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A2 adjective #3,000 mais comum 6 min de leitura

externo

Top 3,000

Pratique Exemplos Notas e dicas externo em 30 segundos

Explicação externo in your Level:

At the A1 level, you will mostly see 'externo' used to describe simple physical objects. It's often paired with technology or very basic physical descriptions. You might learn it in the context of 'un disco duro externo' (an external hard drive) or 'la parte externa' (the outside part). At this stage, focus on the fact that it is an adjective and must match the noun it describes. If you are talking about a box (una caja), you would say 'la parte externa'. If you are talking about a phone (un teléfono), you might talk about its 'batería externa'. It is a useful word for basic descriptions of gadgets and simple structures. You don't need to worry about complex abstract meanings yet; just think of it as the opposite of 'interno' (internal) or 'adentro' (inside). It's a foundational word for building your vocabulary related to objects and their components. Practice using it with common masculine and feminine nouns to get used to the -o/-a ending change.

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At the A2 level, you begin to use 'externo' in more varied contexts, including medical and institutional settings. You will encounter phrases like 'uso externo' on medicine bottles, which is a vital safety instruction. You also start to see it in school contexts, such as 'alumnos externos' (students who don't board at school). This is where you learn that 'externo' can refer to people as well as objects. You might also hear it when talking about noise ('ruido externo') or light ('luz externa') coming from outside a room. At this level, you should be comfortable using the plural forms 'externos' and 'externas' correctly. You are moving beyond just gadgets and starting to describe your environment and everyday situations. It's important to differentiate 'externo' from 'afuera'; remember that 'externo' describes a noun, while 'afuera' describes where an action happens. For example, 'juego afuera' (I play outside) vs 'el patio externo' (the external patio).

By B1, you are expected to use 'externo' in professional and slightly more abstract contexts. You will use it to discuss business matters, such as 'consultores externos' (external consultants) or 'servicios externos' (outsourced services). This reflects a shift from purely physical descriptions to organizational ones. You also start to use it to describe influences or factors, like 'factores externos' that might affect a situation. In this stage, you should be able to explain the difference between 'externo' and its synonyms like 'exterior' or 'ajeno'. You are becoming more precise in your language. For instance, you might use 'externo' to talk about a country's 'política externa' (foreign policy). Your sentences will become more complex, integrating 'externo' into discussions about work, society, and personal health. You'll also encounter it in more technical texts, like user manuals or basic academic articles, where it describes components or variables outside a primary system.

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At the B2 level, 'externo' is used fluently in academic, technical, and professional discourse. You will use it to describe complex systems, such as 'la deuda externa' (external debt) in economic discussions or 'agentes externos' in scientific contexts. You should be able to use it to describe abstract concepts with ease, such as 'percepción externa' or 'validación externa'. At this level, you understand the nuances between 'externo' and 'extrínseco' and can choose the appropriate word based on the register. You are likely to encounter 'externo' in literature or high-level journalism, where it might describe a character's 'apariencia externa' versus their internal state. You can also use it to discuss 'auditorías externas' in a business context, showing an understanding of corporate structures. Your ability to use the word in the correct register—whether formal, technical, or informal—is a key marker of this level. You should also be comfortable using it in idiomatic expressions or set phrases related to your specific field of study or work.

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At the C1 level, your use of 'externo' is sophisticated and precise. You can use it to articulate subtle distinctions in philosophical or legal arguments. For example, you might discuss 'la soberanía externa' of a state or 'la causalidad externa' in a legal case. You are aware of the word's Latin roots and how it interacts with other related terms in the word family. You can use 'externo' to describe complex psychological states, such as how 'estímulos externos' interact with 'procesos cognitivos internos'. In professional environments, you might lead discussions on 'recursos externos' or 'alianzas externas' with high precision. You can also appreciate and use 'externo' in literary contexts to create contrast and depth. Your vocabulary is rich enough that 'externo' is just one of many tools you use to describe boundaries and origins, and you can switch between 'externo', 'periférico', 'foráneo', and 'extrínseco' with perfect accuracy and nuance, depending on the desired effect.

