冷たい
Cold means having a low temperature, or feeling like you have a low temperature.
Explanation at your level:
Hello! Today we learn the word cold. Cold means not warm. Like ice is cold. Water can be cold. The weather can be cold in winter. If you feel cold, you need a jacket! Sometimes, people can be cold. This means they are not friendly. For example, The drink is cold. And He is cold (not friendly).
The adjective cold describes something that has a low temperature. For instance, cold water is not warm, and cold air feels chilly. We often use it to talk about the weather, like on a cold winter day. It can also describe food or drinks that are meant to be cool, such as cold sandwiches. Figuratively, cold can describe someone's personality, meaning they are not very friendly or warm. For example, She gave me a cold look suggests she was unfriendly.
Cold primarily refers to a low temperature, significantly below body heat. You'll use it frequently for weather (cold snap, cold front), food and drink (cold cuts, cold beer), and physical sensations (cold hands, a cold room). Beyond the literal, cold is used to describe a lack of warmth in relationships or demeanor. A cold reception means people weren't welcoming, and a cold-hearted person lacks empathy. It’s important to distinguish between the literal temperature and the figurative emotional meaning. Using adverbs like bitterly or freezing intensifies the literal meaning.
The adjective cold denotes a low temperature, often implying discomfort or a lack of heat. Its applications range from meteorological phenomena (cold spell) and culinary terms (cold buffet) to physical states (feeling cold). The figurative sense of cold is crucial for understanding social interactions and personality traits. Describing someone as cold implies emotional distance, unfriendliness, or a lack of passion. Phrases like cold shoulder (deliberate unfriendliness) or cold comfort (little consolation) are common. Context is key to determining whether cold refers to temperature or emotional disposition.
Cold signifies a low thermal state, often below the threshold of comfort or biological necessity. Its usage extends from scientific contexts (cold fusion) and environmental descriptions (cold desert) to everyday experiences (cold sores, cold storage). The metaphorical extension of cold to describe emotional states is particularly nuanced. A cold demeanor suggests aloofness and reserve, while cold logic implies detachment from sentiment. Idiomatic uses like in cold blood (premeditated cruelty) or give someone the cold shoulder (intentional snubbing) highlight its semantic flexibility. Understanding the subtle shades of meaning, from physical frigidity to emotional austerity, is essential.
The lexeme cold, originating from Proto-Germanic *kaldaz, encompasses a spectrum of meanings related to low thermal energy and the absence of warmth, both physical and emotional. Beyond its primary denotation of low temperature, evidenced in terms like cold-blooded (in biology) or cold snap (abrupt weather change), it functions extensively in figurative and idiomatic language. The semantic field includes emotional detachment (cold personality), lack of enthusiasm (cold response), and calculated cruelty (cold calculation). Literary usage often employs cold to evoke atmosphere, such as the cold, hard truth or the cold comfort of reason. Mastery involves recognizing its polysemy and its role in conveying complex psychological and social states.
Palavra em 30 segundos
- Describes low temperature (literal).
- Can describe unfriendly or unemotional people/attitudes (figurative).
- Used in many common idioms (e.g., 'cold feet').
- Pronunciation is straightforward (/kəʊld/).
Hey there! Let's dive into the word cold. It's a super common adjective, and it's all about temperature, but it can also describe feelings and attitudes! Think about a refreshing glass of water on a hot day – that's cold! Or maybe the feeling you get when you step outside on a winter morning. Cold literally means having a low temperature, much lower than what feels comfortable or natural for us humans. We use it for everything from the weather and food to how people act. It's a word that paints a clear picture, whether you're talking about a frosty landscape or a person who seems a bit distant.
But wait, there's more! Cold isn't just about being chilly. It can also describe someone's personality or behavior. If someone is described as 'cold,' it usually means they are not very friendly, warm, or emotional. They might seem distant, unfeeling, or even unkind. This figurative use of cold is really important because it shows how language can extend the meaning of a word beyond its most basic sense. So, next time you hear 'cold,' think about whether it's about the temperature or the attitude!
The word cold has a long and fascinating history, stretching back thousands of years! Its roots are deeply embedded in the Proto-Germanic language, an ancestor of many modern European languages. The Proto-Germanic word was likely something like *kaldaz. From there, it traveled into Old English as cald or ceald, which was used to describe low temperatures and a lack of warmth.
