At the A1 level, we focus on very basic feelings. You already know words like 'happy' (开心) or 'sad' (难过). The word 焦虑感 (jiāolǜ gǎn) might seem a bit long, but you can think of it as a 'big worry.' In A1, we usually just say 'I am worried' (我担心). However, if you see 焦虑感, just remember it means 'the feeling of being worried.' It's like when you have a test tomorrow and your heart feels a bit fast and you can't sleep. That feeling is 焦虑感. You don't need to use it in complex sentences yet. Just recognize that '感' means 'feeling' and '焦虑' is 'worry.' If you feel 'not good' because you are thinking about something bad that might happen, you have 焦虑感. For example, 'Testing makes me have 焦虑感.' Even at this early stage, knowing this word helps you understand when people talk about their stress. It's a very common word in big cities where everyone is busy.

At the A2 level, you are starting to describe your daily life and feelings in more detail. 焦虑感 (jiāolǜ gǎn) is a perfect word for this level because it helps you talk about stress at school or work. You should know that it is a noun. You can use it with the verb '有' (to have). For example, '我有焦虑感' (I have a sense of anxiety). You can also use simple adjectives like '很多' (many/much) or '很大' (big/great) to describe it. For example, '我的焦虑感很大' (My sense of anxiety is great). At this level, you might hear this word when people talk about '996' work culture or the pressure of learning Chinese! It is different from '担心' because '担心' is usually for one thing (like 'I worry about my cat'), but 焦虑感 is a general feeling that stays with you. When you feel like there is too much to do and not enough time, that is 焦虑感. Try using it in your diary or when talking to a language partner about why you feel stressed.

At the B1 level, you can begin to use 焦虑感 (jiāolǜ gǎn) to discuss causes and effects. You should move beyond simple 'have' and 'not have' sentences. Start using verbs like '产生' (to generate/arise) and '缓解' (to alleviate). For example, '工作压力让我产生了焦虑感' (Work pressure made me generate a sense of anxiety). You can also talk about how to fix it: '听音乐可以缓解我的焦虑感' (Listening to music can alleviate my sense of anxiety). At this level, you will encounter this word in social media posts and news articles about mental health. You should also understand that '焦虑感' is often used as a compound noun. For example, '学习焦虑感' (learning anxiety) or '社交焦虑感' (social anxiety). This word is very useful for the HSK exams and for writing essays about modern life. It shows that you can discuss abstract psychological states, which is a key skill for intermediate learners. You should also be able to distinguish it from '焦急' (hurried anxiety), which is more about being in a rush.

At the B2 level, 焦虑感 (jiāolǜ gǎn) becomes a tool for analyzing social trends and psychological phenomena. You should be able to use it in complex sentence structures, such as '这种焦虑感源于...' (This sense of anxiety stems from...) or '被焦虑感所困扰' (To be troubled by a sense of anxiety). At this stage, you should be familiar with the cultural context of the word in China, specifically how it relates to 'involution' (内卷) and the intense competition in the job market. You might read articles discussing '知识焦虑' (knowledge anxiety) — the fear that one is not keeping up with new information. You should also be able to use more sophisticated adjectives like '挥之不去的' (lingering/unshakeable) or '弥漫的' (pervasive). For example, '城市生活中弥漫着一种无形的焦虑感' (An invisible sense of anxiety permeates urban life). Using this word correctly in a debate or a formal presentation will significantly improve your perceived fluency, as it is a staple of adult, professional discourse in Chinese.

At the C1 level, you are expected to handle 焦虑感 (jiāolǜ gǎn) with nuance and precision. You should understand its place in literary and academic writing. You might explore how authors use this term to describe the existential dread of their characters or how sociologists use it to quantify the mental state of a generation. At this level, you should be comfortable using the word in passive constructions and with highly formal vocabulary. For instance, '焦虑感的蔓延引起了社会的广泛关注' (The spread of the sense of anxiety has drawn widespread social attention). You should also understand the psychological nuances between 焦虑感 and related terms like '抑郁' (depression) or '躁郁' (bipolar/mania). Furthermore, you can discuss the 'commodification of anxiety' (贩卖焦虑), a common critique of modern marketing. Your ability to deconstruct why a particular situation creates 焦虑感, using varied and sophisticated vocabulary, marks your transition into advanced proficiency. You should be able to write an entire essay on the sources and solutions for 焦虑感 in the digital age.

