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A2 noun 13分钟阅读

die Kraft

例句
解析 die Kraft in your Level:
At the A1 beginner level, 'die Kraft' is introduced as a simple noun meaning 'strength' or 'power'. You will mostly encounter it in the context of physical ability or basic health. When you are learning how to describe people, you might learn the adjective 'kräftig' (strong) alongside the noun 'die Kraft'. For example, if someone is very strong and can lift heavy things, they have 'viel Kraft' (a lot of strength). Conversely, if someone is sick or tired, they might say 'Ich habe keine Kraft' (I have no strength). At this stage, you do not need to worry about complex idioms or legal jargon. Focus on recognizing the word when people talk about their physical condition or when describing the weather, like the strength of the wind. You should also learn that it is a feminine noun, so it uses 'die' in the nominative case. A very simple and useful sentence to memorize is 'Das kostet viel Kraft', which means 'That takes a lot of strength' or 'That is exhausting'. This can be used for physical tasks like moving furniture, or mental tasks like studying for a long German test. Remember the plural form 'die Kräfte' just in case you hear it, but at A1, sticking to the singular form for basic physical descriptions is perfectly adequate. As you practice, try to associate 'die Kraft' with the image of a strong person or a battery full of energy.
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At the A2 elementary level, your understanding of 'die Kraft' expands significantly. You are no longer just talking about lifting heavy objects; you start using the word to express emotional states, exhaustion, and everyday idioms. A crucial phrase to learn at this level is 'zu Kräften kommen' (to regain one's strength) or 'am Ende seiner Kräfte sein' (to be at the end of one's strength). Notice that these common phrases use the plural form 'Kräfte' and often involve the dative case. You will also start encountering compound nouns where 'Kraft' is the second part of the word. For example, 'das Kraftwerk' (power plant) or 'die Arbeitskraft' (workforce/worker). This shows how German builds new concepts by combining basic words. At A2, you should also be comfortable using 'Kraft' with prepositions. The phrase 'mit aller Kraft' (with all one's might) is extremely common when describing someone trying very hard to do something. For example: 'Er zieht mit aller Kraft an der Tür' (He pulls on the door with all his might). You are also expected to distinguish 'die Kraft' from similar words like 'die Energie' (energy). While they can sometimes be used interchangeably when talking about personal stamina, 'Kraft' feels slightly more physical and deeply rooted in German idiom. Keep practicing the plural 'die Kräfte' and pay attention to the umlaut, as mispronouncing it as 'Krafte' is a common beginner mistake that you should iron out at the A2 level.
At the B1 intermediate level, 'die Kraft' becomes a gateway to more complex societal, scientific, and abstract discussions. You are now expected to read longer texts, such as news articles or short stories, where 'die Kraft' appears in various contexts. One of the most important new usages you must master at B1 is the legal and administrative phrase 'in Kraft treten' (to come into effect). When you read the news, you will constantly see sentences like 'Das neue Gesetz tritt morgen in Kraft' (The new law comes into effect tomorrow). You must treat this phrase as a fixed unit. Furthermore, you will encounter 'Kraft' in scientific contexts, especially physics. Words like 'die Schwerkraft' (gravity) and 'die Fliehkraft' (centrifugal force) are standard B1 vocabulary when discussing nature or science. At this level, you should also be able to express the concept of achieving something independently using the phrase 'aus eigener Kraft' (by one's own efforts). For instance, 'Sie hat die Prüfung aus eigener Kraft bestanden' (She passed the exam by her own efforts, without help). Emotionally, 'Kraft' is used to talk about resilience. Wishing someone 'viel Kraft' during a difficult time, such as an illness or a family tragedy, is a culturally important empathetic response that every B1 learner should know. You should also be fully comfortable with the declension of 'die Kraft' in all four cases, recognizing 'der Kraft' in the dative and genitive singular without hesitation.
