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A1 verb 8 min de leitura

복종하다

Exemplos 복종하다 em 30 segundos
Explicação 복종하다 in your Level:
At the A1 level, '복종하다' is a word you might encounter in very formal textbooks or dramatic scenes in TV shows. It's helpful to know it means 'to obey,' but you should focus on its basic structure. It is a '~하다' verb, so it conjugates easily. For example, in the present tense, it becomes '복종해요' or '복종합니다.' At this stage, you should understand that it's for very important rules or bosses, not for asking a friend to pass the salt. Think of it as the 'serious' version of 'listening' to someone. You will mostly see it in the context of 'obeying an order' (명령에 복종하다).
As an A2 learner, you can start using '복종하다' to describe formal situations. You should know that the target of obedience takes the particle '~에'. For example, '법에 복종해요' (I obey the law). You can also begin to understand the negative form '복종하지 않다' (to not obey) and the honorific form '복종하세요' (please obey - though this is rare in daily life). You might also see this word in basic stories about kings and soldiers. It's important to start distinguishing it from '말을 듣다' (to listen/obey) which is used for children and pets.
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At the B1 level, you should be comfortable using '복종하다' in written Korean, such as in short essays about society or history. You should understand the causative form '복종시키다' (to make someone obey/to subjugate). You can also use it with more complex grammar patterns like '~해야 하다' (must obey) or '~하기 싫다' (don't want to obey). You'll notice it in news headlines or historical dramas more frequently. You should also be aware of the noun form '복종' (obedience) and how it's used in phrases like '복종의 의무' (duty of obedience).
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By the B2 level, you should understand the nuance of '복종하다' compared to '순종하다' (meek obedience) and '준수하다' (compliance with regulations). You can use it in debates about authority, the military, or social hierarchy. You should be able to recognize it in literature where it might be used metaphorically, such as obeying one's heart or fate. Your ability to conjugate it into various forms like '복종할 수밖에 없다' (cannot help but obey) or '복종함으로써' (by obeying) should be solid. You also understand the cultural weight of hierarchy in Korea that makes this word significant.
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At the C1 level, you can analyze the philosophical implications of '복종하다'. You can discuss concepts like 'civil disobedience' (시민 불복종) and explain why the '불' (not) prefix is used. You understand the Hanja roots (服從) and how they influence the word's meaning in professional or academic texts. You can use the word in nuanced ways to describe psychological states, such as the 'blind obedience' (맹목적인 복종) often discussed in social psychology. You are also proficient in using the word in very formal written reports or high-level academic discussions about governance and law.
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For C2 learners, '복종하다' is a tool for deep stylistic expression. You can use it in literary analysis to describe a character's absolute surrender to an ideology or a tragic fate. You understand its historical evolution and its usage in archaic texts or formal proclamations. You can effortlessly switch between '복종하다' and its various synonyms to achieve a specific tone or register in your writing. You can also interpret the subtle social critiques often embedded in the use of this word in modern Korean cinema and literature, where it might represent the crushing weight of societal expectations.
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Exemplos

복종하다 em 30 segundos

  • A formal verb meaning 'to obey' or 'to submit to authority'.
  • Commonly used in military, legal, and historical contexts.
  • Uses the particle '~에' for the target of obedience.
  • Stronger and more formal than the casual '말을 듣다'.

The Korean verb 복종하다 (bokjong-hada) is a profound and heavy word that translates to 'to obey' or 'to comply with' in English. However, unlike the English word 'obey' which can be used casually (like a child obeying a parent to eat vegetables), 복종하다 carries a much stronger connotation of submission to authority, hierarchy, or an absolute power. It is composed of the Hanja (Sino-Korean characters) 服 (복) meaning 'to serve' or 'clothes' (implying wearing the uniform of service) and 從 (종) meaning 'to follow.' Together, they create a sense of total compliance where one’s own will is secondary to the command given. This word is most frequently encountered in contexts involving the military, legal systems, historical dramas (Sageuk), and religious texts. In daily life, using 복종하다 can sound overly dramatic or even oppressive unless you are specifically talking about a strict hierarchical relationship.

Military Context
In the South Korean military, the concept of absolute obedience to a superior's order is fundamental. Here, 명령에 복종하다 (to obey an order) is a standard phrase used in training and official regulations.
Legal and Civic Duty
When discussing the relationship between a citizen and the law, 법에 복종하다 implies a recognition of the state's authority and the necessity of following its rules for social order.
Historical/Literary Nuance
In historical settings, subjects were expected to show 복종 to the King. In literature, it often describes a character's internal struggle between their desires and their duty to 복종 to fate or a higher power.