At the C2 level, 焦虑感 (jiāolǜ gǎn) is a concept you can manipulate with philosophical depth. You can discuss it not just as a feeling, but as a fundamental aspect of the human condition (存在主义焦虑). You should be able to use it in highly abstract discussions about modernity, post-modernity, and the fragmentation of the self. Your usage should be indistinguishable from a native speaker's most intellectual discourse. For example, you might analyze how '焦虑感是一种对可能性之可能性的敬畏' (Anxiety is an awe of the possibility of possibilities). You should be able to recognize and use rare idioms and classical references that might be paired with this concept. You can critique how the term is used in political rhetoric or cultural theory. At this level, you aren't just 'using' the word; you are engaging with the deep cultural and psychological currents that the word represents in the Chinese-speaking world. You can fluently discuss the intersection of 焦虑感 with traditional Chinese philosophies like Taoism or Confucianism, exploring how these ancient systems might offer a 'cure' for this modern malady.

焦虑感 in 30 Seconds

  • 焦虑感 (jiāolǜ gǎn) means a 'sense of anxiety,' describing a general state of psychological unease or worry about the future, often linked to social pressure.
  • It is a noun, typically used with verbs like '有' (have), '产生' (produce), or '缓解' (alleviate) to describe experiencing or managing stress.
  • In modern China, it is a key term used to discuss the mental health effects of intense competition in education, career, and personal life.
  • Commonly paired with specific topics, such as 'career anxiety' (职业焦虑感) or 'appearance anxiety' (容貌焦虑感), reflecting specific modern societal concerns.

The term 焦虑感 (jiāolǜ gǎn) is a profound and increasingly common noun in modern Chinese discourse, representing a complex psychological state that translates directly to a 'sense of anxiety' or 'feelings of apprehension.' To understand this word, one must first deconstruct its constituent characters: jiāo (焦), which originally meant 'burnt' or 'scorched,' suggesting a mind that is figuratively on fire or dried out from heat; (虑), which refers to thinking, pondering, or concern; and gǎn (感), which denotes a feeling, sense, or perception. Together, they describe a state where one's thoughts are 'scorched' by worry, creating a pervasive internal atmosphere of unease.

Psychological Context
In a clinical or psychological sense, 焦虑感 refers to the subjective experience of anxiety. Unlike a specific fear (恐惧) which usually has a clear object, 焦虑感 is often more diffuse. It is that nagging feeling in the pit of your stomach when you contemplate the future, your career, or social standing. It is the 'sense' that something might go wrong, even if you cannot pinpoint exactly what that is.
Societal Nuance
In contemporary China, this word is frequently invoked in discussions about 'involution' (内卷 - nèijuǎn). It describes the collective pressure felt by students competing for top grades or professionals striving for promotions in a hyper-competitive market. When someone says they have a strong 焦虑感, they are often expressing a feeling of being left behind or failing to meet societal expectations.

面对未来的不确定性,很多年轻人心中都有一种挥之不去的焦虑感。 (Facing the uncertainty of the future, many young people have a lingering sense of anxiety in their hearts.)

You will encounter this word in news reports discussing mental health, in literature exploring the human condition, and in everyday conversations where people vent about their stress. It is more formal than simply saying 'I am worried' (我担心), as it categorizes the emotion as a distinct 'feeling' or 'phenomenon' (感). It allows the speaker to distance themselves slightly from the emotion, treating it as an object of observation.

这种焦虑感源于对完美的过度追求。 (This sense of anxiety stems from an excessive pursuit of perfection.)

Common Collocations
People often use verbs like 产生 (chǎnshēng - to produce/generate), 缓解 (huǎnjiě - to alleviate), or 消除 (xiāochú - to eliminate) with 焦虑感. For example, '缓解焦虑感' (to alleviate the sense of anxiety) is a very common phrase in self-help contexts.

Ultimately, 焦虑感 captures the zeitgeist of the 21st century. It describes the weight of choices, the speed of information, and the pressure of comparison. Whether it is 'appearance anxiety' (容貌焦虑感) or 'knowledge anxiety' (知识焦虑感 - the fear of not knowing enough), the suffix '感' turns the specific worry into a generalized state of being that defines much of modern experience.