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At the B2 upper-intermediate level, your use of 'die Kraft' should be highly nuanced and precise. You are expected to easily distinguish between 'Kraft', 'Macht', 'Stärke', and 'Gewalt', and use each appropriately. Using 'Kraft' when you mean political 'Macht' is a mistake you should no longer make. At B2, you will engage in debates and write essays on topics like the economy, the environment, and society. Therefore, terms like 'erneuerbare Energien' and 'Windkraftanlagen' (wind turbines) or 'Wasserkraft' (hydropower) will be part of your active vocabulary. In discussions about the labor market, you will frequently use 'die Fachkraft' (skilled worker) and 'der Fachkräftemangel' (shortage of skilled workers). You will also encounter 'kraft' used as a genitive preposition in formal texts, meaning 'by virtue of'. For example, 'kraft seines Amtes' (by virtue of his office). While you might not use this preposition daily in spoken German, you must understand it when reading formal articles or literature. Idiomatically, your repertoire should expand to include phrases like 'außer Kraft setzen' (to suspend/annul a law or rule) and 'etwas kostet mich meine letzte Kraft' (something costs me my last ounce of strength). You should also be comfortable using adjectives derived from 'Kraft', such as 'kraftlos' (powerless/weak), 'kräftig' (strong/robust), and 'kraftvoll' (powerful/energetic), integrating them seamlessly into complex sentence structures with subordinate clauses and passive voice.
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At the C1 advanced level, you demonstrate mastery over the subtle, abstract, and literary uses of 'die Kraft'. You understand how the word functions not just as a descriptor of physical or legal reality, but as a philosophical and rhetorical device. You will encounter concepts like 'die Vorstellungskraft' (the power of imagination), 'die Überzeugungskraft' (the power of persuasion), and 'die Strahlkraft' (radiance/appeal, often used metaphorically for a brand or a city's attractiveness). At this level, you are reading complex literature, academic papers, and high-level journalism. You will appreciate the poetic resonance of phrases like 'die heilende Kraft der Natur' (the healing power of nature) or 'die treibende Kraft' (the driving force) behind a social movement. You are also fully adept at using 'kraft' as a preposition with the genitive case in your own formal writing, producing sentences like 'Kraft des mir verliehenen Amtes...' (By virtue of the office vested in me...). Your understanding of compound nouns is sophisticated enough that you can instantly comprehend or even invent new compounds using '-kraft' as a suffix to denote a specific type of worker or energy source, depending on the context. You recognize the stylistic difference between saying 'Er ist sehr stark' and 'Er strotzt vor Kraft' (He is bursting with strength). At C1, your use of 'die Kraft' reflects a deep cultural and linguistic immersion, allowing you to express complex emotional resilience, political dynamics, and abstract energies with the precision of an educated native speaker.
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At the C2 mastery level, your command of 'die Kraft' is indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker. You navigate the entire spectrum of its meanings—from the colloquial to the archaic, from the highly technical to the poetic—with effortless intuition. You understand the historical and etymological weight of the word, recognizing its presence in classical German literature, such as in Goethe's 'Faust', where 'Kraft' is tied to the fundamental essence of the universe ('Was die Welt im Innersten zusammenhält...'). You effortlessly employ highly idiomatic and less common expressions, such as 'mit letzter Kraft' (with one's dying breath / last ounce of strength) or 'weder Kraft noch Saft haben' (to be completely lifeless or lacking vigor). In academic or professional discourse, you manipulate complex compounds like 'Innovationskraft' (innovative capacity) or 'Wirtschaftskraft' (economic power) to articulate sophisticated arguments about global trends. You are also acutely aware of the sociolinguistic registers, knowing exactly when a phrase like 'in Kraft treten' is mandatory in legal drafting, and when a more descriptive verb is better suited for a literary essay. You can deconstruct the semantic boundaries between 'Kraft', 'Wucht', 'Energie', and 'Potenzial', and play with these nuances to achieve specific rhetorical effects in public speaking or advanced writing. At this pinnacle of language proficiency, 'die Kraft' is not merely a vocabulary item, but a conceptual tool that you wield with absolute precision, elegance, and cultural resonance.
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例句
The German noun 'die Kraft' is an incredibly versatile and fundamental word that translates most directly to 'strength', 'power', or 'force' in English. It is a feminine noun, meaning it uses the definite article 'die' in the nominative and accusative cases, 'der' in the dative and genitive cases, and its plural form is 'die Kräfte'. Understanding 'die Kraft' requires looking at its various dimensions of meaning, as it is not limited to just physical strength, but extends into mental, natural, legal, and abstract realms. When people use this word, they might be talking about a weightlifter's physical capability, a person's emotional resilience during a difficult time, the invisible forces of physics like gravity, or the legal validity of a new law.
Physical Strength
In everyday language, 'die Kraft' often refers to muscular or bodily strength. If someone is lifting heavy boxes, recovering from an illness, or training in the gym, they need 'Kraft'. It is the biological and physiological capacity to exert force.