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At the C2 level, 'externo' is a word you use with the mastery of a native speaker, including in highly specialized fields like medicine, law, or theoretical physics. You understand the most obscure uses of the word, such as in specific anatomical terms or historical legal documents. You can use it in high-level rhetorical contexts, perhaps in a speech or a complex academic thesis, to define the boundaries of a system or a concept. You are also sensitive to the stylistic implications of placing 'externo' before or after a noun in poetic or highly formal Spanish. Your understanding of 'externo' includes its role in the broader history of the Spanish language and its relationship to other Romance languages. You can effortlessly navigate the most complex technical manuals or philosophical treatises where 'externo' is used to define the very limits of existence or knowledge. At this level, the word is not just a vocabulary item but a precise instrument for defining the relationship between the self and the world, the system and its environment.

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externo em 30 segundos

Externo means 'external' or 'outer' in Spanish.
It is an adjective that must agree in gender and number with the noun.
Commonly used in medicine (uso externo), tech (disco externo), and business (consultor externo).
It is the opposite of 'interno' (internal).

The Spanish adjective externo is a versatile word that primarily describes anything situated on the outside, originating from the outside, or relating to the outer part of an object, body, or organization. At its most basic level, it is the direct equivalent of the English word 'external.' However, its usage spans across various domains including medicine, technology, business, and philosophy. When you are describing the physical world, externo refers to the surface or the outer layer. For instance, in anatomy, the 'oído externo' (outer ear) is the part of the ear we can see. In the realm of technology, a 'disco duro externo' is a storage device that sits outside the computer case. Beyond the physical, it applies to abstract concepts like 'factores externos' (external factors) that might influence a business decision or a scientific experiment.

Physical Placement: Refers to things located outside a boundary. Example: La capa externa de la piel (The outer layer of the skin).

El medicamento es solo para uso externo, no se debe ingerir.

Origin and Influence: Describes forces or entities coming from outside a system. Example: El éxito de la empresa depende de factores externos como el mercado global.

Contratamos a un consultor externo para auditar nuestras finanzas.

Educational and Institutional: Refers to students or participants who do not reside within the institution. Example: El colegio tiene alumnos internos y externos.

La pared externa del edificio necesita una capa de pintura nueva.

Los ruidos externos no me permiten concentrarme en mi trabajo.

La política externa del país ha cambiado significativamente este año.

Understanding 'externo' is essential for navigating technical manuals, medical instructions, and professional discourse in Spanish-speaking environments.

Using externo correctly involves placing it after the noun it modifies in most standard descriptions. Because it is a relational adjective (it defines a relationship of position or origin), it rarely precedes the noun unless for poetic or specific stylistic emphasis. When referring to parts of the body, it often follows the anatomical term, such as 'el conducto auditivo externo.' In business, it identifies entities outside the core organization, like 'personal externo' or 'servicios externos.'

Agreement Rules: Always match the noun. Masculine singular: el disco externo. Feminine singular: la luz externa. Masculine plural: los agentes externos. Feminine plural: las fuerzas externas.

Necesitamos conectar un monitor externo a la computadora portátil.

Common Contexts: Technology (hardware), Medicine (topical treatments), Business (outsourcing), and Science (environmental variables).

Esta crema es de uso externo únicamente.

Abstract Usage: It can describe influences that are not physical. Example: El paciente muestra pocos signos externos de dolor.

No dejes que los problemas externos afecten tu paz interior.

La empresa está buscando financiamiento externo para su nuevo proyecto.

El aspecto externo de la casa es muy moderno y minimalista.

Understanding these patterns helps in constructing clear and accurate descriptions of surroundings and influences.

You will encounter externo in a wide variety of real-world scenarios. In a pharmacy (farmacia), pharmacists will point to the label 'Uso externo' to warn you not to swallow a lotion. In a tech store, you'll ask for a 'disco duro externo' or 'batería externa.' If you work in a corporate office, you'll hear about 'consultores externos' (external consultants) or 'auditorías externas.' In the news, journalists often discuss 'política externa' (foreign policy) or 'deuda externa' (foreign debt).

At the Doctor: 'Tiene una inflamación en el oído externo.' (You have an inflammation in the outer ear.)

La inflamación del oído externo es común en nadadores.

In Business News: 'El país busca renegociar su deuda externa.' (The country seeks to renegotiate its external debt.)

La mayoría de los estudiantes en esta universidad son externos.

In Daily Life: 'El ruido externo es molesto.' (The outside noise is annoying.)

Necesito aislar la habitación del ruido externo.

El disco externo está lleno de fotos de las vacaciones.

Los factores externos afectaron el resultado del experimento.