As English evolved, the spelling and pronunciation shifted. By the Middle English period, it was commonly spelled cold, much like we see it today. Interestingly, the figurative meaning of cold – referring to a lack of emotion or friendliness – also developed quite early. This metaphorical leap from physical temperature to emotional state is a common linguistic phenomenon. Think about how 'warm' can also describe a friendly personality! The word cold is found in many related Germanic languages, like German (kalt), Dutch (koud), and Swedish (kall), all sharing that common ancient ancestor. It's a testament to how fundamental the concept of temperature is to human experience!
Cold is an incredibly versatile adjective, used in a vast array of contexts. You'll most commonly hear it describing the weather: cold weather, a cold day, it's freezing cold. It's also used for food and drinks: cold drinks, cold cuts, a cold meal. Don't forget about objects: a cold metal surface, cold hands. When talking about people's feelings or attitudes, cold implies a lack of warmth or friendliness: a cold reception, a cold stare, he was cold towards her.
The register for cold is generally neutral, meaning you can use it in almost any situation, from casual chats to formal reports. However, when used figuratively for emotions, it leans slightly more towards expressing a negative or critical observation. Pay attention to the collocations – the words that naturally go with cold. Common ones include bitterly cold (very cold), ice cold (extremely cold), stone cold (completely cold, often used for dead or unmoving), and cold-hearted (lacking sympathy). Understanding these combinations will make your English sound much more natural!
Cold pops up in quite a few colorful idioms and expressions. These phrases often take the literal meaning of 'cold' and apply it in a more abstract or exaggerated way. Here are some common ones:
- Cold feet: This means feeling nervous or hesitant about doing something, especially something important like getting married. Example: He got cold feet the day before the wedding.
- Break the ice: This idiom means to make people feel more relaxed and comfortable in a social situation, especially when they first meet. Example: The host told a joke to break the ice.
- In cold blood: This describes a cruel and deliberate act, done without emotion or mercy. Example: The crime was committed in cold blood.
- Give someone the cold shoulder: This means to ignore someone deliberately or to be unfriendly towards them. Example: After their argument, she gave him the cold shoulder.
- A cold fish: This refers to a person who is unemotional, unfriendly, and distant. Example: He’s a bit of a cold fish; I’ve never seen him smile.
- Cold comfort: This describes something that offers very little consolation or is disappointing when you hoped for better. Example: The apology was cold comfort after all the trouble they caused.
As an adjective, cold typically comes before the noun it describes (e.g., a cold day) or after a linking verb like 'be', 'feel', or 'seem' (e.g., The room is cold, I feel cold). It doesn't change form for plural nouns or different tenses; its meaning is conveyed through context or by adding adverbs like 'very' or 'extremely'.
Pronunciation is pretty straightforward. In British English, it's pronounced /kəʊld/. The 'k' sound is clear, followed by a long 'oh' sound (like in 'go'), and ending with a 'd'. In American English, it's very similar, often transcribed as /koʊld/. The main difference might be a slightly shorter 'oh' sound for some speakers. The stress is always on the single syllable.
Rhyming words include bold, fold, hold, old, sold, told, and gold. These words share the same ending sound, which can be helpful for memorization or creative writing.
Fun Fact
The word 'cold' is related to the word 'chill' and even the word 'cool', all stemming from the same ancient root meaning 'lack of heat'.
Pronunciation Guide
Starts with a clear 'k' sound, moves to a long 'oh' sound like in 'go', and ends with a 'd' sound.
Very similar to British English, with a clear 'k', a long 'oh' sound, and a final 'd'.
Common Errors
- Pronouncing the 'o' sound too short.
- Adding an extra syllable.
- Mispronouncing the final 'd' sound.
Rhymes With
Difficulty Rating
Easy to read in most contexts, but figurative/idiomatic uses require higher comprehension.
Easy to use correctly for literal temperature, but figurative/idiomatic uses need care.
Pronunciation is simple. Usage in figurative/idiomatic contexts requires practice.
Easy to understand literal meaning. Figurative/idiomatic meanings depend on context.
What to Learn Next
Prerequisites
Learn Next
Avançado
Grammar to Know
Adjective Placement
A cold day (before noun) vs. The day is cold (after 'be').