Using 焦虑感 correctly requires understanding its role as a noun that describes an internal state. It is typically the object of a verb or the subject of a sentence describing a psychological condition. Because it is an abstract noun, it often pairs with descriptors that indicate its intensity or origin.

As a Direct Object
The most common way to use the word is as the object of verbs related to feeling or experiencing. Verbs like 有 (have), 感到 (feel), or 产生 (generate) are standard. For instance, '他最近有很强的焦虑感' (He has had a strong sense of anxiety lately).

运动是减轻焦虑感的有效方法之一。 (Exercise is one of the effective ways to reduce the sense of anxiety.)

When describing the intensity of the feeling, Chinese speakers use adjectives like 强烈的 (qiángliè de - intense), 巨大的 (jùdà de - huge), or 细微的 (xìwēi de - subtle). If the anxiety is persistent, you might see terms like 持续的 (chíxù de - continuous) or 挥之不去的 (huī zhī bù qù de - lingering/unshakeable).

Describing the Source
To specify what is causing the anxiety, you can use the structure '[Source] + 带来的 (dàilái de - brought by) + 焦虑感'. For example, '竞争带来的焦虑感' (the anxiety brought by competition). Alternatively, you can use the '[Topic] + 焦虑感' compound structure, such as '职业焦虑感' (career anxiety).

社交媒体往往会放大我们的焦虑感。 (Social media often amplifies our sense of anxiety.)

In more formal or academic writing, 焦虑感 can act as the subject. It might 'affect' (影响) someone's health, 'interfere with' (干扰) work, or 'stem from' (源于) specific childhood experiences. Using it as a subject elevates the tone of the sentence, moving it from a personal complaint to an objective analysis of a condition.

长期的焦虑感可能会导致失眠。 (Long-term sense of anxiety may lead to insomnia.)

Finally, consider the 'result' of the anxiety. Phrases like '陷入焦虑感中' (to fall into a sense of anxiety) or '被焦虑感包围' (to be surrounded by a sense of anxiety) create vivid imagery of being trapped by one's emotions. These structures are excellent for storytelling or descriptive essays where you want to emphasize the overwhelming nature of the feeling.

If you spend any time in a Chinese-speaking environment, especially in urban centers like Beijing, Shanghai, or Shenzhen, you will hear 焦虑感 echoing through various facets of life. It is a keyword in the modern Chinese vocabulary of survival and success.

In the Workplace
In the corporate world, 焦虑感 is often discussed in relation to 'KPIs' and '996' culture (working 9am to 9pm, 6 days a week). Employees might talk about their 'career anxiety' (职业焦虑感) during coffee breaks, expressing fear that their skills are becoming obsolete or that younger recruits are more efficient. It's a common topic in HR seminars focusing on employee wellness.

老板在会议上提到的新目标让大家产生了一种迫切的焦虑感。 (The new goals the boss mentioned in the meeting gave everyone an urgent sense of anxiety.)

On social media platforms like Little Red Book (Xiaohongshu) or Weibo, the word is ubiquitous. Influencers often post about 'how to overcome 焦虑感' through meditation, travel, or minimalist living. There is a specific sub-genre of content called 'anxiety-selling' (贩卖焦虑 - fànmài jiāolǜ), where media outlets or companies exaggerate problems to make people feel anxious so they will buy a product or service (like an expensive coding course or a skincare line).

In Education
Parents in China are famous for their 'parental anxiety' (家长焦虑感). This often revolves around the 'Gaokao' (university entrance exam) or getting their children into the best primary schools. You'll hear this term in documentaries and news specials analyzing why the tutoring industry became so massive before the recent government regulations.

这种教育竞争加剧了家长们的焦虑感。 (This educational competition has intensified the sense of anxiety among parents.)

You will also hear it in clinical settings. Doctors and therapists use it as a standard term to describe symptoms. In a hospital, a patient might be asked, '你是否经常感到某种无名的焦虑感?' (Do you often feel some kind of nameless sense of anxiety?). It is the standard technical term for the feeling, making it essential for anyone navigating the healthcare system in China.

Lastly, in pop psychology and self-help books, 焦虑感 is the 'villain' to be conquered. Bookstores are filled with titles like 'Goodbye, Anxiety' or 'Living Without Anxiety.' Hearing this word often signals a shift from talking about external facts to internal emotional realities, making it a key word for deep, empathetic communication.

