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B2 noun 8 min de leitura

纹理

wénlǐ
Exemplos 纹理 em 30 segundos
Explicação 纹理 in your Level:
At the A1 level, think of 纹理 (wén lǐ) as 'lines' or 'patterns' you see on natural things like wood or leaves. You don't need to use this word often, but you might hear it when someone describes a beautiful table or a leaf. It is a noun. You can say '木头的纹理' (the lines on the wood) or '大理石的纹理' (the lines on the marble). Just remember it describes the natural look of a surface. At this stage, you can simply understand it as 'the pattern on a material.' It helps you describe things more specifically than just saying 'it looks good.' For example, if you see a tree, the bark has a rough 'texture' or 'lines.' That is 纹理. It's a bit more advanced than 'color' (颜色) or 'shape' (形状), but it's very useful for describing the world around you.
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At the A2 level, you can start using 纹理 (wén lǐ) to describe everyday objects more clearly. You might use it to talk about your clothes, furniture, or things in nature. It is often used with '的' to show possession, like '衣服的纹理' (the texture of the clothes). You can also use simple adjectives like '漂亮' (beautiful) or '不清楚' (not clear) to describe it. For instance, '这块布的纹理很漂亮' (The texture of this cloth is very beautiful). Understanding this word helps you move beyond basic descriptions. You can now distinguish between a solid color and a material that has natural lines or grains. It’s a great word to use when shopping for gifts or home decor, as it shows you appreciate the details of an object.
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By B1, you should be able to use 纹理 (wén lǐ) in more specific contexts, such as hobbies, art, or basic professional settings. You can use it to describe the 'grain' of wood when talking about DIY projects or the 'texture' of paper in a drawing class. You should also start using more specific adjectives like '细腻' (fine/delicate) and '粗糙' (rough). For example, '这张纸的纹理很细腻，适合画素描' (The texture of this paper is very fine, suitable for sketching). You might also encounter this word in skincare contexts, referring to 'skin texture.' It's a key word for describing the physical characteristics of materials in a way that sounds more natural and less like a beginner. You are starting to see how 纹理 is different from a simple 'pattern' (花纹).
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At the B2 level (the target level for this word), 纹理 (wén lǐ) is a standard part of your descriptive vocabulary. You should use it confidently in professional discussions about design, architecture, materials science, or art. You understand that 纹理 refers to the structural or organic patterns of a surface. You can use it in complex sentences, such as '这种石材的纹理呈现出一种天然的律动感' (The veining of this stone presents a natural sense of rhythm). You also know how to distinguish it from related terms like '质感' (tactile texture) and '肌理' (artistic texture). In a business or technical setting, you might use it to discuss 'texture mapping' in software or the 'grain direction' in manufacturing. It is a word that adds precision and depth to your Chinese communication.
At the C1 level, you use 纹理 (wén lǐ) with nuance and can apply it metaphorically. You might discuss the 'texture of a society' (社会的纹理) or the 'texture of a narrative' (叙事的纹理), referring to the complex, interwoven layers of history, culture, or plot. Your vocabulary includes highly specific adjectives to describe textures, such as '斑驳' (mottled), '纵横交错' (crisscrossed), or '丝滑' (silky). You can appreciate and describe how 纹理 contributes to the overall 'aesthetic' (美感) of a space or an object. In academic or literary writing, you use the word to provide vivid, sensory details that bring your descriptions to life. You understand the historical and cultural connotations of the characters—how '纹' relates to silk patterns and '理' relates to the veins in jade.
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At the C2 level, 纹理 (wén lǐ) is used with absolute precision in specialized fields. In geology, you use it to describe the 'foliation' or 'bedding' of rocks. In biology, you use it for the microscopic 'striation' of muscles or the 'venation' of leaves. In high-level art criticism, you might debate the '肌理' versus the '纹理' of a canvas, discussing how the physical application of paint creates a visual language. You can use the word in philosophical contexts, perhaps referencing Neo-Confucian concepts of '理' (principle) as manifested in the physical world's patterns. Your mastery is such that you can use the word in poetry or advanced technical reports with equal ease, always choosing the exact term that fits the structural and aesthetic requirements of the context.
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Exemplos

纹理 em 30 segundos

  • 纹理 means texture, grain, or veining on a surface.
  • It is primarily a noun used for materials like wood and stone.
  • Common adjectives include '清晰' (clear) and '细腻' (fine).
  • It differs from '花纹' (decorative pattern) and '质感' (physical feel).

The Chinese word 纹理 (wén lǐ) is a sophisticated noun that primarily translates to 'texture,' 'grain,' or 'veining.' At its core, it describes the natural or artificial patterns found on the surface or within the structure of a material. Unlike a simple 'pattern' (花纹), which might be printed or decorative, 纹理 often implies an organic, inherent, or structural quality. It is the visual and sometimes tactile manifestation of how something is put together.