Er hat nicht genug Kraft, um das schwere Sofa allein zu heben.

Beyond the physical, 'die Kraft' is heavily used to describe mental, emotional, and psychological fortitude. When someone goes through a tragedy, experiences burnout, or faces a massive intellectual challenge, they speak of their 'Kräfte' (plural) or their inner 'Kraft'. It is the energy required to persevere, make decisions, and maintain one's mental health.
Mental and Emotional Fortitude
This refers to willpower, resilience, and emotional energy. People often say they are 'at the end of their strength' (am Ende ihrer Kräfte) when they are mentally exhausted.

Sie bewies unglaubliche innere Kraft während ihrer langen Krankheit.

In the realm of science and nature, 'die Kraft' is the exact equivalent of the English word 'force'. Physics relies heavily on this term. Gravity is 'die Schwerkraft', centrifugal force is 'die Fliehkraft', and magnetic force is 'die Magnetkraft'. In this context, it is a measurable, objective phenomenon that causes objects to accelerate or deform.
Scientific and Natural Forces
Used in physics and natural sciences to describe interactions that change the motion of an object, such as wind power (Windkraft) or water power (Wasserkraft).

Die Kraft des Wassers zerstörte die alte Brücke vollständig.

Another highly common and specific use of the word is in the legal and administrative sector. When a law, a contract, or a regulation becomes officially valid and enforceable, it 'steps into force' (tritt in Kraft). Conversely, when it is annulled or suspended, it is 'put out of force' (außer Kraft gesetzt). This is a rigid, formal construction that you will hear constantly on the news or read in official documents.

Das neue Gesetz tritt am ersten Januar in Kraft.

Finally, 'die Kraft' is frequently used as a suffix to denote personnel or workers in a specific field. For instance, 'die Arbeitskraft' means workforce or worker, 'die Lehrkraft' means teaching staff or teacher, and 'die Fachkraft' means a skilled worker or specialist. In these compounds, 'Kraft' represents the human energy and capability applied to a specific profession or task.

Wir suchen eine qualifizierte Fachkraft für unser Team.

To summarize, 'die Kraft' is a deeply embedded concept in the German language, bridging the gap between the physical muscles of a human body, the emotional resilience of the human spirit, the fundamental laws of physics, the strict rules of jurisprudence, and the economic value of human labor. Mastering this word opens up a vast array of expressive possibilities in German.
Using 'die Kraft' correctly in a sentence requires a solid understanding of German noun cases, prepositions, and common collocations. Because it is a feminine noun, its declension is relatively straightforward compared to masculine or neuter nouns, but the phrases it appears in often dictate specific grammatical structures. Let us explore how to integrate 'die Kraft' seamlessly into your German sentences across various contexts, cases, and idiomatic structures.
Nominative and Accusative Cases
In the nominative case (as the subject) and accusative case (as the direct object), the article is 'die'. The form of the noun 'Kraft' does not change.

Die Kraft des Windes ist heute enorm. (Nominative)

Ich habe die Kraft verloren, weiterzumachen. (Accusative)

When 'die Kraft' is the subject of the sentence, it often performs actions related to moving, destroying, or influencing things. When it is the direct object, it is usually something that a person has, loses, needs, or uses. Verben like 'haben' (to have), 'brauchen' (to need), 'verlieren' (to lose), and 'sammeln' (to gather) are extremely common companions.
Dative Case and Prepositions
In the dative case, the article changes to 'der'. Many common expressions with 'Kraft' use dative prepositions like 'mit' (with) or 'aus' (from).

Er schlug mit voller Kraft gegen die Tür.

The phrase 'mit aller Kraft' (with all one's might) is a fixed expression that you will hear frequently. Notice that 'aller' is the dative feminine ending for the pronoun 'all'. You can also say 'aus eigener Kraft' (under one's own power / by one's own efforts), which is used when someone achieves something without help from others.

Sie hat das Unternehmen aus eigener Kraft aufgebaut.

Genitive Case
In the genitive case, indicating possession or relationship, the article is 'der'. This is often used in formal writing, literature, and legal contexts.

Aufgrund der Kraft des Aufpralls wurde das Auto völlig zerstört.