From legal documents to casual conversations about computer hardware, 'externo' is a high-frequency word that bridges the gap between technical and everyday Spanish.

One of the most frequent mistakes for English speakers is forgetting the gender and number agreement. Since 'externo' ends in -o, it is a four-form adjective (externo, externa, externos, externas). Another common error is using 'afuera' or 'fuera' when 'externo' is required. 'Fuera' is an adverb meaning 'outside' (location), while 'externo' is an adjective describing a noun. For example, you say 'La caja está fuera' (The box is outside), but 'La parte externa de la caja' (The external part of the box).

Agreement Errors: Incorrect: 'Las fuerzas externo'. Correct: 'Las fuerzas externas'.

Las influencias externas son inevitables en este proceso.

Adverb vs. Adjective: Don't use 'externo' to say where someone is. Use it to describe the nature of a noun. Incorrect: 'Él está externo'. Correct: 'Él está fuera'.

No confundas un consultor externo con un consultor extranjero.

Overuse in Place of 'Exterior': While often interchangeable, 'exterior' is more common for architectural surfaces (la pared exterior), while 'externo' is common for systemic or medical contexts.

La parte externa del motor está muy caliente.

El examen externo reveló algunas anomalías.

Los cables externos deben estar bien protegidos.

Avoiding these pitfalls will make your Spanish sound much more natural and precise.

Spanish offers several synonyms for externo, each with its own nuance. Understanding these helps you choose the right word for the right context.

Exterior vs. Externo: 'Exterior' is very close but often refers more to the physical surface or the 'outside' in a general sense. 'Externo' is more technical or systemic. Example: 'El muro exterior' vs. 'El personal externo'.

Foráneo vs. Externo: 'Foráneo' specifically means coming from another place or being a stranger. 'Externo' is broader and just means 'outside the current entity'.

La motivación extrínseca viene de recompensas externas.

Ajeno vs. Externo: 'Ajeno' means belonging to someone else or being unrelated. 'Externo' is more about the boundary. Example: 'Problemas ajenos a la empresa' (Problems unrelated to the company).

El sensor externo mide la temperatura ambiental.

Buscamos una opinión externa para resolver el conflicto.

El revestimiento externo protege el núcleo del cable.

Los factores externos son difíciles de controlar.

By mastering these synonyms, you can express 'externality' with much more precision in Spanish.

How Formal Is It?

Curiosidade

The root 'ex-' is found in hundreds of Spanish and English words, always denoting something going 'out' or being 'outside'.

Guia de pronúncia

UK /eksˈteɾno/

US /eksˈteɾno/

The stress is on the second syllable: ex-TER-no.

Rima com

moderno invierno cuaderno eterno gobierno infierno tierno paterno

Erros comuns

Pronouncing the 'x' like an 's' (es-ter-no) - though common in some dialects, 'eks' is the standard.
Aspirating the 't' (making it breathy) - in Spanish, 't' is dental and dry.
Pronouncing the 'r' too strongly like an English 'r'.
Making the final 'o' sound like 'oh-oo' - it should be a short, clean 'o'.
Stress on the first syllable (EX-ter-no).

Nível de dificuldade

Leitura 1/5

Very easy to recognize due to the English cognate 'external'.

Escrita 2/5

Requires attention to gender and number agreement.

Expressão oral 2/5

The 'x' and 'r' sounds require some practice for perfect pronunciation.

Audição 1/5

Clear and distinct sound, usually easy to hear in context.

O que aprender depois

Pré-requisitos

fuera parte disco dentro grande

Aprenda a seguir

interior ajeno superficie estructura influencia

Avançado

extrínseco periférico foráneo exógeno tangencial

Gramática essencial

Adjective-Noun Agreement

La capa externa (feminine singular).

Adjective Placement

Disco externo (placed after the noun).

Pluralization of Adjectives

Factores externos (add -s).

Gender of Nouns ending in -o/-a

El ruido (masc) -> externo; La luz (fem) -> externa.

Use of 'de' for purpose

De uso externo.

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Exemplos por nível

Tengo un disco duro externo.

I have an external hard drive.

Externo is masculine singular to match disco duro.

La batería externa es roja.

The external battery is red.

Externa is feminine singular to match batería.

Mira la parte externa de la caja.

Look at the external part of the box.

Externa matches parte.

Los cables externos son largos.

The external cables are long.

Externos is masculine plural to match cables.

Necesito un monitor externo.