Natural Materials
When discussing wood, 纹理 refers to the 'grain'—the lines and swirls created by the tree's growth rings. For stones like marble or granite, it refers to the 'veining' or 'marbling' that gives the rock its unique character. In these contexts, the word emphasizes the beauty of nature's design.
Art and Design
Artists use 纹理 to describe the brushstrokes in an oil painting or the surface quality of a sculpture. In modern digital design and 3D modeling, 'texture mapping' is often translated using this term, referring to the surface details applied to a 3D object to make it look realistic, such as the roughness of a brick wall or the smoothness of polished metal.
Human and Biological Contexts
In skincare or biology, 纹理 can describe the texture of the skin, the fibers of a muscle, or the intricate patterns of a leaf. If someone says their skin 纹理粗糙 (texture is rough), they are referring to the fine lines and pores on the surface.

木材的纹理清晰可见，显示出它悠久的历史。(The grain of the wood is clearly visible, showing its long history.)

Professionals in architecture, interior design, and materials science frequently use this term. For instance, a designer might choose a specific type of walnut wood because its 纹理 is 'rich and deep' (纹理深邃). Similarly, a geologist might analyze the 纹理 of a rock to determine how it was formed over millions of years. It is a word that bridges the gap between scientific observation and aesthetic appreciation.

这件陶瓷作品表面的纹理是手工雕刻出来的。(The texture on the surface of this ceramic piece was carved by hand.)

Abstract Usage
Occasionally, 纹理 is used metaphorically to describe the 'texture' of a piece of music, literature, or even a society. It suggests a complex, layered structure that gives something its unique identity. For example, the 'texture of life' (生活的纹理) refers to the intricate details and experiences that make up a human existence.

Using 纹理 (wén lǐ) correctly involves understanding its role as a noun and the adjectives that typically modify it. It often appears in the structure '[Noun] + 的 + 纹理' or is modified by adjectives describing clarity, complexity, or beauty.

Describing Clarity
To say a texture is clear or well-defined, use 清晰 (qīngxī). For example: '大理石的纹理非常清晰' (The veining of the marble is very clear). Conversely, if the texture is faint or blurry, use 模糊 (móhu).
Describing Quality
To describe a fine, smooth texture, use 细腻 (xìnì). This is common for skin, silk, or high-quality paper. To describe a rough or coarse texture, use 粗糙 (cūcāo). For example: '这种纸张的纹理很细腻' (The texture of this paper is very fine).

通过观察岩石的纹理，地质学家可以判断它的成因。(By observing the texture of the rock, geologists can determine its origin.)

In grammatical terms, 纹理 acts as a standard noun. It can be the subject of a sentence, the object of a verb, or part of a possessive phrase. It is rarely used as a verb itself.

As a Subject
纹理 can lead a sentence: '纹理决定了这块木头的价值' (The grain determines the value of this piece of wood).
As an Object
You can 'observe' or 'touch' it: '他在仔细观察叶片的纹理' (He is carefully observing the texture of the leaf blade).

这块布料的纹理呈现出一种自然的起伏感。(The texture of this fabric presents a natural sense of undulation.)

You will encounter 纹理 (wén lǐ) in several specific real-world environments. It is not a word used every second in casual slang, but it is indispensable in professional and descriptive contexts.

In a Furniture Store or Carpentry Shop
If you are buying a dining table, the salesperson might point out the 'natural grain' of the solid wood. They might say, '你看，这块胡桃木的纹理非常漂亮' (Look, the grain of this walnut wood is very beautiful). Here, 纹理 is a selling point that indicates quality and authenticity.
In Art Museums and Galleries
When listening to an audio guide or reading a plaque, you'll hear about the 'surface texture' of a masterpiece. Critics might discuss how the artist used heavy paint to create a 'rugged texture' (粗犷的纹理) that evokes emotion. It helps describe the physical presence of the art.
In Skincare and Beauty Advertisements
Cosmetics brands often talk about 'improving skin texture' (改善肌肤纹理). Commercials for serums or lotions promise to make your skin 'smooth and fine' (细腻). You'll see this word on the packaging of many high-end beauty products in China.

这幅抽象画通过多层次的油彩堆砌，形成了独特的纹理。(This abstract painting creates a unique texture through multiple layers of oil paint.)

In the world of technology, specifically computer graphics, 纹理 is everywhere. Game developers talk about 'high-resolution textures' (高分辨率纹理). If you are into photography, you might hear about capturing the 'fine texture' of a subject under macro lighting. It is a word of detail and precision.

为了让游戏画面更真实，设计师增加了墙壁的纹理细节。(To make the game graphics more realistic, the designer added texture details to the walls.)

While 纹理 (wén lǐ) is straightforward in many ways, English speakers often confuse it with other words that mean 'pattern' or 'feel.' Understanding these nuances will help you sound more like a native speaker.