Interestingly, 'kraft' can also function as a genitive preposition itself, meaning 'by virtue of' or 'on the authority of'. For example, 'kraft seines Amtes' means 'by virtue of his office'. This is highly formal and mostly found in legal or bureaucratic German. Finally, let us look at the plural form 'die Kräfte'. The plural is formed by adding an umlaut to the 'a' and an 'e' at the end: Kr-ä-f-t-e. In the dative plural, an 'n' is added: 'den Kräften'. The plural is used not only for multiple physical forces (like in physics) but very often for a person's overall energy reserves. When you are tired, your 'Kräfte' are dwindling. When a country mobilizes its military, it gathers its 'Streitkräfte' (armed forces). Understanding these nuances in sentence construction will elevate your German from a beginner level to a much more natural, native-sounding proficiency.
The word 'die Kraft' is ubiquitous in the German-speaking world. Because it encompasses so many different types of strength and energy, you will encounter it in almost every domain of daily life, from casual conversations with friends to highly technical scientific discussions, and from dramatic sports commentary to formal legal announcements. Understanding the contexts in which 'die Kraft' naturally appears will help you anticipate its usage and comprehend the subtle shifts in its meaning based on the environment.
Everyday Conversations and Health
In normal daily life, people frequently talk about their energy levels using 'Kraft'. If someone is sick, working too hard, or just generally exhausted, this word will undoubtedly come up.

Nach der Grippe hatte ich tagelang überhaupt keine Kraft mehr.

You will also hear it in the context of encouragement. Friends and family members wish each other 'viel Kraft' (much strength) when someone is facing a difficult situation, such as a bereavement, a tough exam period, or a challenging life transition. It is a standard, deeply empathetic phrase in German culture.
Sports and Fitness
In gyms, sports clubs, and athletic commentary, 'Kraft' is a technical term for physical power. It is distinguished from endurance (Ausdauer) and speed (Schnelligkeit).

Er macht dreimal pro Woche Krafttraining im Fitnessstudio.

News, Politics, and Law
If you watch the Tagesschau (German news) or read a newspaper, you will constantly hear about laws coming into force or political forces at play.

Die neuen Umweltrichtlinien treten nächste Woche in Kraft.

In political discourse, 'Kräfte' often refers to factions, groups, or movements. You might hear about 'konservative Kräfte' (conservative forces) or 'fortschrittliche Kräfte' (progressive forces) shaping society. Furthermore, the term 'Arbeitskraft' (workforce/labor) is central to economic discussions. A shortage of skilled workers is a frequent topic, referred to as the 'Fachkräftemangel' (shortage of skilled professionals).

Der Fachkräftemangel ist ein großes Problem für die deutsche Wirtschaft.

Finally, in literature, poetry, and philosophy, 'die Kraft' takes on a more profound, abstract meaning. It can refer to the life force (Lebenskraft), the power of imagination (Vorstellungskraft), or the driving force behind a narrative or historical event. It is a word that scales perfectly from the mundane act of opening a tight jar to the most elevated discussions of human existence and the universe's fundamental laws. By paying attention to these different domains, you will quickly realize that 'die Kraft' is not just a word you learn; it is a concept you continuously encounter in the German language.
While 'die Kraft' is a fundamental and frequently used word in German, it presents several traps for English speakers and other learners. Because the English word 'power' or 'strength' can be translated in multiple ways depending on the context, learners often misuse 'die Kraft' where another word would be more appropriate, or they make grammatical errors regarding its gender, pluralization, or integration into fixed idioms. Let us examine the most common mistakes and how to avoid them.
Confusing 'Kraft' with 'Macht'
The most frequent semantic mistake is using 'Kraft' when 'Macht' is required. Both can translate to 'power', but they mean very different things. 'Kraft' is physical, mental, or natural energy. 'Macht' is authority, control, or political power.

FALSCH: Der Präsident hat viel Kraft im Land.

RICHTIG: Der Präsident hat viel Macht im Land.

You would only say the president has 'viel Kraft' if you are talking about his ability to bench press heavy weights or his personal stamina, not his political influence.
Incorrect Plural Formation
Learners often struggle with German plurals. Because many feminine nouns add '-en' in the plural (like die Frau -> die Frauen), learners frequently invent the word 'die Kraften'. This is entirely incorrect.