I need an external monitor.

Adjectives usually follow the noun in Spanish.

La luz externa es muy fuerte.

The external light is very strong.

Externa matches luz (feminine).

El sonido externo es bajo.

The external sound is low.

Externo matches sonido.

Usa el teclado externo.

Use the external keyboard.

Externo matches teclado.

Esta crema es de uso externo.

This cream is for external use.

Common medical phrase: 'de uso externo'.

Hay mucho ruido externo hoy.

There is a lot of external noise today.

Ruido is masculine, so externo is masculine.

Él es un alumno externo.

He is a day student (non-boarder).

Refers to a person's status at an institution.

La oreja es parte del oído externo.

The ear is part of the outer ear.

Anatomical term: oído externo.

Las paredes externas son blancas.

The external walls are white.

Externas is feminine plural to match paredes.

No abras la puerta externa.

Don't open the external door.

Externa matches puerta.

El examen externo será el lunes.

The external exam will be on Monday.

Refers to an exam from an outside body.

Conecta el altavoz externo.

Connect the external speaker.

Externo matches altavoz (masculine).

Contratamos a un consultor externo.

We hired an external consultant.

Common business usage.

Los factores externos influyen en el clima.

External factors influence the weather.

Plural agreement: factores externos.

La empresa tiene una deuda externa grande.

The company has a large external debt.

Deuda is feminine; externa matches.

Buscamos una opinión externa sobre el plan.

We are looking for an external opinion on the plan.

Refers to an unbiased third party.

El disco duro externo no funciona.

The external hard drive is not working.

Technical context.

La política externa es muy compleja.

The foreign policy is very complex.

Política externa = Foreign policy.

Hay que aislar el ruido externo del estudio.

We must isolate the external noise from the studio.

Infinitive construction with 'hay que'.

El personal externo debe registrarse.

External staff must register.

Refers to contractors or visitors.

La auditoría externa fue un éxito.

The external audit was a success.

Formal business term.

El paciente no tiene lesiones externas.

The patient has no external injuries.

Medical context; plural feminine.

La presión externa afectó su decisión.

External pressure affected his decision.

Abstract usage.

Necesitamos financiamiento externo para crecer.

We need external financing to grow.

Economic/business context.

El revestimiento externo protege el edificio.

The external cladding protects the building.

Architectural/technical term.

Los agentes externos pueden causar alergias.

External agents can cause allergies.

Scientific/medical context.

La imagen externa de la marca es vital.

The brand's external image is vital.

Marketing context.

Se requiere una validación externa del estudio.

An external validation of the study is required.

Academic/scientific context.

La soberanía externa es un pilar del estado.

External sovereignty is a pillar of the state.

Political science terminology.

El fenómeno se debe a causas externas.

The phenomenon is due to external causes.

Formal causal explanation.

Analizamos la relación entre el yo y el mundo externo.

We analyze the relationship between the self and the external world.

Philosophical context.

La empresa terceriza sus servicios externos.

The company outsources its external services.

Professional business jargon.

El conducto auditivo externo estaba obstruido.

The external auditory canal was blocked.

Specific medical terminology.

La realidad externa a menudo difiere de la percibida.

External reality often differs from what is perceived.

Abstract philosophical thought.

El país enfrenta una crisis de deuda externa.

The country is facing an external debt crisis.

Macroeconomic context.

Los estímulos externos activan la respuesta neuronal.

External stimuli activate the neuronal response.

Neuroscientific terminology.

La exégesis se centra en factores externos al texto.

The exegesis focuses on factors external to the text.

Highly academic/literary context.

Se postuló una fuerza externa de magnitud incalculable.

An external force of incalculable magnitude was postulated.

Scientific/theoretical context.

La dicotomía entre lo interno y lo externo es falaz.

The dichotomy between the internal and the external is fallacious.

Philosophical debate.

El abogado alegó una interferencia externa ilícita.

The lawyer alleged unlawful external interference.

Legal/juridical terminology.

La morfología externa del espécimen es inusual.

The external morphology of the specimen is unusual.

Biological/scientific terminology.

La dialéctica entre presiones externas y voluntad propia.

The dialectic between external pressures and one's own will.

Literary/psychological analysis.

El sistema se mantiene en equilibrio mediante flujos externos.

The system is maintained in equilibrium through external flows.

Physics/engineering terminology.

La proyección externa del poder nacional es evidente.

The external projection of national power is evident.