Using Linking Verbs
He feels cold. She seems cold.
Adverbs of Degree
It's very cold. It's extremely cold.
Examples by Level
The water is cold.
The / water / is / cold.
The word 'is' connects the subject to its description.
I feel cold.
I / feel / cold.
'Feel' is a verb that describes a sensation.
It is a cold day.
It / is / a / cold / day.
'It' is used here to talk about the weather.
The ice cream is cold.
The / ice cream / is / cold.
Describing food.
Don't touch the stove, it is cold now.
Don't / touch / the / stove, / it / is / cold / now.
Using 'now' to indicate the current state.
He has cold hands.
He / has / cold / hands.
'Hands' is plural.
The soup is not hot, it is cold.
The / soup / is / not / hot, / it / is / cold.
Using 'not' to contrast.
She is cold.
She / is / cold.
Can mean not friendly.
The wind made the day feel very cold.
The / wind / made / the / day / feel / very / cold.
Using 'feel' to describe a sensation.
We had cold cuts for lunch.
We / had / cold / cuts / for / lunch.
'Cold cuts' is a common term for sliced meats.
Be careful, the metal railing is cold.
Be / careful, / the / metal / railing / is / cold.
An imperative sentence ('Be careful').
He gave a cold response to my question.
He / gave / a / cold / response / to / my / question.
Describing a reaction.
The room was cold, so I turned up the heat.
The / room / was / cold, / so / I / turned / up / the / heat.
Using 'so' to show consequence.
She seemed cold and distant.
She / seemed / cold / and / distant.
'Seemed' is a linking verb.
The coffee had gone cold.
The / coffee / had / gone / cold.
Past perfect tense indicating a completed change.
Don't be so cold; smile a little!
Don't / be / so / cold; / smile / a / little!
Using a semicolon to connect related clauses.
The arctic air brought a bitterly cold morning.
The / arctic / air / brought / a / bitterly / cold / morning.
'Bitterly' is an adverb intensifying 'cold'.
He received a cold reception from his new colleagues.
He / received / a / cold / reception / from / his / new / colleagues.
'Reception' here means how someone is greeted.
Despite the warm sun, the water was still cold.
Despite / the / warm / sun, / the / water / was / still / cold.
'Despite' shows contrast.
She has a reputation for being cold-hearted.
She / has / a / reputation / for / being / cold-hearted.
'Cold-hearted' is a compound adjective.
The sudden drop in temperature left us feeling cold.
The / sudden / drop / in / temperature / left / us / feeling / cold.
Using 'drop in temperature'.
His explanation offered cold comfort after the disaster.
His / explanation / offered / cold / comfort / after / the / disaster.
They decided to serve cold appetizers before the main course.
They / decided / to / serve / cold / appetizers / before / the / main / course.
His voice was cold as he delivered the bad news.
His / voice / was / cold / as / he / delivered / the / bad / news.
Using 'as' for comparison.
The politician's speech was met with a cold shoulder from the opposition.
The / politician's / speech / was / met / with / a / cold / shoulder / from / the / opposition.
Idiom: 'cold shoulder' means deliberate unfriendliness.
He tried to break the ice by asking about their hobbies.
He / tried / to / break / the / ice / by / asking / about / their / hobbies.
Idiom: 'break the ice' means to ease tension.
She felt a pang of guilt, but quickly suppressed it with cold logic.
She / felt / a / pang / of / guilt, / but / quickly / suppressed / it / with / cold / logic.
'Cold logic' implies unemotional reasoning.
The investigation revealed the crime was committed in cold blood.
The / investigation / revealed / the / crime / was / committed / in / cold / blood.
Idiom: 'in cold blood' means cruelly and deliberately.
After the argument, he gave her the cold shoulder for weeks.
After / the / argument, / he / gave / her / the / cold / shoulder / for / weeks.
Emphasizes the duration of the unfriendliness.
The unexpected inheritance provided cold comfort amidst their grief.
The / unexpected / inheritance / provided / cold / comfort / amidst / their / grief.
Idiom: 'cold comfort' is inadequate solace.
He's known for his cold, calculating approach to business.
He's / known / for / his / cold, / calculating / approach / to / business.
Describes a personality trait in a professional context.