FALSCH: Meine Kraften sind am Ende.

RICHTIG: Meine Kräfte sind am Ende.

Misusing Idioms
When translating 'to come into effect' or 'to take effect' regarding laws, English speakers sometimes try to translate literally, resulting in incomprehensible German.

FALSCH: Das Gesetz nimmt Effekt.

RICHTIG: Das Gesetz tritt in Kraft.

Another common error is using the wrong preposition with 'Kraft'. To say 'with all one's might', you must use 'mit'. To say 'by one's own efforts', you must use 'aus'. Mixing these up sounds very unnatural to a native speaker. You cannot say 'durch eigene Kraft' as commonly as 'aus eigener Kraft', and you certainly cannot say 'von aller Kraft' instead of 'mit aller Kraft'. Lastly, be careful not to confuse the noun 'die Kraft' with the adjective 'kräftig' (strong, powerful) or the adverbial use. If the soup tastes strongly of spices, it is 'kräftig', not 'hat viel Kraft'. If someone gives you a strong handshake, it is an 'kräftiger Händedruck'. Recognizing the boundaries between the noun form and its related adjectives is crucial for grammatical accuracy and natural expression in German.
The German language is rich in vocabulary related to strength, power, and energy. While 'die Kraft' is the most general and versatile term, there are several similar words and alternatives that carry specific nuances. Choosing the right word depends entirely on the context—whether you are talking about physical intensity, political dominance, scientific measurement, or emotional resilience. Let us explore the most common alternatives to 'die Kraft' and when you should use them instead.
Die Stärke (Strength / Fortitude)
'Die Stärke' is the closest synonym to 'die Kraft' when referring to personal strength, but it often leans more heavily toward inner, moral, or emotional strength, or the intensity of something. It is also used to describe someone's strong points or skills (strengths vs. weaknesses).

Geduld ist eine ihrer größten Stärken.

You would use 'Stärke' when talking about the strength of the wind (Windstärke) in a meteorological sense, whereas 'Windkraft' refers to wind power as an energy source.
Die Macht (Power / Authority / Might)
As mentioned in the common mistakes section, 'die Macht' is about control, authority, and influence over others. It is a social, political, or hierarchical concept.

Der König hatte absolute Macht über sein Reich.

Die Energie (Energy)
'Die Energie' is a direct cognate to the English 'energy'. It is used in physics (kinetic energy, potential energy) and to describe a person's vitality or liveliness. It overlaps with 'Kraft' when talking about personal stamina, but 'Energie' feels slightly more modern and is heavily used in the context of electricity and power generation.

Er steckt heute voller Energie und Tatendrang.

Die Gewalt (Violence / Extreme Force)
'Die Gewalt' usually translates to 'violence', but it can also mean a massive, uncontrollable force, especially in nature (Naturgewalt). It implies a destructive or forceful element that 'die Kraft' does not necessarily have.

Die Tür ließ sich nur mit Gewalt öffnen.

Finally, consider 'die Wucht' (impact/momentum/brute force). This is used when a heavy object hits something else. If a car crashes into a wall, it does so with immense 'Wucht'. While 'Kraft' causes the movement, 'Wucht' describes the heavy, impactful result of that movement. By understanding these subtle distinctions between Kraft, Stärke, Macht, Energie, Gewalt, and Wucht, you will be able to express yourself with the precision and eloquence of a native German speaker.
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按水平分级的例句

1

Der Mann hat viel Kraft.

The man has a lot of strength.

Nominative subject, accusative object 'viel Kraft'.

2

Ich habe heute keine Kraft.

I have no strength today.

Accusative object with negation 'keine'.

3

Das kostet mich viel Kraft.

That costs me a lot of strength.

Idiomatic use of 'kosten' (to cost) with 'Kraft'.

4

Sie braucht mehr Kraft für den Sport.

She needs more strength for the sport.

Accusative object after the verb 'brauchen'.

5

Der Wind hat eine große Kraft.

The wind has a great force.

Using 'Kraft' to describe natural forces at a basic level.

6

Er ist ohne Kraft.

He is without strength.

Preposition 'ohne' takes the accusative case.

7

Wir müssen Kraft sammeln.

We must gather strength.

Common collocation 'Kraft sammeln'.

8

Die Kraft des Wassers ist stark.

The force of the water is strong.