군인은 상관의 명령에 무조건 복종해야 합니다. (A soldier must unconditionally obey the orders of their superior.)

While an A1 learner might learn this word early due to its frequency in media, it is important to distinguish it from 말을 듣다 (mal-eul deutda), which literally means 'to listen to words' but is the standard way to say 'to obey' in a family or casual setting. If you tell a friend '나에게 복종해' (Obey me), it sounds like you are roleplaying as a tyrant or a villain in a movie. Therefore, understanding the weight of 복종하다 is key to using it correctly without sounding unintentionally harsh or strange in social interactions.

그는 권력에 복종하는 것을 거부했습니다. (He refused to obey/submit to power.)

Using 복종하다 correctly requires paying attention to the particles that precede it. Most commonly, the target of obedience is marked with the dative particle ~에 (to/at). For example, 명령에 (to the order), 법에 (to the law), or 권위에 (to authority). It functions as a regular ~하다 verb, meaning its conjugation follows the standard patterns for present, past, and future tenses. Because of its formal nature, it is frequently used in the 하십시오체 (formal polite) or 해요체 (polite) styles rather than very casual speech, unless used ironically.

Grammar Pattern: [Noun] + 에 복종하다
This is the most standard construction. The noun represents the entity or rule being followed.
예: 국민은 헌법에 복종해야 합니다. (Citizens must obey the constitution.)
The Causative Form: 복종시키다
By changing 하다 to 시키다, the meaning becomes 'to make someone obey' or 'to subjugate.'
예: 왕은 적들을 복종시켰다. (The king made his enemies obey/subjugated his enemies.)

진정한 리더십은 공포로 사람들을 복종시키는 것이 아닙니다. (True leadership is not about making people obey through fear.)

In terms of sentence structure, 복종하다 is an intransitive verb in Korean grammar (it doesn't take an object with ~을/를, but rather a target with ~에), which can be confusing for English speakers who are used to saying 'obey [someone/something]'. Always remember to use ~에 for the thing you are obeying. If you are obeying a person directly, you can still use ~에게 or ~에, but often you are obeying their commands or will, so ~의 뜻에 복종하다 (obey the will of...) is a very common and natural phrasing.

그는 상사의 부당한 지시에도 복종할 수밖에 없었다. (He had no choice but to obey even his boss's unfair instructions.)

While you might not hear 복종하다 in a coffee shop conversation, it is ubiquitous in specific domains of Korean life and media. Understanding these contexts will help you recognize the 'vibe' of the word. It appears frequently in news broadcasts, particularly when discussing legal rulings or government mandates. It is also a staple of the 'Sageuk' (historical drama) genre, where the relationship between a monarch and their subjects is central to the plot. In these dramas, characters often declare their loyalty by saying they will 복종 to the King until death.

News and Politics
Reporters use 복종 when discussing the rule of law or international treaties. '국제법에 복종하다' (To comply with international law) is a phrase you might hear during a segment on global diplomacy.
The Military (Gun-dae)
Korean men, who are required to serve in the military, are very familiar with this word. The military code of conduct emphasizes 절대 복종 (absolute obedience). You will hear it in movies like '12.12: The Day' or dramas like 'D.P.' where the chain of command is a central theme.
Religious Services
In Korean churches or temples, the concept of obeying a divine will is often described using 순종 (submission/obedience) or 복종. While 순종 is more common in a 'gentle' spiritual sense, 복종 is used for the absolute authority of the divine.

“명령에 복종하십시오!” (Obey the order!) - A common line in military action movies.

Another interesting place you might hear this word is in psychological or sociological discussions, such as the famous Milgram experiment (밀그램의 복종 실험). In this context, it refers to the human tendency to follow authority figures even against their moral judgment. This makes the word essential for students studying social sciences in Korean. Furthermore, in animal training, specifically for service dogs or police dogs, 복종 훈련 (obedience training) is the technical term used for teaching the animal to follow commands reliably.

강아지가 주인의 명령에 잘 복종합니다. (The puppy obeys the owner's commands well.)

The most frequent mistake learners make with 복종하다 is using it in contexts where it is too formal or heavy. If you want to say 'My son obeys me,' using 우리 아들은 나에게 복종해요 sounds like you are a dictator and your son is a servant. In family or casual settings, always use 말을 잘 듣다 (listens to words well). This is the natural way to describe children, students, or younger siblings who follow advice or rules. Understanding the register is the difference between sounding like a native speaker and sounding like a character from a 15th-century palace drama.