The news left her feeling cold all over.
The / news / left / her / feeling / cold / all / over.
Figurative use for strong negative emotion.
His impassive expression gave no clue to his inner turmoil; he remained resolutely cold.
His / impassive / expression / gave / no / clue / to / his / inner / turmoil; / he / remained / resolutely / cold.
Highlights the contrast between outward appearance and inner state.
The stark, minimalist decor created a rather cold ambiance in the hotel lobby.
The / stark, / minimalist / decor / created / a / rather / cold / ambiance / in / the / hotel / lobby.
Describes atmosphere and aesthetic.
She delivered the critique with a chillingly cold precision that left no room for doubt.
She / delivered / the / critique / with / a / chillingly / cold / precision / that / left / no / room / for / doubt.
'Chillingly' adds intensity to the figurative 'cold'.
The detective's cold, methodical approach eventually uncovered the truth.
The / detective's / cold, / methodical / approach / eventually / uncovered / the / truth.
Describes a professional, unemotional working style.
He found the philosophical arguments intellectually stimulating but emotionally cold.
He / found / the / philosophical / arguments / intellectually / stimulating / but / emotionally / cold.
Distinguishes intellectual appreciation from emotional response.
The sudden silence in the room felt colder than any physical temperature drop.
The / sudden / silence / in / the / room / felt / colder / than / any / physical / temperature / drop.
Uses a simile to compare emotional discomfort to physical cold.
Her estranged father offered only cold platitudes on her wedding day.
Her / estranged / father / offered / only / cold / platitudes / on / her / wedding / day.
'Platitudes' are generic, insincere statements.
The novel's bleak ending offered little more than cold comfort to the reader.
The / novel's / bleak / ending / offered / little / more / than / cold / comfort / to / the / reader.
Reinforces the meaning of 'cold comfort'.
The stark realism of the film stripped away any romantic notions, leaving only the cold, hard facts.
The / stark / realism / of / the / film / stripped / away / any / romantic / notions, / leaving / only / the / cold, / hard / facts.
'Cold, hard facts' emphasizes unvarnished reality.
His pronouncements, though delivered with the authority of a seasoned diplomat, carried an underlying tone of cold indifference.
His / pronouncements, / though / delivered / with / the / authority / of / a / seasoned / diplomat, / carried / an / underlying / tone / of / cold / indifference.
Juxtaposes formal delivery with emotional detachment.
The expedition faced the cold, unforgiving nature of the Antarctic wilderness.
The / expedition / faced / the / cold, / unforgiving / nature / of / the / Antarctic / wilderness.
Personifies nature as hostile and indifferent.
She possessed a formidable intellect, but her social interactions were often marred by a certain cold hauteur.
She / possessed / a / formidable / intellect, / but / her / social / interactions / were / often / marred / by / a / certain / cold / hauteur.
'Hauteur' means arrogance or haughtiness.
The legal system, while striving for impartiality, can sometimes appear cold and impersonal to those caught in its machinery.
The / legal / system, / while / striving / for / impartiality, / can / sometimes / appear / cold / and / impersonal / to / those / caught / in / its / machinery.
Critiques the impersonal nature of institutions.
His apology felt like mere lip service, offering cold comfort rather than genuine remorse.
His / apology / felt / like / mere / lip / service, / offering / cold / comfort / rather / than / genuine / remorse.
Contrasts superficial apologies with true regret.
The philosophical debate revolved around the cold equations of survival, devoid of sentiment.
The / philosophical / debate / revolved / around / the / cold / equations / of / survival, / devoid / of / sentiment.
Emphasizes the abstract, unemotional nature of the concepts.
Even in the height of summer, the mountain peaks retained their cold, stony silence.
Even / in / the / height / of / summer, / the / mountain / peaks / retained / their / cold, / stony / silence.
Uses 'cold' to evoke a sense of permanence and aloofness in nature.
Colocações comuns
Idioms & Expressions
"cold feet"
Sudden nervousness or loss of courage causing one to abandon a course of action.
He was going to propose, but got cold feet at the last minute.
casual"break the ice"
To initiate social interaction and make people feel more comfortable.
The facilitator used a game to break the ice among the participants.
neutral"in cold blood"
Deliberately and without emotion or mercy.