Genitive case 'des Wassers' indicating possession.

1

Ich bin am Ende meiner Kräfte.

I am at the end of my strength.

Fixed idiom using the plural genitive 'meiner Kräfte'.

2

Er zog mit aller Kraft an dem Seil.

He pulled on the rope with all his might.

Dative preposition 'mit' followed by 'aller Kraft'.

3

Nach der Krankheit muss sie wieder zu Kräften kommen.

After the illness, she must regain her strength.

Idiom 'zu Kräften kommen' using the dative plural.

4

Wir wünschen dir viel Kraft für diese schwere Zeit.

We wish you much strength for this difficult time.

Common empathetic phrase, accusative object.

5

Ein neues Kraftwerk wird in der Nähe gebaut.

A new power plant is being built nearby.

Compound noun 'das Kraftwerk' (power plant).

6

Sie hat die Tür mit voller Kraft zugeschlagen.

She slammed the door shut with full force.

Adjective 'voll' declined in the dative feminine 'voller'.

7

Das Medikament verliert langsam seine Kraft.

The medicine is slowly losing its effectiveness.

Using 'Kraft' metaphorically for effectiveness.

8

Er arbeitet als zusätzliche Kraft im Supermarkt.

He works as an additional staff member in the supermarket.

'Kraft' used to mean a worker or staff member.

1

Das neue Gesetz tritt am ersten Januar in Kraft.

The new law comes into effect on the first of January.

Standard legal idiom 'in Kraft treten'.

2

Sie hat das Projekt aus eigener Kraft erfolgreich beendet.

She successfully finished the project by her own efforts.

Idiom 'aus eigener Kraft' meaning independently.

3

Die Schwerkraft sorgt dafür, dass Dinge nach unten fallen.

Gravity ensures that things fall downwards.

Scientific compound noun 'die Schwerkraft' (gravity).

4

Der Fachkräftemangel ist ein großes Problem für die Industrie.

The shortage of skilled workers is a big problem for the industry.

Compound noun 'der Fachkräftemangel' using the plural form.

5

Mir fehlt die nötige Vorstellungskraft, um das zu verstehen.

I lack the necessary imagination to understand that.

Compound noun 'die Vorstellungskraft' (imagination).

6

Windkraft ist eine wichtige Quelle für erneuerbare Energie.

Wind power is an important source of renewable energy.

Environmental vocabulary 'die Windkraft'.

7

Die alten Regeln wurden gestern außer Kraft gesetzt.

The old rules were suspended yesterday.

Passive voice with the idiom 'außer Kraft setzen'.

8

Er hat nicht die geistige Kraft, diese Entscheidung zu treffen.

He does not have the mental strength to make this decision.

Adjective 'geistig' modifying 'Kraft' for mental strength.

1

Ihre Überzeugungskraft in der Debatte war absolut beeindruckend.

Her power of persuasion in the debate was absolutely impressive.

Abstract compound noun 'die Überzeugungskraft'.

2

Das Abkommen bleibt so lange in Kraft, bis beide Seiten zustimmen, es zu ändern.

The agreement remains in force until both sides agree to change it.

Subordinate clause structure with 'in Kraft bleiben'.

3

Mit letzter Kraft schleppte er sich über die Ziellinie des Marathons.

With his last ounce of strength, he dragged himself across the marathon finish line.

Dramatic idiom 'mit letzter Kraft'.

4

Die Strahlkraft dieser historischen Stadt zieht jährlich Millionen Touristen an.

The appeal of this historic city attracts millions of tourists annually.

Metaphorical compound 'die Strahlkraft' (radiance/appeal).

5

Die Wirtschaftskraft des Landes hat im letzten Quartal deutlich nachgelassen.

The economic power of the country has significantly declined in the last quarter.

Economic terminology 'die Wirtschaftskraft'.

6

Wir müssen alle verfügbaren Kräfte bündeln, um diese Krise zu überwinden.

We must pool all available resources/forces to overcome this crisis.

Collocation 'Kräfte bündeln' (to join forces).

7

Der Vertrag ist rechtskräftig und kann nicht mehr angefochten werden.

The contract is legally binding and can no longer be contested.

Adjective 'rechtskräftig' derived from 'Kraft'.

8

Die treibende Kraft hinter dieser Innovation war das junge Forschungsteam.

The driving force behind this innovation was the young research team.

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