Mistake 1: Confusing 복종하다 with 순종하다
While both mean 'obey,' 순종하다 (sunjong-hada) has a nuance of 'meekness' or 'willing submission' (often religious or personality-based), whereas 복종하다 is more about the external pressure of authority and hierarchy.
Mistake 2: Using the wrong particle
Learners often try to use the object particle ~을/를. Remember: 명령을 복종하다 (X). It must be 명령에 복종하다 (O). The exception is if you use 명령을 따르다 (to follow an order).

(Wrong) 친구가 나에게 복종해요.
(Correct) 친구가 제 말을 잘 들어요.

Another common error is failing to distinguish between 'obeying a law' and 'keeping a promise.' For promises or appointments, use 지키다 (jikida). For laws, you can use 지키다, 준수하다 (formal), or 복종하다 (very formal/philosophical). Using 복종하다 for a simple appointment like 'I obeyed our meeting time' would be highly unnatural. Furthermore, avoid using 복종하다 when you simply mean 'to follow' a person's physical lead. For that, use 따라가다 or 따르다.

법을 준수하다 (Observe the law) is usually better for general civic contexts than 복종하다.

Korean has a rich variety of words for 'following' or 'obeying,' each suited to a specific level of formality and social context. Understanding these alternatives will make your Korean sound more nuanced and natural. While 복종하다 is the 'heaviest' and most formal, others range from everyday colloquialisms to specific legal terminology. Choosing the right one depends entirely on the relationship between the speaker and the subject.

따르다 (Ttareuda)
The most versatile word for 'to follow.' It can mean following a person, an order, a trend, or a rule. It is less intense than 복종하다.
예: 선생님의 지시를 따르세요. (Follow the teacher's instructions.)
순종하다 (Sunjong-hada)
Often translated as 'to be submissive' or 'to obey meekly.' It implies a gentle nature or a religious devotion. It focuses on the character of the person obeying.
예: 그는 부모님께 순종하는 아들이다. (He is an obedient/submissive son to his parents.)
준수하다 (Junsu-hada)
Used primarily in legal, official, or professional contexts to mean 'to observe' or 'to comply with' rules, regulations, or standards.
예: 안전 수칙을 준수하십시오. (Please observe the safety regulations.)
말을 듣다 (Mal-eul deutda)
The most common everyday expression. It literally means 'to listen to words.' Used for children, pets, or between friends.
예: 강아지가 말을 안 들어요. (The puppy won't listen/obey.)

명령에 복종하다 vs. 규칙을 준수하다 vs. 말을 듣다.

When comparing 복종하다 and 굴복하다 (to surrender/yield), the difference is that 복종하다 describes the act of following, while 굴복하다 emphasizes the defeat and the end of resistance. If you 복종, you are performing the duty of a subordinate; if you 굴복, you have been conquered. Similarly, 순응하다 (to adapt/conform) is used for following social norms or environmental changes without necessarily involving a direct command. By choosing the specific word, you convey your attitude toward the authority in question.

그는 결국 운명에 복종하기로 했습니다. (He finally decided to submit/obey to fate.)

Guia de pronúncia

UK puk.t͈ɕoŋ.ɦa.da
US bok.tʃoŋ.ha.da
The primary stress is on the second syllable '종' (jong).
Rima com
공정하다 (to be fair) 동정하다 (to sympathize) 상정하다 (to assume) 결정하다 (to decide) 경정하다 (to correct) 교정하다 (to proofread) 부정하다 (to deny) 증명하다 (to prove)
Erros comuns
  • Pronouncing '복' as 'boak' (too long).
  • Missing the nasal 'ng' at the end of '종'.
  • Pronouncing '종' with a soft English 'z' sound.
  • Merging '하다' too quickly so it sounds like '복종다'.
  • Over-emphasizing the 'h' in '하다' (it's often quite light in natural speech).
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Exemplos por nível

1

저는 명령에 복종해요.

I obey the order.

Simple present tense with ~해요.

2

그는 법에 복종합니다.

He obeys the law.

Formal polite ending ~합니다.

3

복종하세요!

Obey!

Imperative form ~하세요.

4

강아지가 복종해요.

The puppy obeys.

Used here for pet training.

5

우리는 왕에게 복종했어요.

We obeyed the king.

Past tense ~했어요.

6

복종하지 마세요.

Do not obey.

Negative imperative ~하지 마세요.

7

그들은 항상 복종해요.

They always obey.

Adverb '항상' (always) used with the verb.

8

누구에게 복종해요?

Who do you obey?

Question form with '누구' (who).

1

명령에 복종하고 싶지 않아요.

I don't want to obey the order.

