a status.

Score: /1

Practice Exercises

1 exercises
Choose the correct particle. Multiple Choice

나는 학생(로서/로써) 공부한다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 로서
Student is a status.

Score: /1

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct particle. Fill in the Blank

그는 한국 대표____ 회의에 참석했다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 로서
Fill in the blank with the correct particle. Fill in the Blank

꿀____ 단맛을 냈어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 로써
Correct the spelling of the particle. Error Correction

부모님으로써 정말 자랑스럽다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 부모님으로서
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Reorder

해결합시다 / 대화로써 / 문제를

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 대화로써 문제를 해결합시다.
Translate into Korean using the correct particle. Translation

As a friend, I am worried.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 친구로서 걱정돼.
Which one is used for time limits? Multiple Choice

오늘____ 벌써 일주일째다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 로써
Match the scenario to the particle. Match Pairs

Match:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: matched
Choose the correct form for a verb-turned-noun. Fill in the Blank

열심히 공부함____ 부모님께 효도했다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 으로써
Identify the wrong sentence. Error Correction

1. 학생으로서 본분. 2. 법으로서 금지됨.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Both are correct.
Identify the literary usage of origin. Multiple Choice

이____ 사건이 시작되었다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 로서

Score: /10

FAQ (1)

Yes, in casual speech, but -로써 is more precise.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish partial

como

Spanish lacks a single particle for 'means'.

German partial

als

German uses 'mit' for tools.

French partial

en tant que

French uses 'par' or 'avec' for means.

Japanese high

として

Japanese uses 'で' or 'を使って' for means.

Chinese partial

作为

Chinese uses '用' for means.

Arabic partial

بصفتي

Arabic uses 'بـ' for means.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Next
Particle -조차: Not Even (Negative Extreme)

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