Confusion with 花纹 (huāwén)
花纹 usually refers to decorative patterns, often man-made or printed, like the floral pattern on a dress or the geometric design on a rug. 纹理, however, refers to the structural grain or texture. You wouldn't say a polka-dot dress has a 'polka-dot 纹理'; that would be a 'polka-dot 花纹.'
Confusion with 质感 (zhìgǎn)
质感 means 'texture' in the sense of the physical feel or the quality of a material (e.g., 'This fabric feels expensive'). 纹理 is primarily visual—the lines you see. While they are related, 质感 is broader and more subjective.

错误：这件T恤上的卡通纹理很可爱。(Wrong: The cartoon 'texture' on this T-shirt is cute.)
正确：这件T恤上的卡通花纹很可爱。(Right: The cartoon pattern on this T-shirt is cute.)

Another mistake is using 纹理 to describe the 'texture' of food in terms of mouthfeel. For that, Chinese usually uses 口感 (kǒugǎn). If you want to say a steak is 'tender,' you talk about its 口感, not its 纹理 (though you might discuss the 纹理 of the raw meat to show its marbling).

Overusing it for Shapes
Sometimes learners use 纹理 to describe any line or shape. Remember, 纹理 implies a repetitive or organic structure. A single line on a piece of paper is just a 线条 (xiàntiáo), not a 纹理.

To truly master 纹理 (wén lǐ), it helps to compare it with its synonyms and related terms. Each has a slightly different shade of meaning.

肌理 (jīlǐ)
Originally referring to the texture of skin and muscles, 肌理 is now a common term in art criticism. It refers to the physical 'build-up' or 'surface structure' of a work of art. It is more academic and artistic than 纹理.
脉络 (màiluò)
Literally 'veins and arteries,' this word is used metaphorically to describe the 'thread' or 'context' of a story or an argument. Use this when you are talking about the 'texture' of a narrative rather than a physical surface.
条纹 (tiáowén)
This specifically refers to 'stripes.' If the texture consists only of parallel lines, 条纹 is more precise. A zebra has 条纹, while a piece of wood has 纹理.

比较：
1. 这块石头的纹理很乱。(The veining of this stone is messy.)
2. 斑马身上的条纹很整齐。(The stripes on the zebra are very neat.)

In some contexts, 纹路 (wénlù) is used interchangeably with 纹理. However, 纹路 is slightly more colloquial and often refers to simple lines on a surface, like the lines on your palm (掌纹 or 手上的纹路). 纹理 sounds more formal and structural.

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Exemplos por nível

1

看这块木头的纹理。

Look at the grain of this wood.

Simple imperative sentence using '看' (look).

2

叶子的纹理很美。

The lines on the leaf are very beautiful.

Subject (叶子的纹理) + Adjective (很美).

3

这块石头有纹理。

This stone has a pattern/texture.

Using '有' (to have) to describe a feature.

4

我不喜欢这个纹理。

I don't like this texture.

Negative sentence using '不喜欢'.

5

纹理是什么意思？

What does 'wenli' mean?

Standard question format for definitions.

6

大理石的纹理是白的。

The marble's veining is white.

Describing the color of the texture.

7

纸上有细小的纹理。

There are small textures on the paper.

Using '有' to describe existence on a surface.

8

这个纹理很清楚。

This texture is very clear.

Using '清楚' (clear) as a predicate adjective.

1

这件衣服的纹理很特别。

The texture of this clothing is very special.

Possessive '的' connecting noun and its attribute.

2

你可以摸到木头的纹理。

You can feel the grain of the wood.

Using '摸到' (to feel/touch) with a noun object.

3

大自然的纹理到处都是。

Nature's textures are everywhere.

'到处都是' (everywhere) as a predicate.

4

这张照片拍出了树皮的纹理。

This photo captured the texture of the bark.

Resultative complement '拍出' (photograph out/capture).

5

不同种类的木头有不同的纹理。

Different kinds of wood have different grains.

Comparing two subjects with '不同'.

6

这块布料的纹理很粗糙。

The texture of this fabric is very rough.

Using '粗糙' (rough) to describe texture.

7

我想买纹理清晰的桌子。

I want to buy a table with clear grain.

Using '纹理清晰' as an adjective phrase modifying '桌子'.

8

墙上的纹理看起来像云。

The texture on the wall looks like clouds.

'看起来像' (looks like) comparison.

1

这种纸张的纹理非常适合画素描。

The texture of this paper is very suitable for sketching.

'适合' (suitable for) + Verb phrase.

2

护肤品可以改善皮肤的纹理。

Skincare products can improve skin texture.

Subject (护肤品) + Verb (改善) + Object (皮肤的纹理).

3

大理石的天然纹理让它看起来很高档。

The natural veining of marble makes it look high-end.