~고 싶지 않다 (don't want to).

2

법에 복종하면 안전해요.

If you obey the law, you are safe.

Conditional ~면 (if).

3

그는 복종하는 사람이에요.

He is an obedient person.

Noun modifying form ~는.

4

복종해야 합니까?

Must I obey?

Obligation form ~해야 하다.

5

그들은 복종하기 시작했어요.

They started to obey.

~기 시작하다 (start to).

6

복종해서 상을 받았어요.

I received a prize because I obeyed.

Causal connector ~어서 (because).

7

명령에 복종하려고 노력해요.

I try to obey the orders.

~으려고 노력하다 (try to).

8

왜 복종하지 않았어요?

Why didn't you obey?

Past tense negative.

1

국민은 국가의 권위에 복종해야 할 의무가 있다.

Citizens have a duty to obey the authority of the state.

~ㄹ 의무가 있다 (have a duty to).

2

그는 자신의 운명에 복종하기로 결심했다.

He decided to submit/obey to his fate.

~기로 결심하다 (decide to).

3

권력은 사람들을 복종시키려 한다.

Power tries to make people obey.

Causative ~시키다.

4

복종하는 척하면서 기회를 엿보았다.

While pretending to obey, he watched for an opportunity.

~는 척하다 (pretend to).

5

무조건적인 복종은 위험할 수 있습니다.

Unconditional obedience can be dangerous.

Gerund form '복종' used as a subject.

6

상관의 명령에 복종할 수밖에 없었다.

I had no choice but to obey the superior's order.

~ㄹ 수밖에 없다 (no choice but to).

7

그는 복종하기보다는 저항을 선택했다.

He chose resistance rather than obedience.

~기보다는 (rather than).

8

법에 복종하는 것은 사회 질서의 기초이다.

Obeying the law is the foundation of social order.

~는 것 (nominalizer).

1

부당한 권력에 복종하는 것은 정의롭지 않다.

Obeying unjust power is not righteous.

Complex subject with adjective modifier.

2

그는 공포에 복종하여 진실을 말하지 못했다.

He obeyed his fear and couldn't tell the truth.

~하여 (literary form of ~해서).

3

군대에서는 명령 복종이 가장 우선시된다.

In the military, obedience to orders is prioritized most.

Passive form ~시되다.

4

강아지를 복종시키기 위해서는 인내심이 필요하다.

Patience is needed to make a dog obey.

~기 위해서 (in order to).

5

그는 신의 뜻에 복종하며 평생을 살았다.

He lived his whole life obeying the will of God.

~하며 (while/as).

6

복종이 항상 미덕인 것은 아니다.

Obedience is not always a virtue.

Partial negation ~는 것은 아니다.

7

그녀는 관습에 복종하기를 거부하고 길을 떠났다.

She refused to obey customs and left on a journey.

~기를 거부하다 (refuse to).

8

어떤 상황에서도 법에 복종해야 한다고 배웠다.

I learned that one must obey the law in any situation.

Indirect quotation ~고 배웠다.

1

맹목적인 복종은 이성적인 판단을 흐리게 한다.

Blind obedience clouds rational judgment.

Abstract academic terminology.

2

시민들은 불의한 법에 복종하기를 멈추고 거리로 나왔다.

Citizens stopped obeying unjust laws and took to the streets.

Complex sentence with multiple clauses.

3

권위주의 체제는 국민의 절대적 복종을 요구한다.

Authoritarian regimes demand the absolute obedience of the people.

Political/Sociological terminology.

4

그의 행동은 조직의 규율에 복종하겠다는 의지의 표현이었다.

His action was an expression of his will to obey the organization's discipline.

Attributive form ~겠다는 (intent).

5

인간은 때때로 자신의 본능에 복종하는 경향이 있다.

Humans sometimes have a tendency to obey/submit to their instincts.

~는 경향이 있다 (have a tendency to).

6

복종과 저항 사이의 갈등이 이 소설의 주제이다.

The conflict between obedience and resistance is the theme of this novel.

Noun-based thematic statement.

7

그는 상급자의 권위에 복종함으로써 충성심을 증명했다.

He proved his loyalty by obeying the authority of his superior.

~함으로써 (by doing).

8

진정한 자유란 스스로 만든 법에 복종하는 것이다.

True freedom is obeying the laws one has made for oneself.

Philosophical definition structure.

1

역사적으로 복종의 미덕은 통치 수단으로 이용되어 왔다.

Historically, the virtue of obedience has been used as a means of governance.

Present perfect passive ~어 왔다.

2

그는 죽음이라는 절대적 진리에 복종할 수밖에 없는 인간의 숙명을 노래했다.