Geopolitical analysis.

Colocações comuns

disco duro externo

uso externo

factores externos

consultor externo

oído externo

deuda externa

política externa

agente externo

personal externo

examen externo

Frases Comuns

De uso externo

— For external use only, typically found on medicine labels.

Recuerda que este gel es de uso externo.

Alumno externo

— A student who attends a school but does not live there.

Mi hijo es alumno externo en ese colegio.

Servicio externo

— Outsourced service or a service provided by another company.

Contratamos un servicio externo de limpieza.

Sector externo

— The part of the economy that deals with international trade.

El sector externo creció este trimestre.

Luz externa

— Natural light or light coming from outside.

La luz externa entra por el ventanal.

Ruido externo

— Unwanted sound coming from the outside environment.

El ruido externo molesta a los vecinos.

Capa externa

— The outermost layer of something.

La capa externa de la cebolla está seca.

Memoria externa

— External memory storage, like a USB drive.

Pasa los archivos a la memoria externa.

Auditoría externa

— An audit conducted by an independent organization.

Mañana empieza la auditoría externa.

Enlace externo

— A hyperlink that leads to a different website.

Haz clic en el enlace externo para más info.

Frequentemente confundido com

externo vs exterior

Exterior is more about the surface; externo is more about the system or origin.

externo vs fuera

Fuera is an adverb (location); externo is an adjective (description).

externo vs extranjero

Extranjero specifically means from another country; externo means outside any boundary.

Expressões idiomáticas

"Puertas para afuera"

— Used to describe how things appear to others, regardless of the internal reality.

Puertas para afuera, parecen la pareja perfecta.

Informal

"De cara al exterior"

— With a focus on how one is perceived by the outside world.

De cara al exterior, la empresa es sólida.

Neutral

"Mirar hacia afuera"

— To look for solutions or causes in the external world rather than within oneself.

Deja de mirar hacia afuera y busca en tu interior.

Neutral

"Factores ajenos"

— Similar to factors externos, used when things are beyond one's control.

Fue por factores ajenos a la organización.

Formal

"Ojo externo"

— A third-party perspective or objective view.

Necesitamos un ojo externo para este proyecto.

Informal

"Vía externa"

— Through an external channel or route.

Recibimos la noticia por vía externa.

Neutral

"Fuerzas externas"

— Often used to describe fate or uncontrollable events.

Fuerzas externas impidieron el viaje.

Neutral

"Mundo externo"

— The objective reality outside of one's mind.

A veces se olvida del mundo externo.

Neutral

"Uso tópico"

— A synonym for 'uso externo' in medical contexts, meaning applied to the skin.

Es un medicamento de uso tópico.

Medical

"Ajenos a la empresa"

— People or things not part of the company.

Prohibido el paso a personas ajenas a la empresa.

Formal

Fácil de confundir

externo vs extranjero

Both imply 'outside'.

Extranjero is for countries; externo is for any system.

Él es extranjero (from another country). El disco es externo (outside the PC).

externo vs exterior

They are often synonyms.

Exterior is more common for physical outsides of buildings; externo for systemic parts.

La pared exterior. El consultor externo.

externo vs ajeno

Both mean 'not belonging here'.

Ajeno implies it belongs to someone else; externo just implies location/origin.

Problemas ajenos. Factores externos.

externo vs afuera

English 'outside' translates to both.

Afuera is an adverb of place; externo is an adjective.

Sal afuera. El ruido externo.

externo vs extraño

Similar root 'extra-'.

Extraño means strange or weird; externo means external.

Un ruido extraño (weird noise). Un ruido externo (noise from outside).

Padrões de frases

Tengo un/una [noun] externo/a.

Tengo un disco externo.

Es de uso externo.

Esta crema es de uso externo.

Los factores externos son [adjective].

Los factores externos son importantes.

Necesitamos un/una [noun] externo/a para [verb].

Necesitamos un consultor externo para mejorar.

La [noun] externa influye en [noun].

La presión externa influye en el resultado.

Dada la [noun] externa, se deduce que...

Dada la deuda externa, se deduce que habrá recortes.

Hay mucho [noun] externo.

Hay mucho ruido externo.

La política externa de [country] es...

La política externa de España es europea.

Família de palavras

Substantivos

exterior

exteriorización

exterioridad

Verbos

exteriorizar

Adjetivos

externo

exterior

extrínseco

Relacionado

extraño

extranjero

extremo

extra

excluir

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Como usar

frequency

High frequency in both spoken and written Spanish.

