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B1 noun 12分钟阅读

förmåga

例句
解析 förmåga in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't need to use the word 'förmåga' very often. Instead, you will use the verb 'kan' (can). For example, instead of saying 'I have the ability to speak Swedish,' you say 'Jag kan tala svenska.' However, it is good to recognize 'förmåga' if you see it in a simple text. Think of it as a fancy way to say 'what you can do.' At this stage, you might see it in very basic descriptions of people, like 'Han har en bra förmåga' (He has a good ability), although even this is a bit advanced for A1. Focus on the idea that 'förmåga' is a noun version of 'kan'. You might see it on a poster or a simple form. Just remember it means 'ability.' Most A1 learners will encounter this word in the context of 'språkförmåga' (language ability) if they are looking at language course descriptions. It is a building block for more complex sentences you will learn later. Don't worry about using it in your own speech yet; just try to remember what it means when you read it. It is an 'en-word,' so you say 'en förmåga.' If you see 'förmågan,' it just means 'the ability.' Simple, right? Keep practicing your verbs first!
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At the A2 level, you start to expand your vocabulary beyond simple verbs. You might begin to use 'förmåga' to describe your skills in a slightly more formal way. For instance, if you are writing a simple CV or introducing yourself in a professional setting, you might say 'Jag har god förmåga att samarbeta' (I have a good ability to cooperate). This sounds more professional than just saying 'Jag är bra på att jobba med andra.' You are also learning to use adjectives with nouns, so you can practice saying 'en fysisk förmåga' (a physical ability) or 'en mental förmåga' (a mental ability). At A2, you should also be aware of the plural form 'förmågor.' You might read a simple article about animals and see 'Hundar har många förmågor' (Dogs have many abilities). You are moving from just doing actions to talking about the *qualities* of those actions. Another common phrase you might encounter is 'efter förmåga' (according to ability). This is useful when talking about chores or tasks. Understanding 'förmåga' helps you bridge the gap between basic survival Swedish and more descriptive, conversational Swedish. It is a very useful word to have in your 'toolbox' of nouns.
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At the B1 level, 'förmåga' becomes a key word in your vocabulary. You are now expected to describe experiences, events, dreams, and ambitions. 'Förmåga' allows you to talk about your strengths and weaknesses in detail. You will encounter this word frequently in Swedish news (Svenska Dagbladet, SVT) and in more complex literature. You should be comfortable using it with the 'att' + infinitive construction, such as 'förmågan att lyssna' (the ability to listen). At this level, you also start to see compound words like 'arbetsförmåga' (work capacity) and 'ledarförmåga' (leadership ability). You will need these to participate in workplace discussions or to understand social issues in Sweden. B1 learners should also understand the difference between 'förmåga' and 'möjlighet' (opportunity), as mixing them up is a common plateau at this stage. You might use 'förmåga' to discuss abstract concepts, like 'mänsklig förmåga' (human capacity). It's also a good time to learn common collocations like 'nedsatt förmåga' (reduced ability) or 'utveckla sin förmåga' (develop one's ability). This word will help you sound more articulate and precise in your assessments of yourself and others.
At the B2 level, you should be using 'förmåga' with nuance and precision. You are likely moving into academic or professional Swedish, where 'förmåga' is used to define competencies. You will see it in the Swedish Higher Education Ordinance and in professional certifications. You should be able to distinguish 'förmåga' from synonyms like 'kapacitet,' 'skicklighet,' and 'kompetens' based on the context. For example, you would use 'förmåga' when discussing a student's cognitive development, but 'kompetens' when discussing a colleague's qualifications for a specific role. You can also use the word in more idiomatic ways, like 'efter bästa förmåga' (to the best of one's ability). At B2, you should be able to follow complex debates about 'försörjningsförmåga' (ability to support oneself) or 'konkurrensförmåga' (competitiveness). Your sentences should be more complex, perhaps using 'förmåga' as a subject in passive constructions or in subordinate clauses. You are no longer just learning the word; you are mastering its application across different registers, from formal reports to nuanced social commentary. It is a word that reflects your transition into a high-functioning Swedish speaker.
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At the C1 level, your understanding of 'förmåga' should be near-native. You recognize the subtle philosophical and psychological connotations the word carries. In C1 texts, you might encounter 'förmåga' in discussions about human rights, ethics, or advanced science. You should be able to use it to describe abstract qualities like 'empatisk förmåga' (empathetic capacity) or 'abstraktionsförmåga' (ability to abstract). You will also notice its use in legal and bureaucratic language, such as 'rättslig handlingsförmåga' (legal capacity to act). At this level, you can appreciate the historical and etymological roots of the word and how it relates to the verb 'förmå' (to be able to/to induce). You should be able to write long, cohesive essays where 'förmåga' is used to argue for a certain point of view regarding human potential or societal development. You can also use the word with sophisticated adjectives like 'omtvistad' (disputed) or 'medfödd' (innate). Your usage should be seamless, moving between the singular and plural forms and various compound words without hesitation. You are now analyzing the concept of 'förmåga' itself, rather than just using the word as a label.
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At the C2 level, 'förmåga' is a tool for stylistic excellence. You use it to add precision, weight, and elegance to your Swedish. You are comfortable using it in any context, from high-level academic research to poetic literature. You understand the most subtle differences between 'förmåga' and its near-synonyms in every possible register. You might use it in complex metaphorical ways or in highly specialized technical fields. In a C2 context, you might discuss the 'förmåga' of a text to evoke emotion, or the 'förmåga' of a political system to adapt to change. You are also aware of rare or archaic uses of the word and its related forms. Your mastery of compound words involving 'förmåga' is complete, and you might even coin new ones if the context allows for creative language use. You can critique the use of the word in official documents, noting where it might be ambiguous or overly bureaucratic. At this stage, the word is no longer something you 'use'; it is part of the fluid, high-level linguistic landscape you inhabit. You possess the 'förmåga' to use 'förmåga' in its most powerful and nuanced forms.
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例句