While 焦虑感 might seem straightforward, many learners stumble over its grammatical usage and its distinction from similar-sounding words. Avoiding these common pitfalls will make your Chinese sound much more natural and precise.

Mistake 1: Confusing Noun and Adjective
The most frequent error is using 焦虑感 as an adjective. In English, we say 'I feel anxious.' In Chinese, you have two choices: use the adjective 焦虑 (jiāolǜ) or the noun phrase with 焦虑感. Correct: '我感到焦虑' (I feel anxious) or '我有焦虑感' (I have a sense of anxiety). Incorrect: '我很焦虑感' (I am very sense of anxiety).

❌ 错误:他看起来很焦虑感
✅ 正确:他看起来很焦虑。 (He looks very anxious.)

Another common mistake is confusing 焦虑感 with 焦急 (jiāojí). While both involve the character 焦, 焦急 refers to being 'anxious' in the sense of being 'in a hurry' or 'impatient' because of a specific time-sensitive event, like a late bus or a pending result. 焦虑感 is a deeper, more chronic psychological state. You wouldn't use 焦虑感 to describe how you feel when your Uber is five minutes late.

Mistake 2: Incorrect Verb Pairing
Learners often use the wrong verbs. For example, they might say '做焦虑感' (to do anxiety) which is never used. You should use '产生' (to produce/arise), '充满' (to be filled with), or '克服' (to overcome). Understanding the 'collocation' (which words go together) is vital.

❌ 错误:我想要杀掉我的焦虑感。
✅ 正确:我想要消除我的焦虑感。 (I want to eliminate my sense of anxiety.)

A subtle mistake involves the use of the word '压力' (yālì - pressure/stress). While stress often leads to anxiety, they are not interchangeable. 压力 is usually external (from work, school), while 焦虑感 is the internal emotional reaction to that stress. If you mean the work is hard, use 压力. If you mean the work makes you feel a deep sense of unease about your future, use 焦虑感.

Finally, watch out for the 'double feeling' error. Some learners say '感到焦虑感' (to feel a sense of anxiety). While technically understandable, it's slightly redundant because '感' already means 'sense/feeling.' It's often better to say '有焦虑感' (have a sense of anxiety) or simply '感到焦虑' (feel anxious). However, in modern speech, '有一种焦虑感' is very common and acceptable.

To truly master 焦虑感, you should know its neighbors in the emotional landscape of the Chinese language. Depending on the intensity and the context, other words might be more appropriate.

焦虑感 vs. 担心 (dānxīn)
担心 is the most basic word for 'worry.' It is usually specific and temporary. You '担心' about an exam tomorrow. 焦虑感 is more abstract, systemic, and often long-term. You have a '焦虑感' about your career path in general.
焦虑感 vs. 不安 (bù'ān)
不安 literally means 'not at peace.' It describes a feeling of restlessness or being unsettled. It is often used when something feels 'off' or when one's conscience is bothered. 焦虑感 is more intense and involves active worry about future possibilities.

虽然他表面平静,但内心深处却有一种强烈的不安感。 (Although he looks calm on the surface, deep down there is a strong sense of unease.)

For more academic or literary contexts, you might see 忧虑 (yōulǜ). This word leans more toward 'concern' or 'heavy-heartedness' about serious matters, like the state of the world or a family's future. It sounds more dignified and less 'nervous' than 焦虑感. On the other end of the spectrum, 烦躁 (fánzào) describes the irritable, 'ants-in-your-pants' kind of anxiety where you just want to snap at someone.

Comparison Table
WordNuanceBest Used For...
焦虑感Systemic, abstractModern social pressure
担心Specific, simpleLosing keys, rain
焦急Urgent, hurriedWaiting for a bus
恐慌Panic, extremeStock market crash

这种由于信息过载产生的焦虑感,也被称为“知识焦虑”。 (This sense of anxiety produced by information overload is also called 'knowledge anxiety'.)

In slang or informal internet speech, you might hear people use 'emo' (borrowed from English) to describe a general state of feeling low or anxious. However, 焦虑感 remains the most versatile and 'standard' way to express this specific psychological burden. If you want to sound more sophisticated, you can use 彷徨 (pánghuáng), which means to be 'hesitant and anxious at a crossroads,' famously used by the writer Lu Xun.