Erros comuns

El disco externa → El disco externo
Disco is masculine, so the adjective must end in -o.
La ruido externo → El ruido externo
Ruido is masculine; 'la' is the wrong article.
Uso externo para el jarabe → Uso interno para el jarabe
Syrup (jarabe) is swallowed, so it's internal use.
Las problemas externo → Los problemas externos
Problema is masculine, and the plural needs an -s.
Él vive externo → Él vive fuera
Use the adverb 'fuera' to describe where someone lives/is located.

Dicas

Agreement

Always match the ending (-o, -a, -os, -as) to the noun you are describing. 'Las fuerzas' (fem. pl.) needs 'externas'.

Opposites

Learn 'externo' and 'interno' together. They are used in almost all the same contexts.

The X

Make sure you don't skip the 'k' sound in the 'x'. It's 'eks-ter-no', not 'es-ter-no'.

Medicine

Look for 'Uso externo' on any Spanish medical product to know it's topical.

Outsourcing

Use 'externo' to talk about third-party services or consultants.

Gadgets

Almost all plug-in accessories like keyboards or drives are described as 'externo'.

Politics

In news, 'externa' often refers to international relations or debt.

Precision

Choose 'externo' over 'de afuera' in formal writing for a more professional tone.

Cognates

Relax! This is a cognate. If it sounds like 'external', it probably means 'external'.

Visual

Visualize a computer with many cables leading to devices outside of it. Those are 'externos'.

Memorize

Mnemônico

Think of an 'External' hard drive. 'Externo' sounds almost identical and means the exact same thing.

Associação visual

Imagine a circle with an arrow pointing out of it. The arrow represents everything 'externo'.

Word Web

disco uso ruido factor deuda consultor oído capa

Desafio

Try to find three things in your room that are 'externo' to your computer or phone and name them in Spanish.

Origem da palavra

From the Latin 'externus', which is derived from 'exter' (outside).

Significado original: Outward, external, foreign.

Indo-European -> Italic -> Latin -> Romance -> Spanish.

Contexto cultural

No specific sensitivities, but be careful when using 'externo' to describe people; 'foráneo' or 'extranjero' might be more specific depending on the context.

English speakers easily recognize 'externo' because of the cognate 'external'. The usage is very similar.

La Deuda Externa (Historical economic issue in LatAm) Uso Externo (Standard warning on medicine) Política Exterior (Common news section)

Pratique na vida real

Contextos reais

Technology

disco duro externo
teclado externo
batería externa
memoria externa

Medicine

uso externo
oído externo
lesión externa
agente externo

Business

consultor externo
auditoría externa
personal externo
financiamiento externo

Environment

ruido externo
luz externa
factores externos
clima externo

Politics

deuda externa
política externa
soberanía externa
presión externa

Iniciadores de conversa

"¿Tienes un disco duro externo para tus fotos?"

"¿Te molesta el ruido externo cuando estudias?"

"¿Crees que los factores externos influyen mucho en el éxito?"

"¿Prefieres trabajar con personal interno o externo?"

"¿Has tenido alguna vez una infección en el oído externo?"

Temas para diário

Describe cómo los factores externos han cambiado tus planes esta semana.

Escribe sobre la importancia de tener una batería externa cuando viajas.

¿Cómo separas tus problemas internos de las presiones externas?

Describe el aspecto externo de tu casa ideal.

Reflexiona sobre cómo la política externa de tu país te afecta personalmente.

Perguntas frequentes

10 perguntas

Use 'externo' for technical, medical, or systemic contexts (disco externo, uso externo). Use 'exterior' for physical surfaces like walls or the general 'outdoors'.

It can be both! It changes to 'externa' for feminine nouns like 'la parte externa'.

Usually no. You would say 'un hombre de fuera' or 'un forastero'. However, you can say 'personal externo' for a group of contract workers.

Se dice 'disco duro externo'.

It means the medicine should only be applied to the skin and not swallowed or injected.

The plural is 'externos' for masculine and 'externas' for feminine.

In 99% of cases, yes. Spanish adjectives typically follow the noun they modify.

It's a neutral word. It's used in both everyday conversation and formal academic papers.

Se dice 'deuda externa'.

Yes, 'ruido externo' is the standard way to say noise coming from outside.

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