The Swedish noun förmåga is a cornerstone of the Swedish language when discussing what a person, animal, or even a system is capable of doing. In its most basic sense, it translates to 'ability' or 'capacity' in English. However, its usage spans a wide spectrum from innate biological talents to highly developed professional skills. When you use this word, you are often focusing on the internal potential or the demonstrated skill of an entity. It is not just about having the permission to do something, but having the actual power, skill, or mental capacity to execute it. In a Swedish context, this word is frequently encountered in educational settings, psychological evaluations, and workplace performance reviews. It carries a sense of inherent quality combined with practiced competence.

Cognitive Capacity
Refers to the mental power to process information, such as 'analytisk förmåga' (analytical ability).

Hennes förmåga att lösa komplexa problem är imponerande.

Beyond the individual, 'förmåga' is used to describe the technical capacity of machinery or the economic capacity of a nation. It is a versatile term that implies a standard of performance. In everyday Swedish, you might hear it in the context of 'arbetsförmåga' (work capacity), which is a crucial term in the Swedish social security system (Försäkringskassan). If someone is ill, their 'arbetsförmåga' is assessed to determine if they can perform their duties. This highlights the word's importance in official and legal frameworks. It is also common in the plural form, förmågor, when referring to multiple talents or skills possessed by a single person or a group.

Physical Ability
Describes physical prowess or the functional use of the body, like 'fysisk förmåga' (physical ability).

Efter olyckan tränade han för att återfå sin förmåga att gå.

Furthermore, the word often appears in compound words, which is a hallmark of Swedish grammar. Words like 'samarbetsförmåga' (ability to cooperate) or 'initiativförmåga' (ability to take initiative) are staples in job advertisements. Swedes value these specific 'förmågor' highly in the workplace, as they reflect the social and functional dynamics of the Swedish 'lagom' and consensus-driven culture. Understanding this word is not just about vocabulary; it is about understanding how Swedes evaluate merit and potential.

Social Competence
The capacity to interact effectively with others, often termed 'social förmåga'.

Barnet utvecklar sin sociala förmåga genom lek.

Konstnären har en unik förmåga att fånga ljuset.

Vi måste bedöma elevens förmåga utifrån kursplanen.

In Swedish grammar, förmåga is an 'en-word' (common gender), meaning its definite form is förmågan and its plural is förmågor. When using it in sentences, it is frequently followed by a prepositional phrase starting with att (to) plus an infinitive verb, or till (to/for) plus a noun or gerund-like construction. For example, 'förmågan att läsa' (the ability to read). This structure mirrors the English 'ability to...' making it relatively intuitive for English speakers to adopt.

Infinitive Construction
Using 'förmåga' followed by 'att' and a verb. Example: 'Förmågan att tala flera språk'.

Hundar har en fantastisk förmåga att förstå mänskliga känslor.