Causative structure '让...看起来...'.

4

由于光线的原因，纹理变得不明显了。

Due to the lighting, the texture became less obvious.

'由于...的原因' (Due to the reason of...).

5

这些岩石的纹理记录了地球的历史。

The texture of these rocks records the history of the Earth.

Metaphorical use of '记录' (to record).

6

你可以通过纹理来分辨真假皮革。

You can distinguish real from fake leather by the texture.

'通过...来...' (By means of... to...).

7

这件雕塑表面的纹理非常有层次感。

The texture on the surface of this sculpture is very layered.

'有层次感' (to have a sense of layering).

8

虽然颜色单调，但纹理却很丰富。

Although the color is monotonous, the texture is rich.

'虽然...但...却...' (Although... but... however...).

1

设计师巧妙地利用了材料的原始纹理。

The designer skillfully utilized the material's original texture.

Adverbial '巧妙地' (skillfully) modifying '利用'.

2

在3D建模中，纹理映射是关键的一步。

In 3D modeling, texture mapping is a key step.

Technical term usage '纹理映射'.

3

这块胡桃木的纹理交错，质地坚硬。

This walnut wood has an interlocked grain and a hard texture.

Describing multiple properties of a material.

4

为了追求真实感，他仔细刻画了每一个纹理。

In pursuit of realism, he carefully depicted every texture.

'为了...追求...' (In order to pursue...).

5

岩石的纹理走向反映了地壳的运动。

The orientation of the rock's texture reflects the movement of the Earth's crust.

Subject '纹理走向' (orientation of texture).

6

这种丝绸的纹理在阳光下闪烁着光泽。

The texture of this silk shimmers with luster in the sunlight.

Describing visual effects '闪烁着光泽'.

7

他在显微镜下观察肌肉纤维的纹理。

He observed the texture of muscle fibers under a microscope.

Prepositional phrase '在显微镜下'.

8

建筑表面的凹凸纹理增加了光影效果。

The uneven texture on the building's surface increases the light and shadow effects.

Compound adjective '凹凸' (uneven/bumpy).

1

作家的笔触细腻，勾勒出生活的复杂纹理。

The writer's brushstrokes are delicate, outlining the complex texture of life.

Metaphorical use of '纹理' for abstract concepts.

2

古城的街道保留了历史交织出的独特纹理。

The streets of the ancient city retain the unique texture interwoven by history.

Abstract usage referring to urban layout and history.

3

这种陶瓷的裂纹理呈现出一种残缺的美感。

The crackle texture of this ceramic presents a beauty of imperfection.

Noun '美感' (aesthetic sense).

4

音乐的纹理不仅取决于旋律，还取决于和声。

The texture of music depends not only on melody but also on harmony.

'不仅...还...' (Not only... but also...).

5

这片土地的纹理是千百年来风化和侵蚀的结果。

The texture of this land is the result of weathering and erosion over thousands of years.

Scientific/geographical description.

6

他试图在作品中捕捉到情感的微妙纹理。

He tries to capture the subtle textures of emotion in his work.

Abstract use of '情感的纹理'.

7

这些古老文献的纸张纹理已经变得极其脆弱。

The paper texture of these ancient documents has become extremely fragile.

Adverb '极其' (extremely) modifying '脆弱'.

8

通过研究社会纹理，我们可以更好地理解群体行为。

By studying social texture, we can better understand group behavior.

Sociological context.

1

该矿石的晶体纹理在偏振光下显示出干涉色。

The crystal texture of the ore shows interference colors under polarized light.

Highly technical scientific terminology.

2

这种材料的微观纹理决定了其宏观的力学性能。

The microscopic texture of this material determines its macroscopic mechanical properties.

Academic structure '决定了其...'.

3

在后现代建筑理论中，纹理被视为空间的延伸。

In postmodern architectural theory, texture is viewed as an extension of space.

Passive voice '被视为' (is viewed as).

4

这幅壁画的纹理剥落现象引起了文物专家的关注。

The peeling phenomenon of the mural's texture has attracted the attention of cultural relic experts.

Complex noun phrase as subject.

5

文学作品的叙事纹理往往蕴含着深层的文化密码。

The narrative texture of literary works often contains deep-seated cultural codes.

Abstract literary analysis.

6

地层纹理的倒置为地质灾害的预警提供了依据。

The inversion of stratigraphic textures provides a basis for geological disaster early warning.

Technical term '地层纹理' (stratigraphic texture).

7

艺术家通过对肌理与纹理的解构，挑战了传统的审美观。

By deconstructing texture and structure, the artist challenged traditional aesthetic views.

Using '对...的解构' (deconstruction of...).

8

神经元网络的纹理分布是神经科学研究的前沿课题。

The texture distribution of neuronal networks is a cutting-edge topic in neuroscience research.

Complex scientific subject.

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