He sang of the human fate of having no choice but to obey the absolute truth called death.

Highly literary/poetic structure.

3

권력에 대한 복종이 내면화될 때, 지배는 완성된다.

When obedience to power is internalized, domination is complete.

Sociological/Philosophical analysis.

4

그의 침묵은 복종이 아니라 소리 없는 저항이었다.

His silence was not obedience, but a voiceless resistance.

Negative contrast A-가 아니라 B-이다.

5

법치주의 국가에서 법에 대한 복종은 계약의 산물이다.

In a state ruled by law, obedience to the law is a product of a contract.

Legal/Theoretical terminology.

6

종교적 열망은 신성한 명령에 대한 무조건적 복종으로 나타나기도 한다.

Religious aspiration sometimes manifests as unconditional obedience to divine commands.

Complex noun phrases.

7

그는 사회적 압력에 복종하기를 거부하는 소수자의 목소리를 대변했다.

He represented the voices of minorities who refuse to obey social pressure.

Representational verb '대변하다'.

8

복종의 심리학을 이해하는 것은 대중 선동을 막는 첫걸음이다.

Understanding the psychology of obedience is the first step in preventing mass demagoguery.

Gerund subject '이해하는 것'.

Colocações comuns

명령에 복종하다
법에 복종하다
무조건 복종하다
권위에 복종하다
신의 뜻에 복종하다
운명에 복종하다
철저히 복종하다
맹목적으로 복종하다
복종을 강요하다
복종 훈련

Frases Comuns

절대 복종

— Absolute obedience. Used in the military or very strict organizations.

우리 부대의 교훈은 절대 복종이다.

시민 불복종

— Civil disobedience. Refusing to obey laws as a form of protest.

그는 시민 불복종 운동을 주도했다.

복종의 미덕

— The virtue of obedience. Often used in traditional or moral discussions.

옛날에는 복종의 미덕을 강조했다.

복종할 권리

— The right to obey. A paradoxical phrase sometimes used in philosophy.

그는 복종할 권리조차 박탈당했다.

강제적 복종

— Forced obedience. Compliance achieved through threats or power.

강제적 복종은 오래가지 못한다.

자발적 복종

— Voluntary obedience. Choosing to follow an authority willingly.

그들은 리더에게 자발적 복종을 보여주었다.

복종 관계

— A relationship of obedience. A hierarchical power dynamic.

두 사람 사이에는 복종 관계가 형성되었다.

복종을 맹세하다

— To swear obedience/loyalty. Used in historical or formal oaths.

기사는 왕에게 복종을 맹세했다.

복종을 거부하다

— To refuse to obey. An act of defiance.

그는 부당한 명령에 복종을 거부했다.

복종의 자세

— An attitude/posture of obedience.

그는 낮은 목소리로 복종의 자세를 취했다.

Expressões idiomáticas

"죽는 시늉까지 하다"

— To do anything one is told, even pretending to die. High level of obedience.

그는 상사가 시키면 죽는 시늉까지 할 사람이다.

Informal
"손이 발이 되도록 빌다"

— To beg so much that hands become feet. Absolute submission when apologizing.

그는 용서를 구하며 손이 발이 되도록 빌었다.

Neutral
"고개를 숙이다"

— To bow one's head. A sign of submission or obedience.

그는 권력 앞에 고개를 숙였다.

Neutral
"무릎을 꿇다"

— To kneel. To submit or obey completely under pressure.

그는 결국 강자 앞에 무릎을 꿇었다.

Neutral
"네네 하다"

— To constantly say 'yes, yes'. To be overly obedient without thought.

상사 앞에서 네네만 하지 말고 의견을 말해라.

Informal
"군소리 없이 따르다"

— To follow without a single grumble. Perfect obedience.

그는 군소리 없이 명령에 따랐다.

Neutral
"바람보다 먼저 눕다"

— To lie down before the wind blows. To submit/obey even before being asked.

그는 권력의 눈치를 보며 바람보다 먼저 누웠다.

Literary
"시키는 대로 하다"

— To do exactly as told.

그냥 시키는 대로 해.

Casual
"말 한마디에 죽고 살다"

— To live or die by a single word. Absolute obedience to someone's command.

그는 대장의 말 한마디에 죽고 사는 사람이다.

Dramatic
"꼬리를 내리다"

— To lower one's tail. To submit or become obedient after being aggressive.

그는 상대가 강하다는 것을 알고 꼬리를 내렸다.

Informal

Família de palavras

Substantivos

복종 Obedience, submission
복종심 Spirit of obedience
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