By learning these alternatives, you can tailor your speech to the exact emotion you're experiencing. Whether you're writing a clinical report or sharing a heart-to-heart with a friend, having a palette of 'worry' words will help you paint a more accurate picture of your internal world.

Examples by Level

1

我考试前有焦虑感。

I have a sense of anxiety before exams.

Simple Subject + Time + Verb (有) + Object (焦虑感).

2

他不开心,他有焦虑感。

He is not happy; he has a sense of anxiety.

Two short clauses joined by a comma.

3

妈妈有很多焦虑感。

Mom has a lot of sense of anxiety.

Using '很多' (many/much) to modify the noun.

4

这种焦虑感不好。

This sense of anxiety is not good.

Using '这种' (this kind of) as a determiner.

5

你有焦虑感吗?

Do you have a sense of anxiety?

Standard question structure with '吗'.

6

我没有焦虑感。

I don't have a sense of anxiety.

Negative form using '没有'.

7

老师说不要有焦虑感。

The teacher said don't have a sense of anxiety.

Using '不要' (don't) for a command/advice.

8

咖啡让我有焦虑感。

Coffee gives me a sense of anxiety.

Using '让' (let/make) to show cause.

1

工作太多的时候,我会产生焦虑感。

When there is too much work, I will generate a sense of anxiety.

...的时候 (When...) structure.

2

这种焦虑感让他睡不着觉。

This sense of anxiety makes him unable to sleep.

Potential complement '睡不着' (cannot sleep).

3

我们要学会减少焦虑感。

We need to learn to reduce the sense of anxiety.

Using '学会' (learn to) and '减少' (reduce).

4

他的焦虑感来自金钱问题。

His sense of anxiety comes from money problems.

Using '来自' (comes from) to show origin.

5

深呼吸可以减轻焦虑感。

Deep breathing can lessen the sense of anxiety.

Using '可以' (can) and '减轻' (lessen).

6

你为什么会有焦虑感?

Why do you have a sense of anxiety?

Question word '为什么' (why).

7

运动之后,我的焦虑感消失了。

After exercising, my sense of anxiety disappeared.

Using '消失了' (disappeared) as a verb phrase.

8

每个人都会有一点焦虑感。

Everyone will have a little bit of anxiety.

Using '每个人' (everyone) and '一点' (a little).

1

为了缓解焦虑感,他开始每天冥想。

In order to alleviate the sense of anxiety, he started meditating every day.

Using '为了... (In order to...)' structure.

2

社交媒体上的对比往往会增加年轻人的焦虑感。

Comparisons on social media often increase the sense of anxiety in young people.

Using '增加' (increase) as a transitive verb.

3

他感到一种强烈的职业焦虑感。

He feels a strong sense of career anxiety.

Compound noun: 职业 + 焦虑感.

4

只有面对问题,才能真正消除焦虑感。

Only by facing the problem can you truly eliminate the sense of anxiety.

Only... can... (只有... 才能...) structure.

5

环境的变化容易让人产生不确定的焦虑感。

Environmental changes easily make people produce an uncertain sense of anxiety.

Using '容易让' (easy to make).

6

这种焦虑感已经影响到了他的日常生活。

This sense of anxiety has already affected his daily life.

Using '已经... 了' to show a state has been reached.

7

医生建议他通过运动来释放焦虑感。

The doctor suggested he release the sense of anxiety through exercise.

Using '通过... 来' (through... in order to).

8

如果我们不处理焦虑感,它会变得更严重。

If we don't handle the sense of anxiety, it will become more serious.

Conditional '如果... 就/会...' structure.

1

在高度竞争的社会中,焦虑感似乎无处不在。

In a highly competitive society, a sense of anxiety seems to be everywhere.

Using '无处不在' (ubiquitous/everywhere).

2

这种深层焦虑感源于对未来的不安全感。

This deep sense of anxiety stems from a sense of insecurity about the future.

Using '源于' (stems from/originates in).

3

我们需要警惕那些恶意贩卖焦虑感的媒体内容。

We need to be wary of media content that maliciously sells a sense of anxiety.

Using '贩卖焦虑感' (selling anxiety) metaphor.

4

长期的焦虑感可能会导致身体出现各种心理疾病。

Long-term sense of anxiety may lead to various psychosomatic illnesses in the body.