The assassination was carried out in cold blood.
formal"give someone the cold shoulder"
To deliberately ignore someone or treat them in an unfriendly way.
After the disagreement, she gave him the cold shoulder.
neutral"a cold fish"
A person who is unemotional, unfriendly, and distant.
He's a bit of a cold fish; it's hard to get to know him.
casual"cold comfort"
Little or no consolation; something that is disappointing.
The small compensation offered was cold comfort.
neutralEasily Confused
Both relate to temperature and can be used informally.
'Cool' implies a pleasant, mild low temperature, while 'cold' is more intense and potentially uncomfortable. Figuratively, 'cool' can mean calm or acceptable, whereas 'cold' implies unfriendly or distant.
It's a cool evening (pleasant). It's a cold evening (unpleasant). His reaction was cool (calm/acceptable). His reaction was cold (unfriendly).
Both describe low temperatures.
'Chilly' is a milder form of 'cold', suggesting a slight, perhaps uncomfortable, coolness. 'Cold' is a more significant lack of heat.
I felt a bit chilly (slightly cold). The water was ice cold (very cold).
It's the direct antonym for both temperature and emotional states.
'Warm' is the opposite of 'cold'. It signifies a comfortable or higher temperature, and also a friendly, affectionate demeanor.
The room was warm (opposite of cold). She gave me a warm smile (friendly, opposite of a cold stare).
Both refer to very low temperatures.
'Freezing' is an extreme degree of cold, often implying temperatures at or below the point at which water turns to ice. 'Cold' is a more general term for low temperature.
It's cold today. It's freezing today! (much colder).
Sentence Patterns
It is + cold + [time/weather]
It is cold outside today.
Subject + feel/seem/be + cold
I feel cold. The room seems cold. The water is cold.
Subject + verb + cold + noun
He gave a cold reply.
Subject + verb + [something] + cold
The coffee has gone cold.
Idiom: [phrase involving cold]
She got cold feet before the presentation.
Família de palavras
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Relacionado
How to Use It
Formality Scale
Erros comuns
'Cool' suggests a pleasant, mild temperature, while 'cold' implies a more significant lack of heat, potentially uncomfortable.
While 'cold' can mean unfriendly, 'warm' is the direct opposite and used for positive, friendly feelings.
'Cold' implies a significant drop in temperature. 'Cool' is pleasant, and 'chilly' is slightly uncomfortable.
You feel cold, or something is cold, but you don't 'cold' something.
A 'cold reception' is unfriendly, but 'cool' can mean 'okay' or 'calm'.
Tips
Connect to Feelings
Remember that 'cold' can describe both physical temperature and emotional distance. Think of a warm hug (friendly) versus a cold handshake (distant).
Literal vs. Figurative
Always consider the context. Is the speaker talking about the actual temperature, or someone's unfriendly attitude? The surrounding words will give you clues.
Cultural Nuance
In many cultures, expressing warmth (both physically and emotionally) is highly valued. Being perceived as 'cold' can therefore be a significant social criticism.
Adjective Placement
Remember that 'cold' usually comes before the noun (a cold day) or after a linking verb (The soup is cold).
The 'o' Sound
Focus on making the 'o' sound in 'cold' long and clear, similar to the 'o' in 'go'. Avoid shortening it.
Don't Confuse with 'Cool'
Use 'cool' for pleasant low temperatures and 'cold' for more intense or uncomfortable low temperatures. They aren't interchangeable!
Ancient Roots
The word 'cold' has been around for thousands of years, showing how fundamental the concept of temperature is to human language.
Sensory Journal
Keep a small journal and write down things you experience as 'cold' throughout the day – the weather, your drink, maybe even a person's reaction. Note the context each time.
Intensify with Adverbs
Use adverbs like 'bitterly', 'freezing', or 'shockingly' to add emphasis to the word 'cold' when describing temperature.
Learn the Idioms
Idioms like 'cold feet' and 'break the ice' are very common. Learning them will significantly improve your understanding and fluency.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Imagine a person wearing a COat and a LoT of layers because it's COLD.
Visual Association
Picture an ice cube melting slightly in a glass, with condensation on the outside.
Word Web
Desafio
Try describing five things you see right now using the word 'cold' (or its opposite, 'warm').