Another common pattern involves adjectives. Because 'förmåga' is a noun, adjectives modifying it must agree in gender and number. Since it is an 'en-word', we say 'en god förmåga' (a good ability) or 'den personliga förmågan' (the personal ability). In plural, it becomes 'goda förmågor'. It is very common to see adjectives like 'begränsad' (limited), 'enastående' (outstanding), or 'nedsatt' (reduced) paired with this word. In medical or bureaucratic Swedish, 'nedsatt arbetsförmåga' is a standard term used to describe someone who cannot work full-time due to health issues.

Adjectival Agreement
Ensuring the adjective matches 'en förmåga'. Example: 'En sällsynt förmåga' (A rare ability).

Hans kognitiva förmåga testades av läkaren.

In formal writing, 'förmåga' is often part of the subject or object of sentences involving verbs like 'besitta' (to possess), 'utveckla' (to develop), or 'sakna' (to lack). For instance, 'Han besitter en naturlig förmåga för musik' (He possesses a natural ability for music). In business contexts, you might discuss 'konkurrensförmåga' (competitiveness), which literally translates to 'competition ability'. Using 'förmåga' correctly helps convey a level of sophistication and precision in your Swedish, as it moves beyond simple verbs like 'kan' (can) to discuss the nature of that competence.

Possession Verbs
Verbs commonly used with 'förmåga' to indicate having or not having a skill.

Företaget saknar förmåga att betala sina skulder.

Vi vill uppmuntra barnens skapande förmåga.

Det ligger över min förmåga att förklara detta.

You will encounter the word förmåga in a variety of real-world Swedish settings. One of the most common places is in the Swedish education system. Teachers often discuss a student's 'förmågor' in relation to the national curriculum (Lgr 11/Lgr 22). Instead of just talking about grades, they talk about the 'förmåga att analysera' or 'förmåga att kommunicera'. This shift in focus from knowledge to ability is a key part of modern Swedish pedagogy. If you are a parent in Sweden or a student, you will see this word in every development plan and school report.

In Schools
Used to define learning objectives and student competencies.

Skolan ska utveckla elevens förmåga att tänka kritiskt.

The workplace is another primary arena for 'förmåga'. When browsing Swedish job listings on sites like Platsbanken, you will see lists of required 'förmågor'. Employers look for 'ledarförmåga' (leadership ability) or 'problemlösningsförmåga' (problem-solving ability). During performance reviews (medarbetarsamtal), your manager might discuss how you can improve your 'samarbetsförmåga' (ability to work with others). It is a professional, slightly formal word that signals a serious discussion about performance and potential. It is also used in the news when discussing a company's 'betalningsförmåga' (ability to pay) during a bankruptcy or financial crisis.

In Business
Used in job descriptions and financial reports to describe competence and solvency.

Vi söker någon med god förmåga att arbeta självständigt.

In healthcare and social services, 'förmåga' is a technical term. Doctors assess a patient's 'funktionsförmåga' (functional capacity) following an injury. This is a holistic term that covers both physical and mental abilities needed for daily life. Similarly, the 'arbetsförmåga' assessment mentioned earlier is a frequent topic of debate in Swedish politics and the media, often centering on how the government determines if someone is too sick to work. Hearing 'förmåga' in these contexts often implies a formal evaluation or a structured assessment of what a person can do.

In Healthcare
Used to describe a patient's recovery or functional status.

Läkaren bedömde att hans förmåga var nedsatt med 50 procent.

Hennes förmåga att fokusera har blivit bättre.

Vi måste lita på vår egen förmåga.

One of the most frequent mistakes English speakers make when learning Swedish is confusing förmåga with möjlighet. While English often uses 'ability' and 'opportunity' distinctly, learners sometimes mix them up because they both relate to things you can do. 'Förmåga' refers to the *internal* skill or power (can you do it?), whereas 'möjlighet' refers to the *external* chance or option (are you allowed/able to do it because of circumstances?). For example, you might have the 'förmåga' to speak Swedish, but not the 'möjlighet' to do so if you are in a room full of people who only speak English.

Förmåga vs. Möjlighet
Förmåga = Internal skill. Möjlighet = External opportunity.

Fel: Jag har inte förmåga att komma ikväll (unless you mean you physically can't walk). Rätt: Jag har inte möjlighet att komma ikväll.

Another mistake involves the plural form. Learners often try to pluralize it as 'förmågar' (following the pattern of some other en-words) or 'förmåger'. The correct plural is förmågor. This is an 'en-word' ending in '-a', which almost always follows the first declension pattern, changing '-a' to '-or'. Remembering this rule will help you with many other words like 'blomma/blommor' or 'skola/skolor'. Additionally, some learners use 'kapacitet' incorrectly. While 'kapacitet' is often a synonym, it is more technical and often refers to volume or throughput (like a battery or a factory), whereas 'förmåga' is more personal and human-centric.