Formal verb '导致' (lead to/cause).

5

由于缺乏明确的目标,他陷入了深深的焦虑感之中。

Due to a lack of clear goals, he fell into a deep sense of anxiety.

Using '由于' (due to) and '陷入... 之中' (fall into).

6

这种焦虑感并非个例,而是一个普遍的社会现象。

This sense of anxiety is not an isolated case, but a universal social phenomenon.

Using '并非... 而是...' (not... but rather...).

7

通过心理咨询,她学会了如何与自己的焦虑感共处。

Through psychological counseling, she learned how to coexist with her sense of anxiety.

Using '与... 共处' (coexist with).

8

适度的焦虑感有时可以转化为前进的动力。

A moderate sense of anxiety can sometimes be transformed into the motivation to move forward.

Using '转化为' (transform into).

1

当代人的焦虑感往往伴随着对信息碎片化的恐惧。

The sense of anxiety in modern people is often accompanied by a fear of information fragmentation.

Using '伴随着' (accompanied by).

2

这种挥之不去的焦虑感,实质上是对存在意义的追问。

This lingering sense of anxiety is, in essence, a questioning of the meaning of existence.

Using '挥之不去的' (lingering) and '实质上' (in essence).

3

文学作品常以焦虑感为切入点,探讨人性的脆弱。

Literary works often use a sense of anxiety as an entry point to explore the fragility of human nature.

Using '以... 为切入点' (use ... as an entry point).

4

焦虑感的弥漫反映了社会转型期价值观的剧烈动荡。

The pervasiveness of the sense of anxiety reflects the violent turbulence of values during a period of social transition.

Formal noun '弥漫' (pervasiveness/filling the air).

5

我们应当审视焦虑感背后的社会结构性因素。

We should examine the social structural factors behind the sense of anxiety.

Using '审视' (examine/scrutinize).

6

他的作品捕捉到了大都市生活中特有的那种虚无焦虑感。

His work captures that specific sense of nihilistic anxiety characteristic of metropolitan life.

Using '捕捉到' (captured) and '虚无' (nihilistic).

7

过度追求成功是产生这种集体焦虑感的根本原因。

The excessive pursuit of success is the root cause of this collective sense of anxiety.

Using '根本原因' (root cause).

8

焦虑感在某种程度上揭示了理想与现实之间的巨大鸿沟。

The sense of anxiety, to some extent, reveals the huge gap between ideals and reality.

Using '在某种程度上' (to some extent) and '鸿沟' (chasm/gap).

1

海德格尔认为,焦虑感是个体通往本真存在的必经之路。

Heidegger believed that a sense of anxiety is the necessary path for an individual to reach authentic existence.

Discussing philosophical theories; '本真存在' (authentic existence).

2

这种弥散性的焦虑感,在现代性叙事中扮演了核心角色。

This diffuse sense of anxiety plays a central role in modern narratives.

Using '弥散性' (diffuse) and '现代性叙事' (modern narrative).

3

焦虑感并非纯粹的消极情感,它亦是自由意志的某种投射。

The sense of anxiety is not a purely negative emotion; it is also a projection of free will.

Using '亦是' (is also - formal) and '投射' (projection).

4

当个体面临终极关怀时,焦虑感往往会达到峰值。

When an individual faces ultimate concerns, the sense of anxiety often reaches its peak.

Using '终极关怀' (ultimate concerns - theological/philosophical term).

5

社会阶层的固化进一步加剧了底层民众的生存焦虑感。

The solidification of social classes further intensifies the existential sense of anxiety among the grassroots.

Using '固化' (solidification) and '加剧' (intensify).

6

焦虑感在消费主义的推波助澜下,演变成了一种全民性的心理景观。

Driven by consumerism, the sense of anxiety has evolved into a nationwide psychological landscape.

Using '推波助澜' (idiom: to add fuel to the fire).

7

通过对焦虑感的解构,我们可以窥见现代文明的内在矛盾。

Through the deconstruction of the sense of anxiety, we can catch a glimpse of the internal contradictions of modern civilization.

Using '解构' (deconstruct) and '窥见' (glimpse).

8

焦虑感作为一种本体论上的不安,贯穿于人类历史的始终。

Anxiety, as an ontological unease, runs through the entirety of human history.

Using '本体论' (ontological) and '贯穿' (runs through).

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