Origem da palavra
Proto-Germanic
Original meaning: Low temperature, lack of heat.
Contexto cultural
While generally not sensitive, describing someone as 'cold' can be perceived as critical of their personality.
In English-speaking cultures, 'cold' is used frequently to describe both weather and social interactions. A 'cold reception' or 'cold shoulder' is a common way to express displeasure or unfriendliness.
Practice in Real Life
Real-World Contexts
Weather & Seasons
- It's cold today.
- We're expecting cold weather.
- Bundle up, it's freezing cold!
Food & Drink
- Would you like a cold drink?
- These are cold cuts.
- The soup has gone cold.
Social Interactions
- He gave me a cold look.
- She received a cold reception.
- Don't be so cold; smile!
Physical Sensations
- My hands are cold.
- I feel cold all over.
- The floor is cold.
Conversation Starters
"What's the coldest weather you've ever experienced?"
"Do you prefer cold weather or warm weather?"
"If someone seems cold towards you, how do you usually react?"
"What's your favorite cold food or drink?"
"Have you ever gotten 'cold feet' about something important?"
Journal Prompts
Describe a time you felt physically cold and what you did about it.
Think about a situation where someone was 'cold' towards you. How did it make you feel?
Write about your favorite cold-weather activity.
How can you be more 'warm' and less 'cold' in your interactions with others?
Perguntas frequentes
8 perguntas'Cool' describes a temperature that is pleasantly low, not warm. 'Cold' describes a temperature that is significantly low, often unpleasantly so. Think of a 'cool breeze' versus 'freezing cold weather'.
Yes, 'cold' can describe a person's personality or behavior. It means they are unfriendly, distant, or lack emotion. For example, 'He gave me a cold stare'.
'Cold feet' is an idiom meaning to become nervous or hesitant about doing something important, often right before it happens, like getting married.
Not always. Describing weather or food as 'cold' is usually neutral. However, describing a person or their actions as 'cold' often carries a negative connotation of unfriendliness or lack of empathy.
The main opposites are 'hot' (for temperature) and 'warm' (for temperature and for friendly emotions/personalities).
You can use adverbs like 'bitterly cold' or 'freezing cold', or adjectives like 'icy' or 'frigid'.
The noun form is 'coldness', referring to the state of being cold or a lack of emotion. For example, 'the coldness of the room' or 'his coldness towards her'.
Yes, the most famous is the 'Cold War', a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies.
Teste-se
The ice cream is ____.
Ice cream is typically cold.
Which word means not friendly?
When used for people, 'cold' can mean not friendly.
A 'cold shoulder' means you are very welcoming to someone.
Giving someone the 'cold shoulder' means you are deliberately ignoring or being unfriendly to them.
Word
Significado
Matching phrases to their meanings.
The correct sentence is 'She gave him the cold shoulder.'
The unexpected news gave me ____.
'Cold comfort' means little or no consolation.
Which phrase best describes a calculated act done without emotion?
'In cold blood' specifically refers to a deliberate, unemotional, and often cruel act.
The phrase 'cold logic' implies reasoning that is influenced by strong emotions.
'Cold logic' refers to reasoning that is detached from emotions, objective, and perhaps even harsh.
It is ____ today. I need a coat.
Needing a coat indicates cold weather.
He tried to ______ by telling a joke.
'Break the ice' means to make people feel more relaxed, often by telling a joke.
Pontuação: /10
Summary
Understand 'cold' as both a physical temperature and an emotional state, and pay attention to context to differentiate.
- Describes low temperature (literal).
- Can describe unfriendly or unemotional people/attitudes (figurative).
- Used in many common idioms (e.g., 'cold feet').
- Pronunciation is straightforward (/kəʊld/).
Connect to Feelings
Remember that 'cold' can describe both physical temperature and emotional distance. Think of a warm hug (friendly) versus a cold handshake (distant).
Literal vs. Figurative
Always consider the context. Is the speaker talking about the actual temperature, or someone's unfriendly attitude? The surrounding words will give you clues.
Cultural Nuance
In many cultures, expressing warmth (both physically and emotionally) is highly valued. Being perceived as 'cold' can therefore be a significant social criticism.
Adjective Placement
Remember that 'cold' usually comes before the noun (a cold day) or after a linking verb (The soup is cold).
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