Incorrect Pluralization
Avoid 'förmågar'. Use 'förmågor'.

Han har många olika förmågor (not förmågar).

Finally, learners sometimes overuse 'förmåga' where a simple verb would suffice. In English, we might say 'I have the ability to swim,' but it sounds more natural to say 'I can swim.' The same applies to Swedish. Instead of saying 'Jag har förmågan att simma,' just say 'Jag kan simma.' Use 'förmåga' when you want to discuss the *nature* of the ability, its quality, or when you are in a formal or academic context. Overusing it in casual conversation can make you sound like a textbook or a bureaucrat.

Overcomplication
Don't use 'förmåga' when 'kan' (can) is sufficient for simple actions.

Naturligt: Jag kan sjunga. Formellt: Hon har en exceptionell förmåga att sjunga.

Barnet saknar förmåga att sitta still (Academic/Medical observation).

Min förmåga att koncentrera mig är sämre på morgonen.

Swedish has several words that overlap with förmåga, and choosing the right one depends on the register and the specific type of 'ability' you are describing. The most common synonym is kapacitet. While 'förmåga' is broad, 'kapacitet' often implies a maximum limit or a technical volume. You talk about a battery's 'kapacitet' or a person's 'intellektuella kapacitet' when referring to their total potential. Another close relative is skicklighet, which translates better as 'skill' or 'dexterity'. 'Skicklighet' is usually something acquired through practice, like 'hantverksskicklighet' (craftsmanship skill), whereas 'förmåga' can be innate.

Förmåga vs. Kapacitet
Förmåga is general; Kapacitet is often technical or related to volume/potential.

Han har en stor förmåga att lära sig. Maskinen har en hög kapacitet.

Then there is talang (talent) and begåvning (giftedness). These specifically refer to natural, inborn abilities. If someone is a 'naturbegåvning', they have a natural 'förmåga' that didn't require much training. In contrast, kompetens (competence) is a very popular word in professional settings. 'Kompetens' is a mix of 'förmåga' (ability), 'kunskap' (knowledge), and 'erfarenhet' (experience). If you are 'kompetent', you don't just have the ability; you have the whole package required for a job. Another nuanced alternative is kunnande, which refers to 'know-how' or expertise in a specific field.

Förmåga vs. Skicklighet
Förmåga can be innate; Skicklighet is usually practiced and specific.

Hennes skicklighet som kirurg är välkänd.

Finally, consider kraft (power/force) and potential. While 'kraft' is often physical, it appears in phrases like 'tankekraft' (thought power). 'Potential' is used exactly like in English to describe future 'förmåga' that hasn't been fully realized yet. When choosing between these, ask yourself: Is it a natural gift (talang), a learned skill (skicklighet), a professional requirement (kompetens), or the general power to do something (förmåga)? By differentiating these, you will sound much more like a native speaker and show a deeper understanding of the Swedish language's nuances.

Summary of Alternatives
Talang (Natural), Kompetens (Professional), Skicklighet (Learned), Kapacitet (Technical/Volume).

Han visade stor kompetens under projektet.

Det krävs stor skicklighet för att väva sådana mattor.

Barnet har en naturlig begåvning för matematik.

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按水平分级的例句

1

Han har en bra förmåga.

He has a good ability.

Simple subject-verb-object structure.

2

Min förmåga är liten.

My ability is small.

Adjective 'liten' matches 'en-word' förmåga.

3

Vad är din förmåga?

What is your ability?

Interrogative sentence.

4

Hon har förmågan.

She has the ability.

Definite form 'förmågan'.

5

En ny förmåga.

A new ability.

Indefinite form with adjective.

6

Din förmåga att läsa.

Your ability to read.

Possessive pronoun 'din'.

7

Det är en förmåga.

It is an ability.

Basic identification.

8

Vi ser din förmåga.

We see your ability.

Plural subject 'vi'.

1

Jag har god förmåga att samarbeta.

I have a good ability to cooperate.

Using 'att' + infinitive.

2

Hundar har en förmåga att lukta bra.

Dogs have an ability to smell well.

General statement about animals.

3

Han tränar sin fysiska förmåga.

He trains his physical ability.

Adjective 'fysiska' in definite form after 'sin'.

4

Vi har olika förmågor.

We have different abilities.

Plural form 'förmågor'.

5

Tack för din hjälp efter förmåga.

Thanks for your help according to ability.

Prepositional phrase 'efter förmåga'.

6

Barnet utvecklar sin förmåga.

The child develops their ability.

Reflexive possessive 'sin'.

7

Hon saknar förmåga att simma.

She lacks the ability to swim.

Verb 'saknar' (lacks).

8

Det är en viktig förmåga.

It is an important ability.

Adjective 'viktig' matches 'en-word'.

1

Din arbetsförmåga är nedsatt just nu.

Your work capacity is reduced right now.

Compound word 'arbetsförmåga'.

2

Han har en fantastisk förmåga att berätta historier.

He has a fantastic ability to tell stories.

Descriptive adjective 'fantastisk'.

3

Vi måste bedöma elevens analytiska förmåga.

We must assess the student's analytical ability.

Genitive form 'elevens'.

4

Företaget har god betalningsförmåga.

The company has good ability to pay.

Compound word 'betalningsförmåga'.

5

Gör ditt bästa efter din förmåga.

Do your best according to your ability.

Common idiomatic expression.

6

Människan har en unik förmåga att skapa verktyg.

Humans have a unique ability to create tools.

Generic 'människan' (man/humanity).

7

Hon tvivlar på sin egen förmåga.

She doubts her own ability.

Preposition 'på' used with 'tvivla'.

8

Kursen utvecklar din kommunikativa förmåga.

The course develops your communicative ability.

Academic adjective 'kommunikativa'.

1

Ledarens viktigaste egenskap är hans ledarförmåga.

The leader's most important quality is his leadership ability.

Focus on qualities/traits.

2

Det krävs en viss förmåga att hantera stress.

It requires a certain ability to handle stress.

Impersonal 'det krävs'.

3

Vi diskuterade landets ekonomiska förmåga.

We discussed the country's economic capacity.

Political/Economic context.

4

Han har förlorat sin förmåga att tala efter stroken.

He has lost his ability to speak after the stroke.

Medical context.

5

Deras förmåga att anpassa sig är imponerande.

Their ability to adapt is impressive.

Reflexive verb 'anpassa sig'.

6

Projektet testar vår samarbetsförmåga till det yttersta.

The project tests our ability to cooperate to the limit.

Idiom 'till det yttersta'.

7

Det finns en koppling mellan utbildning och förmåga.

There is a link between education and ability.

Abstract discussion.

8

Vi söker unga förmågor till vårt team.

We are looking for young talents for our team.

Plural 'förmågor' meaning 'talented people'.

1

Den kognitiva förmågan avtar ofta med åldern.

Cognitive ability often declines with age.

Scientific/Formal observation.

2

Konstnärens förmåga att gestalta lidande är unik.

The artist's ability to portray suffering is unique.

High-level vocabulary 'gestalta'.

3

Rättslig handlingsförmåga är en grundläggande princip.

Legal capacity to act is a fundamental principle.

Legal terminology.

4

Han har en sällsynt förmåga att se helheten.

He has a rare ability to see the big picture.

Abstract concept 'helheten'.

5

Oförmågan att fatta beslut ledde till krisen.

The inability to make decisions led to the crisis.

Negative form 'oförmågan'.

6

Vi måste stärka vår försvarsförmåga i rådande läge.

We must strengthen our defense capability in the current situation.

Geopolitical context.

7

Det är en fråga om individens inneboende förmåga.

It is a question of the individual's inherent ability.

Philosophical adjective 'inneboende'.

8

Hennes empatiska förmåga gör henne till en bra läkare.

Her empathetic capacity makes her a good doctor.

Psychological terminology.

1

Språkets förmåga att forma tanken är föremål för debatt.

The language's ability to shape thought is a subject of debate.

Linguistic philosophy.

2

Systemets regenerativa förmåga är begränsad.

The system's regenerative capacity is limited.

Technical/Scientific register.

3

Man kan inte överskatta människans anpassningsförmåga.

One cannot overestimate human adaptability.

Rhetorical construction.

4

Dikten besitter en märklig förmåga att trösta.

The poem possesses a strange ability to comfort.

Literary register.

5

En bristande förmåga till introspektion försvårar terapin.

A lacking ability for introspection complicates the therapy.

Psychiatric terminology.

6

De ekonomiska reformerna syftar till att öka konkurrensförmågan.

The economic reforms aim to increase competitiveness.

Macroeconomic context.

7

Hennes intellektuella förmåga var vida känd.

Her intellectual ability was widely known.

Formal/Historical register.

8

Att besitta förmågan att förlåta är en dygd.

To possess the ability to forgive is a virtue.

Ethical/Philosophical statement.

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